Fake News: Fact and Fiction from BBC

假新聞。BBC的事實與虛構

Learning English. In this series we're

學習英語。在這個系列中，我們要

looking at the fake news phenomenon,

從假新聞現象看。

what it is, where it comes from and how

它是什麼，它從哪裡來，以及如何。

we can fight it. Yes and we're also looking

我們可以對抗它。是的，我們也在尋找

at the language and vocabulary around

在語言和詞彙方面

fake news so words and expressions that

假新聞，所以詞句

you might hear or want to use when

您可能會聽到或想使用

discussing this hot topic. And in the

討論這一熱門話題。而在

programme today how social media has

今天的節目中，社交媒體如何

changed the fake news landscape. And I'll

改變了假新聞的格局。而我將

be giving you some news about news.

將給你一些新聞的消息。

We'll also try to understand what fake

我們也會試著去了解什麼是假的

news is and what it isn't. Now, Sam,

新聞是什麼，不是什麼。現在，山姆。

last time you talked about the word fake

上次你說到假字的時候

what have you got for us today? Yeah so

你今天給我們準備了什麼？是啊，所以

today I'm talking about the word news so

今天我說的是新聞這個詞，所以。

where do you think that word comes

何出此言

from, Hugo? It may be an acronym like

從，雨果？它可能是一個縮寫，如

the first letters from north, east, west and

東西南北中的第一個字

south like the points of the compass?

南方就像羅盤的指針？

Very good.

非常好

That's a good guess and you're not alone

你猜得不錯，而且你不是一個人

in thinking that but let's find out if

但讓我們看看是否

you're right. Here's something I recorded

你是對的這是我記錄的東西

earlier.

早些時候。

News, news, news, news is all

新聞，新聞，新聞，新聞就是一切

around me. Wherever you get yours from,

在我身邊。無論你從哪裡得到你的。

where does the word itself come from?

這個詞本身從何而來？

Is it an acronym for north, east, west and

它是北、東、西、的縮寫嗎？

south? Nope.

南方？不對

Does it stand for notable events, weather

它是否代表著顯著的事件、天氣

and sports? Nope again. Does it simply

和運動？又不對。它是否只是

mean things that are new? Yes. It comes

是指新的東西嗎？意思是新的東西？它來

from the late 1300s from the French word

梵文

nouvelle. News is simply new information

nouvelle。新聞就是簡單的新資訊

about something that has happened. It's

關於發生的事情。它是...

unusual in English because the word new

在英語中是不尋常的，因為new這個詞

is an adjective, but news is not an

是一個形容詞，但新聞不是一個

adjective, it's a noun, an uncountable

形容詞，是名詞，不可數的

noun, and even though it has an S, it's

名詞，雖然它有一個S，但它是

singular. So news is good or bad.

單數。所以新聞是好是壞。

We have several expressions in English

我們有幾個英文表達

using the word news, for example, 'no

使用新聞一詞，例如，"不"。

news is good news', which basically

新聞就是好消息"，這基本上

means

途徑

if you haven't heard anything, there are

如果你還沒有聽到任何消息，就有

no problems. 'That's news to me', I didn't

沒有問題。'這對我來說是個新聞'，我沒有。

know that. 'Breaking news',

要知道，。'突發新聞'。

new news, something very important that

新消息，一些非常重要的

has recently happened, and 'if you break

最近發生了，'如果你打破

the news' you are the person who passes

你就是那個傳遞消息的人

the news on, but, if you do break the

的新聞，但是，如果你打破了。

news, make sure it's not fake news.

新聞，確保它不是假新聞。

That's really interesting and a lot of

這真的很有趣，很多

that was news to me. Ah, very good,

這對我來說是新聞。啊，非常好。

Hugo, I see what

雨果，我明白了

you did there. And what about you, Sam,

你在那裡做的。那你呢 Sam

where do

何處

you get your news from? Honestly truly I

你從哪裡得到的消息？老實說，真的，我

mostly get it from the BBC News app.

主要是從BBC新聞應用中獲取。

That goes without saying - obviously -

這不用說了--顯然

yeah I also get

是的，我也得到

my news from the BBC but I find it

我的新聞從BBC，但我發現它

really important to get you know news

真的很重要，讓你知道新聞

from different sources because you can

從不同的來源，因為你可以

always get different voices and

異口同聲

different takes on what is happening. So

對正在發生的事情有不同的看法。所以

we know about the word fake and the

我們知道關於假貨這個詞和

word news - put them together and you'll

字新聞--把它們放在一起，你就會。

get fake news but what does it actually

得到假新聞，但它實際上是什麼

mean? Here's the BBC's Media Editor

是什麼意思？這是BBC的媒體編輯

Amol Rajan.

