from BBC Learning English. I'm Hugo and

來自BBC學習英語。我是雨果和

I'm Sam. In the program today we'll hear

我是山姆在今天的節目中，我們將聽到

from expert

從專家

Samantha Bradshaw on the dangers of

薩曼莎-布拉德肖對危險的看法。

fake news, and I'll be giving you some

假新聞，我會給你一些。

information about information.

關於資訊的資訊。

We will also

我們還將

hear a story about what

聽聞

happened when fake

冒牌

news was spread in a small town in

的一個小鎮上傳出了這個消息。

Mexico. Now Sam how are you today? I'm

墨西哥薩姆... ...你今天怎麼樣？我很好

fine thanks Hugo, how are you? I am very

好的，謝謝雨果，你怎麼樣？我很好

well and I'm looking forward to your

好，我期待著你的

vocabulary slot later. Okay, I am

詞彙槽後。好的，我是

today going to be talking about the word

今天要講的詞是

information. I can hardly wait. Yeah I

資訊。我都等不及了我也是

think that might be fake sincerity there

恐是假誠意

- no honestly I'm really looking forward

- 不，說真的，我真的很期待

to it - okay, okay well we'll see if you

好吧，好吧，我們會看到，如果你

feel the same way afterwards. Here is

事後也有同樣的感覺。這裡是

everything you could ever want to know

你想知道的一切

about the word information, maybe not

關於資訊這個詞，也許不是

everything but as much as I could fit in.

所有的東西，但我能裝進去的就裝進去。

What is information? Information is

什麼是資訊？資訊就是

knowledge, it's facts and details about a

知識，是關於一個

particular subject.

特定主題。

Grammatically information is an

文法上資訊是一種

uncountable noun so we talk about bits

不可數名詞，所以我們說的是零頭。

of information or pieces of information

信息量

but not informations. Information has a

但不是資訊。資訊有一個

number of very closely related

密切相關的數量

grammatical variations - the verb to

文法變化 - 動詞 to

inform is quite formal and means to tell

告知是相當正式的，意思是告訴

someone something and the adjective

某個人

informative is used to describe

翔實是用來形容

information that is useful and

有用的資訊

interesting. Information also appears in

趣。資訊也出現在

at least two initialisms I.T. - information

至少兩個首字母 I.T. -- -- 資訊

technology and F.Y.I. - for your

技術和F.Y.I.--為您的

information. Information comes from

資訊。資訊來自

sources and there are many different

源，並且有許多不同的

sources of information including TV,

包括電視在內的資訊來源。

radio, newspapers, books, magazines, the

廣播、報紙、書籍、雜誌、報紙和雜誌

internet, social media, teachers, friends,

互聯網、社交媒體、老師、朋友。

colleagues, even overheard conversations

同事，甚至偷聽到的對話

on the bus.

在公車上。

In fact, wherever we turn there is

事實上，無論我們在哪裡，都會有

information of one kind or another and

某種資訊和

not all information is useful

並非所有資訊都是有用的

or appropriate so it's definitely

或合適，所以肯定

possible to have too much information.

可能有太多的資訊。

In fact that's a phrase

其實那是一句話

we use when someone

吾人

tells us something that is very personal

告訴我們一些非常私人的事情

and makes us feel a little uncomfortable.

並讓我們覺得有點不舒服。

You haven't changed your underpants in a

你已經很久沒有換過內褲了。

week?! Oh too much information. Too

一週？哦，太多的資訊。太...

much information is another

信息量大是另一回事

initialism - T.M.I. When thinking about

首字母縮寫--T.M.I.當考慮到

fake news we should be aware that

假新聞 我們應該知道

information isn't always true and not

資訊不一定真實，也不一定

all sources of information are reliable

千真萬確

or accurate. We need to be on the lookout

或準確。我們需要留意

for disinformation which is false

虛假資訊

information deliberately spread and

訛傳

misinformation which is false

虛假資訊

information that is accidentally spread

誤傳

though to be honest these expressions

雖然說實話，這些表述

are both commonly used for the same

都是常用的

thing - fake news. I hope that wasn't T.M.I.

事情--假新聞。我希望那不是T. M. I.。

now F.Y.I. it's back to the studio.

現在F. Y. I. 回到工作室了

Thanks, that was very informative. Ah

謝謝，這是非常豐富的資訊。啊

Hugo you're very

雨果，你真厲害

good. I try my best. But now our theme of

好。我已經盡力了。但現在我們的主題是

the day is the possible dangers of

天是可能的危險的

sharing fake news. To give us an overview

分享假新聞。為了讓我們瞭解

we're going to hear from Samantha

我們將聽取薩曼莎的發言。

Bradshaw from Oxford University. She's a

牛津大學的布萊德肖。她是一個

researcher in fake news and

虛假新聞和

disinformation at

造謠

the Oxford Internet Institute.

牛津互聯網研究所。

Fake news can have real human

假新聞可以有真實的人性

consequences when it spreads from the

擴散的後果。

online world to the offline world

線上到線下

particularly because of the speed at

特別是由於

which this disinformation can spread.

