Deep in the Amazon, in December of 1988, the fate of the rainforest was changed by a murder.

1988年12月，在亞馬遜深處，雨林的命運被一起謀殺案改變。

In the small town of Xapuri, Chico Mendes was shot and killed.

在Xapuri小鎮，Chico Mendes被槍殺。

"The victim was devoted to preserving Brazil's irreplaceable rainforest.

"受害者致力於保護巴西不可替代的雨林。

And he paid for that, apparently, with his life."

而他為此付出的代價，顯然是用生命換來的。"

Two armed guards had been hired to protect him.

僱傭了兩名武裝警衛保護他。

But they were inside his house when Chico was hit by a bullet in his backyard.

但他們當時在他的房子裡，奇科在後院被一顆子彈擊中。

Chico had led the fight to protect the largest rainforest on the planet.

奇科曾帶頭為保護地球上最大的雨林而奮鬥。

It was a fight that alerted the world to the exploitation of the Amazon,

這場戰鬥讓世界警覺到亞馬遜河的開發。

and changed the makeup of the rainforest, for decades to come.

並改變了雨林的構成，在未來的幾十年裡。

The Amazon basin is rich in rubber trees that produce latex.

亞馬遜流域盛產橡膠樹，能生產乳膠。

And for a long time, they were exclusive to this rainforest.

而在很長一段時間裡，它們是這片雨林的專屬。

Native people had collected latex, or liquid rubber, for centuries.

土著人收集乳膠或液態橡膠已有數百年的歷史。

But in the late 1800s, after the Europeans turned their attention to it, people started extracting

但在19世紀末，歐洲人把注意力轉移到它身上後，人們就開始提取了

latex on a mass scale.

大規模的乳膠。

It became a valuable material in rapidly industrializing nations, where motor cars with rubber tires

在工業化迅速發展的國家，橡膠輪胎的汽車成為一種寶貴的材料。

started hitting the roads.

開始上路了。

The Amazon quickly turned into a very profitable global resource.

亞馬遜很快就變成了一個非常有利可圖的全球資源。

Especially in Brazil, where

特別是在巴西，那裡

businessmen started moving into the rainforest.

商人開始進入雨林。

To keep up with the high demand, wealthy "rubber barons" forced indigenous people to work for

為了滿足高需求，富有的 "橡膠大亨 "強迫土著人為其工作。

them as rubber tappers.

他們作為橡膠攻絲機。

And they directed waves of migrants from the coast to the rainforest.

他們把移民潮從海岸引向雨林。

Rubber tappers were forced to work in exchange for the use of the land, tools or food.

拍膠工被迫工作，以換取土地、工具或食物的使用。

So the more they worked, the more they were in debt to their bosses.

所以他們越是工作，越是欠老闆的債。

But the rubber boom wouldn't last long.

但橡膠吊杆不會持續太久。

"The seeds of rubber trees, such as these, smuggled out of the Amazon country,

"像這種橡膠樹的種子，是從亞馬遜國家走私出去的。

shifted the rubber production of the world to the far east."

把世界的橡膠生產轉移到了遠東地區。"

In the 1870s, an English colonist smuggled 70,000 rubber tree seeds out of the Amazon.

19世紀70年代，一位英國殖民者從亞馬遜河偷運了7萬顆橡膠樹種子。

The seeds went from Brazil to British colonies in Southeast Asia, where they began harvesting

種子從巴西傳到東南亞的英國殖民地，在那裡他們開始收割

rubber at a lower cost.

橡膠的成本較低。

Over the years, as rubber from these plantations flooded the market, prices fell,

多年來，隨著這些種植園的橡膠湧入市場，價格下跌。

and the rubber boom in the Amazon collapsed.

和亞馬遜地區的橡膠熱潮崩潰了。

But demand spiked again during the Second World War,

但在第二次世界大戰期間，需求再次激增。

when rubber became critical to making weapons and vehicles.

當橡膠成為製造武器和車輛的關鍵時。

"We are going to see to it, that there's enough rubber

"我們要看到它，有足夠的橡膠，

to build the planes to bomb Tokyo and Berlin.

來製造轟炸東京和柏林的飛機。

Enough rubber to build the tanks. Enough rubber to win this war!"

足夠的橡膠來建造坦克。足夠的橡膠來贏得這場戰爭！"

The Brazilian government recruited tens of thousands and forced them to extract latex

巴西政府招募了數萬人，強迫他們提取乳膠。

under harsh conditions.

在惡劣的條件下。

After the war, demand collapsed again and most rubber barons moved on to other businesses.