Amol Rajan.

Fake news is lies and propaganda told for

虛假新聞是謊言和宣傳，為

a political or commercial purpose which

屬於政治或商業目的

deploys digital technology,

部署數字技術。

social media, new networks to go viral to

社交媒體，新的網絡要去病毒式的傳播，以。

reach around the world and influence

遍及全球，影響

millions of people very very quickly.

數百萬人非常非常快。

So fake news

所以是假新聞

is information that isn't true and the

是不真實的資訊，而

reason might be political or commercial,

原因可能是政治或商業。

to change opinion or make money. Yes so

為了改變輿論或賺錢。是的，所以

I'd like to talk about one of the words

我想說說其中的一個詞

that Amol used - the word propaganda.

阿莫爾用的是--宣傳這個詞。

So this comes up a lot when talking

所以，這是在談論時經常出現的

about this topic and let's just check

關於這個話題，我們就來看看

that we know what it means before we

我們知道它的意思之前，我們

move forward, so propaganda is a noun

前進，所以宣傳是名詞性的

and it describes information which is put

它描述的資訊是把

out for political reasons to get support

拉攏

for a political party or a political

為政黨或政治

cause and it's designed to promote a

事業，其目的是為了促進

particular agenda, so to persuade people

以此來說服人們

to think a particular way or make people

逗人

support a particular policy. Propaganda

支持某項政策。宣傳

isn't always completely fake, but it's

並不總是完全假的，但它的。

often very one-sided and unbalanced and

往往是非常片面和不平衡的，並且

may mix lies and the truth. So I guess

可能會混淆謊言和真相。所以我想

that's one of the challenges of being a

這就是作為一個挑戰的一個

journalist, Hugo, is making sure that

記者，雨果，正在確保

you can actually determine what is true

孰真孰假

and what isn't. Yeah it's a big challenge

什麼不是是的，這是一個很大的挑戰

and it's not made easier by social media.

而這並沒有因為社交媒體而變得簡單。

Amol mentioned that digital technologies

阿莫爾提到，數字技術

and social media are tools used to spread

和社交媒體是用來傳播的工具。

fake news but what is the problem here?

假新聞，但這裡的問題是什麼？

Let's get more about that, so earlier we

我們再來了解一下，所以前面我們

put some questions to today's expert

向今天的專家提問

guest.

客人。

Hi my name is Samantha Bradshaw. I'm a

嗨，我的名字是薩曼莎-布拉德肖。我是一個

researcher at the Oxford Internet Institute

牛津互聯網研究所研究員

and I study how

我研究如何

disinformation affects democracy. Fake

虛假資訊影響民主。假

news

新聞

has been around for as long as we've had

有多少年曆史了

the printing press, so there's nothing

印刷廠，所以沒有什麼

necessarily new about fake news. The

必然是新的假新聞。的

ways in which digital technologies can

數字技術可以通過何種方式

enhance the spread and the precision of

加強傳播和精確

these kinds of stories is something that

這些故事是

is new. So fake news on social media can

是新的。所以社交媒體上的假新聞可以

spread much more quickly and to many

傳播得更快、更廣

more people because the flow of

更多的人，因為流

information is very free compared to in

資訊非常自由，相比於在

the past where we had journalists,

過去我們有記者的地方。

editors, TV channels controlling the flow

編輯、電視頻道控流

of information and what would or would

的資訊，以及什麼會或將會

not get published. Today anybody with a

沒有得到發表。今天，任何人只要有

keyboard can essentially be a publisher.

鍵盤基本上可以成為一個發佈者。

Lots of interesting stuff there. Yes so

有很多有趣的東西。是的，所以

the first thing I noticed is that she

我注意到的第一件事是，她

used the word disinformation and that

使用了虛假資訊一詞，並表示

is often used to describe kinds of fake

往往被用來形容各種假

news or false information that is

訛傳

deliberately published and spread. She

故意發表和傳播。她

also made the point that fake news, as we

也提出了一個觀點，那就是假新聞，因為我們。

know, is not new but it's always been

要知道，這已經不是什麼新鮮事了，但它一直是

around but with social media and the

但隨著社交媒體和

digital world it's allowed to spread

數字世界它被允許傳播

further and faster and without it being

更快、更遠，而不至於

controlled by traditional broadcasters

由傳統廣播公司控制

and publishers. So, now I know there's a

和出版商。所以，現在我知道有一個

problem there obviously but doesn't this

這顯然是個問題，但這不

also mean that there's now a bit more of

也意味著，現在有更多的。

a democracy of information? Isn't it a

資訊民主？這不是一個

good thing that we don't only have these

好在我們不僅有這些...

traditional sources particularly if

傳統來源，特別是如果

those sources are government run or run

這些資源都是官辦或民辦

by one particularly powerful individual?