這種虛假資訊可以在其中傳播。

Often unlike in the past where there are

往往不像過去那樣有

many checks to the information that was

許多檢查的資訊，是

being put out to the public there aren't

被公之於眾，沒有

as many checks with

多少張支票，就有多少張

social media and viral

社交媒體和病毒式傳播

stories containing fake news or other

含有假新聞或其他

forms of disinformation have real-life

虛假資訊的形式在現實生活中也是有的。

consequences for people. For example, if

對人的影響。例如，如果

we look at India or Mexico

我們看印度或墨西哥

disinformation and fake news have led to

虛假資訊和假新聞導致了。

people actually being killed. If we look

人實際被殺。如果我們看

at the medical world with vaccines, a lot

在醫學界與疫苗，許多

of the anti-vacs movement

反真空運動

narratives and the

敘事和

fake news about vaccinating children

疫苗假新聞

have caused real-life children not to

導致現實生活中的孩子不

get vaccinated and then die of sickness

接種疫苗後病死

later. So there are real consequences to

後來。所以，有真正的後果

fake news and to these rumors that

假新聞和這些謠言，

spread online.

網上傳播。

So Samantha was talking a

所以薩曼莎說

lot about consequences there. Yes some

很多關於後果的有。是的，有些

tragic consequences in that case. So

在這種情況下，悲劇性的後果。所以

consequences are the result of things

事出反常必有妖

that happen or in the case of

的情況下，或

vaccinations don't happen and the result

疫苗接種不會發生，結果

is usually bad. Yeah and she mentioned a

通常是壞的。是啊，她提到了一個

story in Mexico when people were killed

墨西哥的故事，當時有人被殺

as a result of fake news and I remember

由於假新聞，我記得

that because we covered that story here

因為我們在這裡報道過這個故事

at the BBC. I tracked down one of the

在英國廣播公司。我追蹤到了其中一個

producers who worked on the story, Reha

故事的製作人，Reha

Kansara, to find out more of the details

Kansara，瞭解更多細節。

Reha you covered a tragic

Reha你報道了一個悲劇

story and that

故事和

was because of fake news.

是由於假新聞。

Tell us about that.

說說看。

So this is the story about two men who

所以這是關於兩個男人的故事

were murdered for something that they

被謀殺的東西，他們

didn't do. These two men, they were going

沒有做。這兩個人，他們要

back home, they stopped over by a school

回家的時候，他們在一所學校旁停了下來

to take a break.

要休息一下。

They had loud music on and were resting

他們放著大聲的音樂，正在休息

in their car but someone at the school

在他們的車，但有人在學校

got suspicious and so

疑神疑鬼

they called the police.

他們叫了警察。

As soon as the police arrested them not

警察一抓他們就不

for you know not for anything but just

因為你什麼都不知道，只是

finding you know beer bottles, empty beer

發現你知道啤酒瓶，空啤酒

bottles in that car. People came, saw

瓶子在那輛車裡。人們來了，看到了

everything that was happening outside

外面的一切

the school and started spreading fake

學校，並開始散佈假

news on Whatsapp.

Whatsapp上的新聞。

The rumor that essentially

謠言，本質上

spread was that they were two men who

傳聞他們是兩個人

were child kidnappers who were waiting

是綁架兒童的人，他們在等待

outside of school to abduct children and

在校外誘拐兒童，並

that obviously caused a frenzy on social

掀起社會熱潮

media, on Whatsapp, and that turned into

媒體，在Whatsapp上，這就變成了。

something bigger

更大的東西

when they were arrested.

當他們被逮捕時。

because this went from Whatsapp to

因為這從Whatsapp到

Facebook, gathered on Facebook to call

Facebook，聚集在Facebook上呼籲

out on people to come outside of the

在人的身上走出

police station and basically take the

派出所，基本上把

law into their own hands. They were

法律掌握在他們自己手中。他們是

dragged from the police station to a

從警察局被拖到一個

town hall, doused in petrol and then lit

市政廳，澆上汽油，然後點燃。

on fire. Lynchings are not a new thing but

著火了。私刑不是新鮮事，但

what is new is the way that this whole

新的是，這整個

thing was filmed on Facebook. It really

事情是在Facebook上拍攝的。它真的

shows the danger because it went from

顯示了危險，因為它從

Whatsapp to Facebook and then it was a

Whatsapp到Facebook，然後就成了一個

very small town in Mexico so in a matter

在墨西哥的一個小鎮，所以在一個問題上

of hours everybody was talking about it

小時，每個人都在談論它

and what struck you the most when

和什麼打動你最當

covering the story? The fact that people

覆蓋故事？事實上，人們

so easily believed things without you

信以為真

know fact-checking or double sourcing

明查暗訪

things. It has grave consequences and

的事情。它的後果很嚴重，而且

this was one of them. Has there been any

這是其中之一。是否有任何

change in terms of I don't know

變化方面，我不知道

legislation in Mexico like public

墨西哥的立法，如公共

perception even like public behavior

觀感

when when they said something that is

當他們說一些

not true? There are people talking about

不是真的？有人在談論

misinformation more particularly over

誤導，特別是對

here disinformation - the fact that people

這裡的虛假資訊--事實是，人們。

can turn lies into actual news

瞞天過海

and this is something that Mexico is

而這是墨西哥的東西

dealing with not just with lynchings but

處理的不僅僅是私刑，而是

also with elections and just in general

乃至選舉

fake news in the country and so you have

在國內的假新聞，所以你有

platforms like Lo Que Sigue that is the you

像Lo Que Sigue這樣的平臺，就是你的

know that has had to come about just to

要知道

combat fake news in the country.