戰後，需求再次崩潰，大多數橡膠大亨轉而從事其他業務。

Leaving many rubber tappers in the rainforest, where they settled and were now free to harvest

留下許多橡膠開採者在雨林中定居，現在他們可以自由採摘

rubber on their own terms.

橡膠根據自己的條件。

Among them was Chico Mendes, a young rubber-tapper. who started out working under rubber bosses.

其中有奇科-門德斯，一個年輕的橡膠打手。 他開始在橡膠老闆手下工作。

This is Raimundo Mendes de Barros, Chico's cousin,

這是雷蒙多-門德斯-德-巴羅斯，奇科的表弟。

who works and lives on a reserve in Acre state.

他在阿克里州的一個保護區工作和生活。

Chico's time to step in and lead would come in the 70s and 80s.

奇科的介入和上司的時間會在70、80年代。

When the Amazon began seeing deforestation at an unprecedented rate.

當亞馬遜地區的森林開始以前所未有的速度被砍伐時。

Chico Mendes and the rubber tappers lived freely in the state of Acre for about a decade.

奇科-門德斯和拍膠人在阿克里州自由自在地生活了大約十年。

They harvested rubber and collected Brazil nuts sustainably without damaging the forest.

他們在不破壞森林的前提下，以可持續的方式收穫橡膠和收集巴西堅果。

And made a living selling what they gathered to traveling merchants.

並以將收集到的東西賣給旅行商人為生。

But there was a problem on the horizon.

但是有一個問題在眼前。

At the time, Brazil was led by a military regime that wanted to use the Amazon for economic

當時，巴西是由一個軍事政權上司的，它想利用亞馬遜河進行經濟。

development, so they opened it up to ranchers for business.

開發，所以他們把它開放給牧場主經營。

They took over large estates, typically occupied by rubber tappers, and cleared the forest

他們接管了通常由橡膠開採者佔據的大莊園，並清除了森林。

to make room for their cattle.

為他們的牛騰出空間。

"The politics of land speculation, and the large-scale deforestation...

"土地投機的政治，和大規模的森林砍伐...

They have as their objective, the substitution of man by cattle.

他們的目標是，以牛代人。

It would be a disaster if this process were allowed to continue in our region."

如果允許這一進程在我們地區繼續下去，那將是一場災難"。

The ranchers used intimidation tactics to expel rubber tappers.

牧場主採用恐嚇手段驅逐拍膠者。

They hired gunmen and set fires to tear down trees.

他們僱了槍手，放火拆樹。

But the rubber tappers got together and fought back.

但橡膠拍檔們聚在一起，進行了反擊。

They organized "empates" or barricades where they'd sit in front of trees or block the

他們組織了 "empates "或路障，他們坐在樹前，或擋住了路。

paths to the rubber reserves to prevent loggers and bulldozers from coming through.

通往橡膠保護區的道路，以防止伐木者和推土機通過。

Chico and Raimundo were both on the front lines.

奇科和雷蒙多都在前線。

Protecting the rubber tappers' way of life was at the heart of the struggle led by Chico.

保護拍膠工的生活方式是奇科上司的鬥爭的核心。

But over the years, it turned into a much bigger fight for survival.

但多年來，這變成了一場更大的生存鬥爭。

The government, backed by international organizations, built roads in the Amazon,

政府在國際組織的支持下，在亞馬遜地區修路。

which brought deforestation to different corners of the rainforest.

帶來了雨林不同角落的森林砍伐。

As a result, by 1987, nearly 300,000 square kilometers of the rainforest had been torn down.

是以，到1987年，近30萬平方公里的雨林被拆毀。

The fight to prevent deforestation extended throughout the Amazon, and Chico became its

防止砍伐森林的鬥爭擴展到整個亞馬遜地區，奇科成為了亞馬遜地區最重要的城市。

spokesperson on a global stage...

在全球舞臺上的代言人...

"... Chico Mendes..."

"...奇科-門德斯..."

"Together, we can preserve the forest ,and make it productive, securing this immense treasure

"我們可以共同保護森林，並使其富有成效，以確保這個巨大的寶藏

for the future of all our children."

為了我們所有孩子的未來。"

And the world began to pay attention.

世界也開始關注。

"It involves the destruction of one of the earth's greatest natural resources: the Amazon rainforest."

"它涉及破壞地球上最重要的自然資源之一：亞馬遜雨林"。

"The rainforest is unique in all the world.

"雨林 "在全世界都是獨一無二的。

Once it is gone. It is gone forever."

一旦它消失了。它就永遠消失了。"

International organizations withdrew tens of millions of dollars

國際組織撤回了數千萬美元。

from the development of the Amazon.

