Name: 為什麼早期專攻並不總是意味著事業的成功？ (Why specializing early doesn't always mean career success | David Epstein)
Uploaded: 2020-11-05T20:22:03.000Z
Duration: 14 min 1 s

Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Camille Martínez

謄寫者： Leslie GauthierLeslie Gauthier 審稿人: Camille MartínezCamille Martínez

So, I'd like to talk about the development of human potential,

所以，我想談談人的潛能的開發。

and I'd like to start with maybe the most impactful modern story of development.

而我想從也許是最有影響的現代發展故事開始。

Many of you here have probably heard of the 10,000 hours rule.

在座的很多人可能都聽說過10000小時規則。

Maybe you even model your own life after it.

也許你連自己的生活都以它為藍本。

Basically, it's the idea that to become great in anything,

基本上，就是要在任何事情上變得偉大。

it takes 10,000 hours of focused practice,

so you'd better get started as early as possible.

The poster child for this story is Tiger Woods.

這個故事的海報人物是老虎伍茲。

His father famously gave him a putter when he was seven months old.

他的父親在他七個月大的時候給了他一個著名的推杆。

At 10 months, he started imitating his father's swing.

10個月時，他開始模仿父親的揮杆。

At two, you can go on YouTube and see him on national television.

兩歲的時候，你可以去YouTube上看他上國家電視臺。

他是世界上最偉大的高爾夫球手。

Another that features in a number of bestselling books

另一個出現在多本暢銷書中的特點是

whose father decided to teach them chess in a very technical manner

其父親決定以非常技術性的方式教他們下棋

that with a head start in focused practice,

any child could become a genius in anything.

任何孩子都可以成為任何事情的天才。

two of his daughters went on to become Grandmaster chess players.

他的兩個女兒後來成為了大師級棋手。

So when I became the science writer at "Sports Illustrated" magazine,

所以當我成為《體育畫報》雜誌的科普作家時。

如果這個10000小時的規則是正確的。

then we should see that elite athletes get a head start

那麼我們就應該看到，精英運動員得到了領先的發展。

This is coached, error-correction-focused practice,

這就是教練式的、以糾錯為重點的練習。

And in fact, when scientists study elite athletes,

而事實上，當科學家研究精英運動員。

they see that they spend more time in deliberate practice --

他們看到自己花了更多的時間在刻意的練習上-----。

When they actually track athletes over the course of their development,

當他們真正跟蹤運動員的發展過程時。

the future elites actually spend less time early on

未來的精英們其實在早期花費的時間更少

in deliberate practice in their eventual sport.

They tend to have what scientists call a "sampling period,"

它們往往有科學家所說的 "取樣期"。

where they try a variety of physical activities,

在那裡，他們嘗試各種體育活動。

他們獲得了廣泛的、通用的技能。

they learn about their interests and abilities

and delay specializing until later than peers who plateau at lower levels.

並比低水平的同齡人延後專業化的時間。

所以當我看到這句話時，我說。

"Gosh, that doesn't really comport with the 10,000 hours rule, does it?"

"天哪，這還真不符合一萬小時的規定吧？"

So I started to wonder about other domains

that we associate with obligatory, early specialization,

我們將其與強制性的、早期的專業化聯繫在一起。

This is research from a world-class music academy,

這是來自世界級音樂學院的研究。

and what I want to draw your attention to is this:

the exceptional musicians didn't start spending more time in deliberate practice

卓越的音樂家沒有開始花更多的時間在刻意的練習中

They, too, tended to have a sampling period,

even musicians we think of as famously precocious,

甚至我們認為是著名的早熟的音樂家。

he just went through it more rapidly than most musicians do.

他只是比大多數音樂家更迅速地經歷了它。

Nonetheless, this research is almost entirely ignored,

儘管如此，這項研究幾乎被完全忽視。

is the first page of the book "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,"

where the author recounts assigning her daughter violin.

在那裡，作者講述了她的女兒分配小提琴。

Nobody seems to remember the part later in the book

似乎沒有人記得書中後來的部分。

where her daughter turns to her and says, "You picked it, not me,"

她的女兒轉身對她說："是你挑的，不是我挑的"

So having seen this sort of surprising pattern in sports and music,

所以在體育和音樂上看到了這種令人驚訝的模式。

I started to wonder about domains that affect even more people,

我開始懷疑影響更多的人的域名。

一位經濟學家發現了一個自然實驗

in the higher-ed systems of England and Scotland.

在英格蘭和蘇格蘭的高等教育體系中。

In the period he studied, the systems were very similar,

在他所研究的時期，各系統非常相似。

except in England, students had to specialize in their mid-teen years

除了在英國，學生們必須在十幾歲的時候專門學習。

to pick a specific course of study to apply to,

來選擇具體的學習課程進行申請。

whereas in Scotland, they could keep trying things in the university

而在蘇格蘭，他們可以繼續在大學裡嘗試一些東西。

Who wins the trade-off, the early or the late specializers?

早期的特長生和後期的特長生，誰能贏得取捨？

And what he saw was that the early specializers jump out to an income lead

而他所看到的是，早期的專賣者跳出收入領先

because they have more domain-specific skills.

因為他們擁有更多的特定領域技能。

The late specializers get to try more different things,

晚期的特長生可以嘗試更多不同的東西。

and when they do pick, they have better fit,

而當他們選擇時，他們有更好的配合。

或經濟學家所說的 "匹配品質"。

Meanwhile, the early specializers start quitting their career tracks

同時，早期的特種兵開始退出他們的職業軌道。

essentially because they were made to choose so early

基本上是因為他們很早就被逼著做選擇

他們更多的時候做出了錯誤的選擇。

So the late specializers lose in the short term

所以，後期專攻者短期內會虧損

I think if we thought about career choice like dating,

我想，如果我們把擇業當成交友一樣。

we might not pressure people to settle down quite so quickly.

我們可能不會這麼快就給人們施加壓力，讓他們安定下來。

So this got me interested, seeing this pattern again,

所以這讓我產生了興趣，又看到了這個圖案。

in exploring the developmental backgrounds of people whose work I had long admired,

在探索我長期以來所崇拜的人的發展背景時。

like Duke Ellington, who shunned music lessons as a kid

像艾靈頓公爵一樣，從小避開音樂課的人。

to focus on baseball and painting and drawing.

Or Maryam Mirzakhani, who wasn't interested in math as a girl --

或者是Maryam Mirzakhani，她作為一個女孩對數學不感興趣------。

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為什麼早期專攻並不總是意味著事業的成功？ (Why specializing early doesn't always mean career success | David Epstein)

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