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  • Right now,

    譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Chu

  • beneath a shimmering blue sea,

    此刻,

  • millions of fish are having sex.

    在波光粼粼的大海底下,

  • (Cheers)

    有數百萬隻魚正在交配。

  • And the way they're doing it and strategies they're using

    (歡呼聲)

  • looks nothing like what we see on land.

    牠們交配的方式和採用的策略

  • Take parrotfish.

    和我們在陸地上 所看見的大相逕庭。

  • In this species, all fish are born female,

    以鸚哥魚為例。

  • and they look like this.

    這種魚生出來的時候都是雌魚,

  • Then later in life,

    看起來像這樣。

  • she can transition into a male and she'll look like this.

    長大一些之後, 有可能轉變成雄魚,

  • But it's not just a spectacular wardrobe change.

    看起來就會像這樣。

  • Her body can reabsorb her ovaries and grow testes in their place.

    但這種轉變並不只是 驚人的全身變裝而已。

  • In just a few weeks,

    雄魚的身體可以吸收掉自己的卵巢,

  • she'll go from making eggs to producing sperm.

    在同樣的位置長出睪丸。

  • It's pretty impressive,

    只要幾週的時間,

  • and in the ocean it's also pretty common.

    牠就會從產卵轉變成製造精子。

  • In fact, I bet nearly all of you have at some point had a seafood dish

    挺厲害的。

  • made up of an individual that started life as one sex

    而在海洋中,這種現象很常見。

  • and transitioned to another.

    事實上,我敢說在座各位

  • Oysters?

    都曾吃過變過性的海鮮。

  • Grouper?

    牡蠣?

  • Shrimp?

    石斑魚?

  • Seeing some heads nodding, yeah.

    蝦子?

  • But not all fish that change sex start as females.

    越來越多人點頭了。

  • Those clown fish we know from "Finding Nemo"?

    但並非所有會改變性別的魚 都是從雌性開始的。

  • They're all born male.

    記得《海底總動員》裡的小丑魚嗎?

  • So in the real world,

    牠們出生時都是雄性。

  • when Nemo's mother died,

    如果是在真實世界,

  • Nemo's dad Marlin would have transitioned into Marlene --

    尼莫的媽媽死後,

  • (Laughter)

    尼莫的爸爸馬林就會 轉變為馬琳,

  • and Nemo would have likely mated with his father turned mother.

    (笑聲)

  • (Laughter)

    而尼莫很有可能會 和牠那個變成媽媽的爸爸交配。

  • You can see --

    (笑聲)

  • (Laughter)

    這就是……

  • Yeah.

    (笑聲)

  • You can see why Pixar

    是啊。

  • took a little creative license with the plotline, right?

    所以說皮克斯在劇情的創意上 是有點脫離了現實規則。

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • So sex change in the ocean can happen in either direction

    所以,在海洋中, 兩種方向的性別改變都有,

  • and sometimes even back and forth,

    有時甚至會來來回回,

  • and that's just one of the many amazing strategies animals use

    在海洋中,動物有許多 不可思議的繁殖策略,

  • to reproduce in the ocean.

    這只是其中的一招而已。

  • And trust me when I say

    且,相信我,這一招 還是裡面最不驚人的呢。

  • it's one of the least surprising.

    海洋中的性事充滿驚奇,

  • Sex in the sea is fascinating,

    也相當重要,

  • and it's also really important,

    不只是對我這種 熱衷了解這些鹹濕事的

  • and not just to nerdy marine biologists like me

    怪咖海洋生物學家而言是如此。

  • who are obsessed with understanding these salty affairs.

    對所有人而言都很重要。

  • It matters for all of us.

    現今,我們要靠野生捕捉的魚類

  • Today, we depend on wild caught fish

    才能供給食物給 地球上二十多億人口。

  • to help feed over two billion people

    我們需要數百萬個牡蠣和珊瑚 才能建造出巨大的珊瑚礁,

  • on the planet.

    來保護我們的海岸, 抵禦海水上升和暴風雨。

  • We need millions of oysters and corals to build the giant reefs

    我們用來對抗癌症 和其他疾病的藥物,

  • that protect our shorelines from rising seas and storms.

