Americans are protesting all across the country in response to the death of George Floyd at

美國人在全國範圍內抗議喬治-弗洛伊德的死亡。

the hands of a Minnesota police officer.

明尼蘇達州一名警察的手中。

And as a non-native speaker of English, perhaps you're seeing a slew of new terms.

而作為一個非英語母語的人，也許你看到的是一連串的新名詞。

What is the difference between a protest, a riot, and looting, for example.

比如說，抗議、暴動和搶劫有什麼區別。

Today we're going to go over some terms that you'll be seeing in the news cycle

今天我們就來介紹一下在新聞週期中會看到的一些術語。

about the current events in America.

關於美國的時事。

We'll talk about different kinds of racism and the 'ism' suffix.

我們將討論不同種類的種族主義和 "主義 "的後綴。

Stick with me.

跟著我。

I did have another “Learn English with Movies” video planned for today, but we'll just

我今天確實有另一個 "電影學英語 "的視頻計劃，但我們就。

push that to next week.

推到下週。

George Floyd was 46 years old when he was suspected of using a counterfeit $20 bill.

喬治-弗洛伊德被懷疑使用20美元的假鈔時，年僅46歲。

What does counterfeit mean?

造假是什麼意思？

It simply means fake.

簡單來說就是假的意思。

You'll notice that Americans will usually drop the first T there because it comes after

你會注意到，美國人通常會在這裡去掉第一個T，因為它是在後面的

an N.

an N.

This is true of words like 'internet' and 'interview' as well.

'網絡'、'採訪'等詞也是如此。

Counterfeit, counterfeit.

假貨，假貨。

On May 25, a group of police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota apprehended him and took a series

5月25日，一群警察在明尼蘇達州明尼阿波利斯市將他逮捕，並採取了一系列的。

of actions that violated the policies of their police department.

違反其警察部門政策的行為。

We're going to talk about the words 'policy and police' in a moment.

我們一會兒要談'政策和警察'這兩個詞。

One officer knelt on his neck for almost nine minutes, which killed him, in broad daylight,

一名軍官在光天化日之下，跪在他的脖子上近9分鐘，這才將他殺死。

with witnesses taking video, with George Floyd saying, “I can't breathe”, with witnesses

有目擊者在錄像，喬治-弗洛伊德說："我不能呼吸"，有目擊者在錄像

saying “he can't breathe”.

說 "他不能呼吸"。

And so in news stories about what has happened and what is happening, you might see the phrases

是以，在關於發生了什麼和正在發生什麼的新聞報道中，你可能會看到這樣的短語。

'excessive force' or 'police brutality'.

'過度武力'或'警察暴力'。

But first let's talk about the words 'police' and 'policy'.

但先說說 "警察 "和 "政策 "這兩個詞。

They both come from the Greek word 'polis'.

它們都來自希臘語的 "polis"。

Polis, I'm probably not saying that completely right, but it's the Greek word which means

Polis，我可能說的不完全正確，但它是希臘語，意思是：

a city-state, citizenship, a group of people all governed by the same government.

一個城邦，公民身份，一群人都由同一個政府管理。

'Police', we have second syllable stress, first vowel is a schwa.

'警察'，我們有第二個音節重音，第一個元音是一個分音符。

Police.

警察。

Policy, we have first syllable stress, and the vowel is the AH as in FATHER vowel.

政策，我們有第一個音節重音，元音是AH，如FATHER元音。

Police, policy.

警察，政策。

Only one letter is different, but the pronunciation is quite different.

只有一個字母不同，但發音卻大不相同。

Police, policy.

警察，政策。

A policy is a course of action adopted by a government of a governing body.

政策是一個管理機構的政府所採取的行動方針。

So you might have heard the term foreign policy – each President puts his or her own spin

所以你可能聽說過外交政策這個詞，每個總統都會有自己的想法。

on foreign policy.

外交政策方面。

In the case of the Minnesota police department, it's the course of action, the steps, the

在明尼蘇達州警察局的情況下，這是行動的過程，步驟，。

rules of how to do things, when on duty.