在國內打擊假新聞。

Reha, thank you very much indeed.

Reha，真的非常感謝你。

Thank you.

謝謝你了

A terrible story Sam. Yeah

一個可怕的故事，山姆。糟糕的故事，山姆。

really really tragic. Yeah and we know

真的真的很悲慘。是的，我們知道

this has happened not just in Mexico but

不僅在墨西哥，在其他國家也發生過

also in other countries as well like in

在其他國家也是如此，比如在

India and Myanmar.

印度和緬甸。

Yeah it just goes to show that we have

是啊，這只是表明我們有

to be really really careful when we're

要非常非常小心，當我們

sharing information online. Most of us

在線分享資訊。我們大多數人

only share cute cat videos probably but

只分享可愛的貓咪視頻可能但

there are consequences to things like

物極必反

gossip that are shared. It seems a little

的八卦，是共享的。這似乎有點

bit insensitive to talk about vocabulary

談論詞彙有點不近人情

after such a tragic story but Reha did

在經歷了這樣一個悲慘的故事之後，但裡哈卻做到了。

use a really interesting journalistic

妙趣橫生

term there. So could you explain to us

術語有。所以你能不能給我們解釋一下

what double-sourcing means. So it is

什麼叫雙包。所以，它是

making sure that you have two

確保你有兩個

independent sources confirm the same

異口同聲

information but you also have to make

資訊，但你也必須使

sure that these sources are not

確保這些來源不是

confirming you know the news using the

確認你知道新聞使用

same source themselves.

同源自己。

Now if you are an

如果你是一個

avid news consumer

新聞愛好者

and want some advice

並希望得到一些建議

on what you consider before you share

在您分享之前，您會考慮什麼？

anything on social media here's Reha

在社交媒體上的任何事情，這裡的裡哈

again with her top tip.

又用她的頂針。

The best tip that

最好的提示是

I can give people who

我可以給人誰

are consuming news

新聞消費

non-stop is that you need to if you see

不停的是，你需要，如果你看到。

something you need to find a way to

你需要想辦法

verify it. That means if you see

驗證它。 也就是說，如果你看到

something in the news check another

另查

media organisation's

媒體機構的

coverage of that news

新聞報道

to see whether they are following the

看看他們是否遵循

same line. If you see something on

同一條線。如果你看到的東西在

Whatsapp that isn't news but people are

Whatsapp那不是新聞，但人們都是

spreading question why they're spreading

傳播問題

it - what's their agenda? You know if there

他們的目的是什麼？你知道如果有

is something involved in it that shows

是涉及到的東西，它顯示

that it could have a reliable source of

它可以有一個可靠的來源。

news then go to that source and find out

新聞，然後去該來源，並找出

what's happening.

發生了什麼事？

Well it's a great tip there, not just for

嗯，這是一個偉大的提示，不僅是為

journalists but for everybody. It's very

記者，但對每個人來說。這是很

important to verify before sharing.

重要的是，在分享之前要核實。

Absolutely and to verify simply means

當然，驗證的意思是

to check that something is true. Okay

來檢查某件事情是否屬實。好吧，我知道了

well almost done for today

好了，今天差不多了

before we go Sam reminders of today's

在我們走之前，山姆提醒今天的。

key vocabulary. Of course,

關鍵詞彙。當然了

very happy to. So

非常樂意。所以

today I was talking about different

今天我說的是不同的

forms of the word information.

字資訊的形式。

Information itself is an uncountable

資訊本身是一種不可計數的

noun and when it comes to fake news you

當涉及到假新聞時，你

can talk about disinformation which is

可以談論虛假資訊，這是

deliberately fake information and then

故意造假，然後

there's also misinformation which is

也有誤傳，這是

accidentally fake information. So for

不小心偽造了資訊。所以對於

example if you're sharing something that

例如，如果你要分享的東西是

you didn't know was fake that's

你不知道那是假的

misinformation but you might hear

誤導，但你可能會聽到

misinformation and disinformation being

誤導和造謠的行為

used interchangeably. The adjective for

交替使用。的形容詞

something that is interesting and useful

趣事

is informative. In the programme we also

是信息量大的。在方案中，我們還

talked about the

談到

word consequences which

詞句後果

are the negative results of something

是負面的結果

and we also heard

我們還聽到

the word double- sourcing

詞源

which is checking a news story

這是在檢查一個新聞故事

is true by seeing if two independent

是否為真，看兩個獨立的

sources are reporting the same thing and

消息來源都是一樣的，而且

if you do that you may be able to verify

如果你這樣做，你可能會驗證。