    有些正是來自海洋動物。

  • We depend on medicines that are found in marine animals to fight cancer

    對我們許多人而言, 海洋的多樣性和美麗,

  • and other diseases.

    讓我們也會選擇轉向海洋 尋求休閒、放鬆,及文化遺產。

  • And for many of us,

    若我們想要持續受惠於 海洋生命所提供的充沛資源,

  • the diversity and beauty of the oceans is where we turn for recreation

    現今的魚類、珊瑚,以及蝦子

  • and relaxation and our cultural heritage.

    必須要能夠為未來繁殖出 魚類、珊瑚,以及蝦子。

  • In order for us to continue to benefit from the abundance

    為此,牠們必須要不斷努力交配。

  • that ocean life provides,

    直到最近,我們才發現 海洋中的性事是怎麼進行的。

  • the fish and coral and shrimp of today

    這是很難研究的主題。

  • have to be able to make fish and shrimp and coral for tomorrow.

    但是拜新科學和技術之賜,

  • To do that, they have to have lots and lots of sex.

    在幾年間,我們的了解 就增加了許多。

  • And until recently,

    這些新發現說明了兩件事。

  • we really didn't know how sex happened in the sea.

    第一,海洋中的性事真的很古怪。

  • It's pretty hard to study.

    第二,我們的所做所為 正在嚴重地破壞

  • But thanks to new science and technology,

    從蝦子到鮭魚等各種生物的性生活。

  • we now know so much more than even just a few years ago,

    我知道。這很難相信。

  • and these new discoveries are showing two things.

    所以,今天我要來分享的是 動物深海中性生活的細節、

  • First, sex in the sea is really funky.

    我們是如何打擾這些親密事,

  • Second, our actions are wreaking havoc on the sex lives of everything

    及我們能做什麼改變。

  • from shrimp to salmon.

    還記得那些會改變性別的魚嗎?

  • I know. It can be hard to believe.

    在世界上許多地方,

  • So today, I'm going to share a few details about how animals do it in the deep,

    我們都有捕漁規則, 只能捕捉某種體型以上的魚類。

  • how we may be interrupting these intimate affairs

    漁夫不能去抓小魚。

  • and what we can do to change that.

    這樣就會讓魚寶寶在被捕捉 之前能有機會長大、繁殖。

  • So, remember those sex-changing fish?

    那是好事。

  • In many places in the world,

    漁夫去捕捉最大的魚。

  • we have fishing rules that set a minimum catch size.

    但以鸚哥魚或任何其他 會轉變性別的魚類為例,

  • Fishers are not allowed to target tiny fish.

    漁夫把目標放在大魚身上, 就表示雄魚都會被捕走。

  • This allows baby fish to grow and reproduce before they're caught.

    這麼一來,雌魚就很難找到配偶,

  • That's a good thing.

    或者牠們會被迫在體型較小的時候

  • So fishers go after the biggest fish.

    就提早轉變性別,

  • But in parrotfish, for example, or any sex changer,

    這兩種狀況都可能會導致 未來的魚寶寶越來越少。

  • targeting the biggest fish means that they're taking out all the males.

    為了要妥善照顧這些物種,

  • That makes it hard for a female fish

    我們得知道牠們是否已轉變性別、

  • to find a mate

    如何轉變、何時轉變。

  • or it forces her to change sex sooner

    知道這些,我們定出的規則 才能配合牠們的性別策略,

  • at a smaller size.

    比如,除了規定 捕魚的最小體型限制,

  • Both of these things can result in fewer fish babies in the future.

    另加設最大體型限制。

  • In order for us to properly care for these species,

    困難之處並不是我們想不出 處理性別問題的解決方案。

  • we have to know if they change sex,

    困難之處是要知道針對每種物種 該採用哪個解決方案,

  • how and when.

    因為,即使是我們熟知的動物,

  • Only then can we create rules that can support these sexual strategies,

    牠們性生活也常會出乎我們的意料。

  • such as setting a maximum size limit in addition to a minimum one.