規矩的做事方法，在值班時。

The policy.

該政策：

You might also see this at work: what is your sick leave policy, that means what are the

你可能也會在工作中看到這樣的情況：你的病假政策是什麼，也就是說你的病假政策是什麼？

rules about when or how long a worker can take off when they're sick.

關於工人生病時何時或多長時間可以休假的規定；

Or, I was late for a dentist appointment the other day and I called ahead, and I said,

或者，前幾天我看牙醫遲到了，我提前打電話，我說。

“what is your late policy?”

"你們的逾期政策是什麼？"

That is, how late can I still show up and see the dentist.

就是說，我多晚還能來看牙醫。

Other related words with this root: politics, metropolis, which is a large city, or metropolitan,

其他與此詞根相關的詞：政治、大都會，即大城市，或大都會。

a characteristic of a metropolis, especially in culture, sophistication, accepting a wide

大都會的特點，特別是在文化方面，成熟，接受範圍廣。

variety of people and ideas.

各種各樣的人和思想。

She became very metropolitan after moving to New York City.

她搬到紐約後，變得非常大都會。

Police force has two different meanings.

警察部隊有兩種不同的含義。

It can mean the group of officers all working for the same unit, a city, a county, for example.

它可以指的是一群官員都在同一個組織、部門工作，比如說一個城市，一個縣。

She's a member of the Philadelphia police force.

她是費城警察部隊的一員。

But it also means force, action, to get somebody to do something, physically.

但它也意味著武力，行動，讓某人做某事，身體力行。

How do you force them?

你怎麼強迫他們？

Police force.

警察部隊；

So when an officer is arresting a citizen, what kind of force is needed?

那麼，當一個官員在逮捕一個公民時，需要什麼樣的力量呢？

Maybe no force at all.

也許根本就沒有力氣。

Or maybe the citizen struggles or resists and the officer uses some force.

或者是公民掙扎或反抗，警官使用了一些武力。

Was it appropriate force or was it excessive force?

是武力適當還是武力過度？

Excessive meaning more than you need.

過分的意思是超過你的需要。

Excessive force, in the case of George Floyd.

力量過大，以喬治-弗洛伊德為例。

The officer did not need to kneel on his neck for eight minutes to make the arrest, but

該名警官不需要跪在他的脖子上8分鐘就可以實施逮捕，但......"。

did.

確實如此。

And this is the definition of police brutality.

這就是警察暴行的定義。

When officers use excessive force against a citizen.

當官員對公民過度使用武力時；

And this actually doesn't have to be physical force against a person.

而這其實不一定非要對一個人使用武力。

It can be verbal harassment, it can be property damage.

可以是語言騷擾，可以是財產損失。

So this brings us to the outrage of many of the citizens of the United States, myself

所以，這讓我們看到了很多美國公民的憤怒，我自己也是如此

included.

包括：

And we'll get to the protests in a moment, but first I want to say that I am disabling

我們一會兒會說到抗議活動，但首先我想說，我是在禁用。

comments for this video as you have probably already found.

評論為這個視頻，你可能已經發現。

Why?

為什麼？

Social media comment sections can be a place where our worst selves come out.

社交媒體評論區可能是我們最壞的自己出來的地方。

We can become very polarized.

我們會變得非常兩極化。

Polarized means sharply divided.

極化的意思是急劇分化。

And I've decided for myself that I don't want to police the comments of the video.

而我自己也決定了，我不想警察對視頻的評論。

Here I'm using the word 'police' as a verb, meaning to regulate or control.

在這裡，我把 "警察 "這個詞作為動詞，意思是規範或控制。

If people get really nasty with each other in comments, which has happened before, I

如果人們真的在評論中互相攻擊，以前也發生過這種情況，那麼我

don't want to get in there and decide if some people have crossed the line, that means

不想在那裡決定是否有人越界，這意味著...

go too far, like with negativity or insults.