從亞馬遜的發展。

A small extraction reserve was created for rubber tappers in Acre in 1988:

1988年，在阿克里建立了一個小型的採掘保護區，供採膠工使用。

The first of its kind in Brazil.

在巴西，這是第一個這樣的例子。

The land would be owned by the state, but rubber tappers, like Raimundo, would have

土地將歸國家所有，但像雷蒙多這樣的橡膠拍打者，將有。

the right to live and work on it.

生活和工作的權利。

The reserve would keep everyone else out.

儲備金會把其他人都擋在外面。

Especially cattle ranchers.

尤其是養牛人。

Making this entire reserve legally protected from deforestation.

使整個保護區受到法律保護，不被砍伐。

But in 1988, protecting the rainforest came at a deadly cost.

但在1988年，保護雨林是要付出致命代價的。

89 environmental activists were killed that year alone.

僅在這一年，就有89名環保活動家被殺害。

"I have already escaped six attempts on my life from the enemy.

"我已經躲過了六次敵人對我生命的企圖。

Still, I have a moral commitment to myself.

不過，我對自己還是有道德承諾的。

I cannot abandon the struggle, even if, one day, I should be struck by an assassin's bullet."

我不能放棄鬥爭，即使有一天，我應該被刺客的子彈擊中。"

Cattle ranchers looking to expand their business in the Amazon saw Chico as a threat.

希望在亞馬遜擴大業務的牧牛人將奇科視為威脅。

He was given armed guards for protection.

他得到了武裝警衛的保護。

But just days after his 44th birthday, he was shot in his backyard.

但就在他44歲生日後幾天，他在後院被槍殺。

His killers were cattle ranchers - a father and a son - whose land had just become a protected area.

他的凶手是牧牛人--一對父子--他們的土地剛剛成為保護區。

Chico's death pushed changes forward in the Amazon.

奇科的死推動了亞馬遜地區的變革。

A larger Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve was created in 1990.

1990年建立了一個更大的奇科-門德斯採掘保護區。

Today, it is still the biggest in the Amazon and has protected more than 2 million acres

如今，它仍然是亞馬遜地區最大的，已經保護了200多萬畝的土地。

of rainforest from a lot of the deforestation that surrounds it.

的熱帶雨林，從周圍大量的森林砍伐。

It's home to about 10,000 people who can freely maintain their traditions and livelihoods.

這裡有大約1萬人可以自由地維持他們的傳統和生計。

Since Chico's death, all these extractive reserves have been created.

自從奇科死後，這些採掘保護區都已經建立起來了。

There are more than a hundred spread throughout the Amazon.

遍佈亞馬遜地區的有一百多處。

But the fight isn't over.

但戰鬥還沒有結束。

Brazil's current government has pushed for more economic development in the Amazon, while

巴西本屆政府推動了亞馬遜地區更多的經濟發展，而

downplaying Chico's struggle:

淡化奇科的鬥爭。

They've also scaled back efforts to preserve the Amazon — leaving protected areas

他們還縮減了保護亞馬遜河的努力--留下保護區

at risk all over again.

再次面臨風險。

Nearly half of the deforestation is taking place in protected areas,

近一半的森林砍伐發生在保護區內。

including the Chico Mendes Reserve, where ranchers are reportedly

包括奇科-門德斯保留地，據說那裡的牧民們正

persuading rubber tappers to clear their land for money.

勸說採膠工人清理土地換取錢財；

But some, like Raimundo's son, are committed to keeping Chico's legacy alive.

但有些人，比如雷蒙多的兒子，致力於讓奇科的遺產得以延續。

Hi, thanks for watching the second episode of Atlas in the Amazon's mini-series.

你好，感謝收看亞馬遜迷你劇《阿特拉斯》第二集。

I want to take a quick second to thank the filmmakers who filmed Chico Mendes and the Amazon in the 80s.

我想花一秒鐘時間感謝拍攝奇科-門德斯和80年代亞馬遜的電影人。

That footage was crucial in allowing us to tell Chico's story,

這個鏡頭對我們講述奇科的故事至關重要。

and the role he played in trying to protect the Amazon.

以及他在試圖保護亞馬遜的過程中扮演的角色。

We are very grateful to them.

我們非常感謝他們。

In the next episode, we look at the struggle between indigenous people trying

在下一集中，我們將看到土著人之間的鬥爭，試圖。

to protect their land,

以保護他們的土地。

and the president threatening to take their rights away.

和總統威脅要奪走他們的權利。

Make sure to come back and watch the third and final episode of Atlas in the Amazon's mini-series.

一定要回來看亞馬遜迷你劇《阿特拉斯》的第三集，也是最後一集。

Thanks again for watching, and see you next time.

再次感謝您的觀看，我們下次再見。