    以緬因龍蝦為例。

  • The challenge isn't that we can't think of these sex-friendly solutions.

    牠們看起來沒那麼浪漫,

  • The challenge is knowing which solutions to apply to which species,

    也不像有什麼性怪癖。

  • because even animals we know really well

    牠們兩者皆是。

  • surprise us when it comes to their sex lives.

    (笑聲)

  • Take Maine lobster.

    在交配季,

  • They don't look that romantic,

    雌龍蝦會想和最大、 最霸氣的雄龍蝦交配,

  • or that kinky.

    但這些雄龍蝦非常有侵略性,

  • They are both.

    任何龍蝦,不論雌雄, 只要靠近就會被牠們攻擊。

  • (Laughter)

    同時,雌龍蝦的最佳交配時機

  • During mating season,

    是在牠們剛脫殼、

  • female lobsters want to mate with the biggest, baddest males,

    失去了堅硬外殼之後。

  • but these guys are really aggressive,

    雌龍蝦得要在自己最脆弱的時候 去接近這個侵略性很強的傢伙。

  • and they'll attack any lobster that approaches, male or female.

    這女孩該怎麼做?

  • Meanwhile, the best time for her to mate with the male

    (笑聲)

  • is right after she's molted,

    她的答案?

  • when she's lost her hard shell.

    不斷重覆用牠的尿 去噴雄龍蝦的臉。

  • So she has to approach this aggressive guy in her most vulnerable state.

    (笑聲)

  • What's a girl to do?

    在水底,尿液是 很強大的愛情魔藥。

  • Her answer?

    (笑聲)

  • Spray him in the face repeatedly with her urine.

    方便的是,龍蝦的膀胱 剛好就位在牠們的腦子上方,

  • (Laughter)

    且牠們的眼柄下有兩個噴嘴,

  • Under the sea, pee is a very powerful love potion.

    讓牠們可以將尿液向前射出。

  • Conveniently, lobsters' bladders sit just above their brains,

    所以,雌龍蝦會靠近雄龍蝦的窩,

  • and they have two nozzles under their eye stalks

    當雄龍蝦衝出來時, 雌龍蝦就會放出一流尿液,

  • with which they can shoot their urine forward.

    然後趕快閃開。

  • So the female approaches the male's den

    持續每日這樣下藥,

  • and as he charges out she lets loose a stream of urine

    幾天後,雌龍蝦的氣味 便會開始產生轉變效用。

  • and then gets the hell out of there.

    侵略性強的雄龍蝦 會轉變為溫柔的愛人。

  • Only a few days of this daily dosing

    一週之後,雄龍蝦就會 邀請雌龍蝦進牠的窩。

  • is all it takes for her scent to have a transformative effect.

    在那之後,性事就容易了。

  • The male turns from an aggressive to a gentle lover.

    所以,我們是怎麼打擾 這種怪僻的求偶方式?

  • By the week's end, he invites her into his den.

    雌龍蝦的尿液帶有 一種重要的化學訊號,

  • After that, the sex is easy.

    它的特色在於它能透過海水傳遞,

  • So how are we interrupting this kind of kinky courtship?

    而龍蝦有種嗅覺接受器, 夠偵測並接收這種訊息。

  • Well, the female's urine carries a critical chemical signal

    氣候變遷讓我們的海洋酸化。

  • that works because it can pass through seawater

    酸化是因為有太多 二氧化碳溶入海水中。

  • and lobsters have a smell receptor

    這種化學上的改變 可能會擾亂那些訊息,

  • that can detect and receive the message.

    或可能會損害龍蝦的嗅覺接受器。

  • Climate change is making our oceans more acidic.

    來自陸地的污染也會有類似的影響。

  • It's the result of too much carbon dioxide entering seawater.

    想像一下,如果雌龍蝦的愛情魔藥 失靈了會有什麼後果。

  • This changing chemistry could scramble that message,

    這些都是我們對於海洋生命的性生活

  • or it could damage the lobsters' smell receptors.

    所造成的影響, 很難察覺卻影響很大。

  • Pollution from land can have similar impacts.