過分，比如用否定或侮辱。

There are lots of places where you can read about happened, what is happening, and commentary

有很多地方你可以讀到發生的事情，正在發生的事情，和評論。

on that.

在這一點上。

There are lots of places where you can go leave your comments.

有很多地方可以讓你去留下你的意見。

And I do encourage you to take in different media, different voices discussing what's

我也鼓勵你接受不同的媒體，不同的聲音，討論什麼。

happening in the US.

發生在美國。

I think expanding our perspective is extremely important right now.

我認為拓展我們的視野在現在是非常重要的。

So many Americans are very angry.

所以很多美國人都非常生氣。

And one of the ways that Americans can express this is through protest.

而美國人能夠表達這一點的方式之一就是抗議。

The right to do this was established in the first amendment, here's a quote: “the

這樣做的權利是在第一條修正案中確立的，這裡有一段話。"the

right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress

人民和平集會和向政府請願以尋求補救的權利；

of grievances.”

的不滿"。

To gather to let it be known, we don't like the ways this is being done.

要聚集起來讓大家知道，我們不喜歡這樣的方式。

And so in the days since May 25th there have been protests against policing policies and

所以在5月25日以來的日子裡，有抗議警察政策和。

racism.

種族主義；

We'll talk about racism in a minute.

我們一會兒再談種族主義。

Large groups of people are gathering, marching, holding signs, chanting.

大批人在聚集，在遊行，在舉牌，在高呼。

And some of those protests have ended in destruction.

而其中一些抗議活動以破壞告終。

So a riot is different from a protest in that it's when a group turns violent.

所以騷亂和抗議不同，它是當一個群體變成暴力的時候。

Burning things for example.

比如說燒東西。

And then looting is when people break into storefronts and steal what's there.

然後搶劫是指人們闖入店面，偷走那裡的東西。

And right now, both riots and looting are happening in addition to the peaceful, emotionally

而現在，除了和平的、情緒化的，騷亂和搶劫都在發生。

charged protests.

帶電的抗議活動。

The amount of people looting, or causing destruction, is much smaller than the groups that are peacefully

掠奪，或造成破壞的人的數量，比那些和平的群體要少得多。

protesting.

抗議。

And, at least in Philadelphia, where I live, the rioting has largely subsided though the

而且，至少在費城，我住的地方，騷亂已經基本平息了，雖然... ...

protests continue.

抗議活動仍在繼續。

This is due in part to a curfew.

這在一定程度上是由於宵禁的緣故。

A curfew is a time at which you must be inside.

宵禁是指你必須在裡面的時間。

Lots of teenagers have curfews imposed on them by their parents, but occasionally a

很多青少年都有父母對他們實施的宵禁，但偶爾也會有一個

city will have an issue where it will issue a curfew where it asks all citizens to remain

城市將有一個問題，它將發佈一個宵禁，它要求所有的公民留在這裡。

at home after a certain hour.

在家裡過了一定的時間。

For us, that's 6pm right now.

對我們來說，現在是下午6點。

These protests and riots are bringing to the forefront of the American conversation the

這些抗議和騷亂將美國人的話題推到了風口浪尖上。

deep hurt and wrongs caused by racism.

種族主義造成的深重傷害和錯誤。

There was a study done on the use of police force against black people in Minneapolis

有一項關於明尼阿波利斯市警察對黑人使用武力的研究。

over the last five years, and it was found that police force against black people was

在過去五年中，發現警察對黑人的武力。

used seven times more than police force against white people.

對白人使用的武力是警察的七倍。

Racism is defined as prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of

種族主義的定義是針對某個人的偏見、歧視或敵意。

a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior, that racial differences

基於對自己種族優越、種族差異的信念而與其他種族不同

produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

產生特定種族的內在優越性；

A white supremacist is a person who believes that the white race is inherently superior

白人至上主義者是一個人誰相信白人種族是天生的優越性

to other races and that white people should have control over people of other races.