    這是我們都認識的物種: 住在近海岸淺水處的龍蝦。

  • Just imagine the consequence for that female

    再潛到更深處, 還會看到更奇怪的性事。

  • if her love potion should fail.

    大洋長鰭鮟鱇住在海面下三千英尺,

  • These are the kinds of subtle but significant impacts we're having

    一片漆黑的海底,

  • on the love lives of these marine life.

    雄鮟鱇魚出生時 就沒有自己覓食的能力。

  • And this is a species we know well:

    為了生存,牠們得要 盡快找到雌鮟鱇魚。

  • lobsters live near shore in the shallows.

    而雌鮟鱇魚

  • Dive deeper, and sex gets even stranger.

    體型是雄鮟鱇魚的十倍,

  • Fanfin anglerfish live at about 3,000 feet below the surface

    十倍,

  • in the pitch-black waters,

    雌鮟鱇魚會釋放出非常強的 費洛蒙,吸引同伴過來。

  • and the males are born without the ability to feed themselves.

    小型的雄鮟鱇魚在漆黑的海水中

  • To survive, he has to find a female fast.

    靠著嗅覺朝雌鮟鱇魚前進,

  • Meanwhile, the female,

    找到雌鮟鱇魚時, 便會給牠「愛的一咬」。

  • who is 10 times bigger than the male,

    從這裡開始, 狀況就變得很詭異了。

  • 10 times,

    那愛的一咬會觸發化學反應,

  • she lets out a very strong pheromone with which to attract mates to her.

    雄鮟鱇魚的頜骨會開始碎裂。

  • So this tiny male is swimming through the black waters

    牠的臉會溶化到雌鮟鱇魚的肉裡,

  • smelling his way to a female,

    兩隻魚的身體便開始合而為一。

  • and when he finds her,

    牠們的循環系統會盤繞在一起,

  • he gives her a love bite.

    雄鮟鱇魚的所有 內部器官會開始溶解,

  • And this is when things get really weird.

    只有牠的睪丸除外。

  • That love bite triggers a chemical reaction

    (笑聲)

  • whereby his jawbone starts to disintegrate.

    雄鮟鱇魚的睪丸會順利成熟, 並開始製造精子。

  • His face melts into her flesh,

    最終,基本上雄鮟鱇魚

  • and their two bodies start to fuse.

    就會永久成為附著在雌鮟鱇魚身上、 有求必應精子工廠。

  • Their circulatory systems intwine,

    (笑聲)

  • and all his internal organs start to dissolve

    這是個非常高效率的系統,

  • except for his testes.

    但我們在農場裡不會看到 這種交配策略,對吧?

  • (Laughter)

    這很怪異。真的很奇怪。

  • His testes mature just fine and start producing sperm.

    但如果我們不知道這些策略的存在

  • In the end, he's basically a permanently attached

    或它們的原理,

  • on-demand sperm factory for the female.

    就不會知道我們 對深海可能造成什麼影響。

  • (Laughter)

    三年前,

  • It's a very efficient system,

    我們發現了一種新的深海章魚,

  • but this is not the kind of mating strategy

    雌章魚會把卵產在 附著於岩石的海綿上,

  • that we see on a farm, right?

    深度超過兩英里半。

  • I mean, this is weird.

    這些岩石含有稀土金屬礦物,

  • It's really strange.

    而現在有些公司在開發推土機,

  • But if we don't know that these kinds of strategies exist

    能夠在深海的海底開採這些岩石。

  • or how they work,

    但推土機也會把 所有的海綿都刮下來,

  • we can't know what kind of impacts we may be having, even in the deep sea.

    海綿上的卵也在劫難逃。

  • Just three years ago,

    我們一直在阻擾 深海中的交配和繁殖,

  • we discovered a new species of deep sea octopus

    有時是有心的,多半是無心的。

  • where the females lay their eggs on sponges attached to rocks

    老實說,

  • that are over two and a half miles deep.

    在沒人不斷打擾的情況下, 約會和交配就已經夠難了,對吧?

  • These rocks contain rare earth minerals,

    這點我們很清楚。

  • and right now there are companies that are building bulldozers

    所以,今天我希望大家在離開這裡後

  • that would be capable of mining the deep sea floor for those rocks.

    能帶走一些魚類交配的小知識, 當作酒吧聊天的話題。

  • But the bulldozers would scrape up all the sponges

    (笑聲)

  • and all the eggs with them.

    但也要請大家記住:

  • Knowingly, and in many cases unknowingly,

    不論我們住在何處, 我們與海洋的連結

  • we are preventing successful sex and reproduction in the deep.

    比我們所知道的還要更緊密很多。

  • And let's be honest,

    而這種緊密程度

  • dating and mating is hard enough without somebody coming in

    讓我們必須與海洋建立一種新關係。

  • and interrupting all the time, right?

    這種關係要能了解並尊重

  • I mean, we know this.

    生命的豐富多樣性及其限制。

  • So today, while I hope you will leave here

    我們不能再繼續認為海洋 離我們很遙遠,

  • with some excellent bar trivia on fish sex --

    因為我們的糧食供應、

  • (Laughter)

    自身的健康安樂,

  • I also ask that you remember this:

    以及我們所呼吸的每一口空氣 都要仰賴海洋。

  • we are all far more intimately connected with the oceans than we realize,

    這個關係是雙向的。

  • no matter where we live.

    若希望海洋繼續提供食物給我們,

  • And this level of intimacy

    我們也相對要守護 海洋生命的基礎動力:

  • requires a new kind of relationship with the ocean,

    性事和繁殖。

  • one that recognizes and respects the enormous diversity of life

    和所有的關係一樣, 要讓這段合作關係走下去,

  • and its limitations.

    我們就得要擁抱改變。

  • We can no longer think of the oceans

    下次你考慮要吃海鮮時,

  • as just something out there,

    請選擇以永續方式 捕捉或養殖的當地品種,

  • because every day we depend on them for our food security,

    且最好是位在食物鏈下段的。

  • our own health and wellness,

    屬於這類的動物 包括牡蠣、蛤蜊、蚌,

  • and every other breath we take.

    以及鯖魚這類小型魚。

  • But it is a two-way relationship,

    這些動物都會瘋狂繁殖,

  • and the oceans can only continue to provide for us

    只要管理好,一點捕魚壓力 對牠們來說是沒問題的。

  • if we in turn safeguard that fundamental force of life in the sea:

    我們也要重新思考 在洗澡、清理房子,

  • sex and reproduction.

    及照顧草皮時,要使用什麼。

  • So, like any relationship, we have to embrace some change

    我們所用的這些化學物質, 最終都會被沖入海洋,

  • for the partnership to work.

    影響海洋的天然化學特性。

  • The next time you're thinking about having seafood,

    工業也要負起責任,

  • look for sustainably caught or farmed species

    採用預防措施,

  • that are local and low on the food chain.

    保護我們已知現有的交配活動,

  • These are animals like oysters, clams, mussels,

    對於我們了解不足之處 ——像是深海——

  • small fish like mackerel.

    則要盡量避免造成傷害。

  • These all reproduce like crazy,

    在我們居住的社區裡、

  • and with good management, they can handle a bit of fishing pressure.

    工作的地點中,

  • We can also rethink what we use to wash our bodies,

    及我們擁有投票權的國家中,

  • clean our homes

    我們現在就必須要針對 氣候變遷採取大膽的行動。

  • and care for our lawns.

    (觀眾:是啊!)

  • All of those chemicals eventually wash out to sea

    (掌聲)

  • and disrupt the natural chemistry

    謝謝。

  • of the ocean.

    (掌聲)

  • Industry also has to play its part

  • and take a precautionary approach,

  • protecting sexual activity where we know it exists

  • and preventing harm in the cases where we just don't yet know enough,

  • like the deep sea.

  • And in the communities where we live,

  • the places we work

  • and the country in which we vote,

  • we must take bold action on climate change now.

  • (Audience: Yeah!)

  • (Applause)

  • Thank you.

  • (Applause)

Right now,

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Chu

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