對其他種族的人，白人應該控制其他種族的人。

Now, the policy and doctrines of the United States of America state that all men (and

現在，美利堅合眾國的政策和學說規定，所有的人(和...)

women) are created equal.

婦女）生而平等。

But due to racism and systemic racism, that's not how life plays out.

但由於種族主義和系統性的種族主義，生活不是這樣的。

Systemic racism is also known as institutional racism.

系統性種族主義又稱制度性種族主義。

What is it?

什麼事？

It's different than individual racism, which is easier to see and understand.

這與個人種族主義不同，後者更容易看到和理解。

A quote from “Black Power, the politics of Liberation” gives two examples to show

引用 "黑色力量，解放的政治 "中的一句話，舉了兩個例子來說明。

the difference between individual racism and institutional racism.

個人種族主義和體制性種族主義之間的區別；

This is a quote:

這是一句話。

“When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children, that is an act

"當白人恐怖分子炸燬一座黑人教堂並殺死五名黑人兒童時，這就是一種行為

of individual racism, widely deplored by most segments of the society.

個人種族主義，受到社會大多數階層的廣泛譴責。

But when in that same city – Birmingham, Alabama – five hundred black babies die

但是，當在同一個城市，阿拉巴馬州伯明翰市，有500個黑人嬰兒死亡。

each year because of the lack of proper food, shelter and medical facilities, and thousands

由於缺乏適當的食物、住所和醫療設施，每年都有成千上萬的人在這裡生活。

more are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally and intellectually because of

更多的人在身體上、情感上和智力上被摧毀和殘害。

conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community, that is a function of

黑人社區的貧困和歧視狀況，這是黑人社區的一個功能。

institutional racism.”

體制性的種族主義"。

The 'ism' suffix is used to create a noun showing an action or practice, principles,

'ism'後綴用於創建一個顯示行動或實踐、原則的名詞。

doctrines.

學說。

We have racism, ageism, sexism, ableism.

我們有種族主義、年齡歧視、性別歧視、能力歧視。

These all mean discrimination against.

這些都意味著對的歧視。

Against older people, women, and discrimination in favor of able-bodied people.

反對老年人、婦女和歧視健全人；

But not all 'isms' mean discrimination.

但不是所有的 "主義 "都意味著歧視。

You have baptism, a practice in the Christian church of sprinkling water on, or immersing

你有洗禮，基督教會的一種做法，就是把水灑在，或浸在。

someone in water, symbolizing purification and admission into the Christian church.

有人在水中，象徵著淨化和進入基督教會。

You have activism – the action of campaigning to bring about political or social change.

你有行動主義--為實現政治或社會變革而進行的運動行動。

There are over 800 words in English with the –ism suffix.

在英語中，有800多個單詞的後綴是-ism。

But the one most prominent in American conversation right now is racism, and how as a nation we

但現在美國人最突出的話題是種族主義，以及作為一個國家，我們是如何的

can recognize it, understand it, and grow to a place beyond it.

可以認識它，理解它，併成長到超越它的地方。

Next week we will continue our summer mission of learning English with movies, and the movie

下週我們將繼續我們的暑期任務，用電影來學習英語，而電影中的

we'll be looking at is A Star is Born.

我們要看的是《明星的誕生》。

Lady Gaga is going to help you understand how Americans use reductions and linking in

Lady Gaga要幫你瞭解美國人是如何使用減量和鏈接在

a way that can help you understand Americans better, and also be more easily understood

一種可以幫助你更好地瞭解美國人，也更容易被理解的方式。

when you're speaking English.

當你在說英語的時候。

Thank you all so much for joining me here, I love teaching you English.

非常感謝大家在這裡加入我，我喜歡教你們英語。

I make new videos every Tuesday and I invite you to subscribe, we'd love to have you

我每週二都會製作新的視頻，我邀請你訂閱，我們很希望你能來。

as a part of our community.

作為我們社區的一部分。

That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.

就這樣，非常感謝你使用瑞秋英語。