由一個特別強大的人？

That's a very good point because if you

這是一個非常好的觀點，因為如果你。

remember what happened during the

念念不忘

Arab Spring in the Middle East or even

阿拉伯之春在中東甚至

protests in Iran and in many other

伊朗和許多其他國家的抗議活動

countries around the world social media

世界各國的社交媒體

gave people a very important tool to

給人們提供了一個非常重要的工具

express themselves and well basically

表達自己的想法，以及基本上

journalists got to know what was

記者們知道了什麼是

happening because of that - because

因為這一點而發生--因為

they weren't allowed in the country in

他們不被允許進入該國在

some cases - absolutely. The difference

有些情況下--絕對是。不同的是

here is that maybe those people who are

這裡是，也許那些人誰是

publishing these you know

發佈這些你知道

this kind of information they don't go

這種資訊他們不會去

through all the checks that we working

通過所有的檢查，我們的工作

for mainstream media or traditional news

為主流媒體或傳統新聞

organisations have to go through which

組織必須通過哪些

is we interview people, we check the

是我們採訪的人，我們檢查

facts, we recheck the facts to make sure

事實，我們重新檢查事實，以確保。

that everything is accurate. Of course we

一切都是準確的。當然，我們

make mistakes but when we do we

犯錯，但當我們犯錯時，我們

acknowledge them and correct them.

承認並糾正它們。

Yeah and also Samantha said anyone can

是啊，薩曼莎也說，任何人都可以

be a publisher so there's lots of people

出書，所以人多

out there sharing stories putting stories

在外面分享故事，把故事

out onto social media but they may not

到社交媒體上，但他們可能不會

have the knowledge or the resources to

有知識或資源

check whether those are real stories and

驗明正身

therefore some of the stuff out there

是以，有些東西在那裡

might be inaccurate, it hasn't been

可能是不準確的，它還沒有被

checked by anyone. Yeah there's a

由任何人檢查。是的，有一個

famous saying which goes: A lie can get

名言有云謊言可以得到

halfway around the world before the truth

半路殺出個程咬金

has got its pants on. Well I think these

已經得到了它的褲子上。好吧，我想這些

days I can get all the way around the

我可以得到所有的方式周圍的日子

world before the truth has even woken up

夢醒時分

and what makes it even more challenging

更具挑戰性的是

is when people have been told not to

是當人們被告知不要

trust mainstream media. Hmm is this

相信主流媒體。嗯，這是

what you mean? Let's have a look.

什麼意思？讓我們來看看。

It's totally fake news - fake news - fake

這完全是假新聞--假新聞--假的。

news - you are fake news - it was fake

新聞--你是假新聞--是假的

news. Thank you.

新聞。謝謝你。

Yes the American President gets a lot of

是的，美國總統得到了很多

criticism from

詬病

mainstream media. He says that has

主流媒體。他說，這已經

been

一直

an unfair attack on him. He uses the

這是對他不公平的攻擊。他使用的是

phrase fake news when talking about

假新聞

news that he doesn't like, that he doesn't

他不喜歡的新聞，他不... ...

find convenient and when one of the most

發現方便和當一個最

powerful politicians in the world

天下大勢

accuses the mainstream media of being

指責主流媒體是

fake news, that's a problem. Here's Amol

假新聞，這是一個問題。這裡是阿莫爾

again. A lot of politicians or people in

又是。很多政客或人在

the public eye have started to use the

在公眾視野中，已經開始使用

words fake news or the phrase fake news

假新聞

to basically describe news that they

基本上描述了他們的新聞

don't like. If you're a politician who

不喜歡。如果你是一個政治家誰

wants to close down debate then you

想關閉辯論，那麼你

might use the phrase fake news because

可能會用假新聞這個詞，因為

you don't want people to ask you

你不想讓別人問你

questions about something

問事

uncomfortable so it's really important that

不舒服，所以這真的很重要

we're clear about what fake news does

我們很清楚什麼假新聞

and doesn't mean.

並不意味著。

So it seems that the most

所以看來，最

famous user of the phrase fake news

假新聞名嘴

perhaps the person who's made it as

興許

famous as saying as it is actually uses

名言實用

it to mean something completely

意思是說

different from the rest of us. Indeed.

與我們其他人不同。確實如此。

Well to be clear when we're talking

好吧，當我們談論的時候，要清楚

about fake news we mean false

假新聞

information, information that is not true

資訊，不真實的資訊

or not correct but which is published

或不正確但已公佈的

and shared particularly on social media.

並在社交媒體上特別分享。

Well it's about time we wrapped up this

好了，現在是時候我們結束了這個

programme - Sam remind us of some of

節目--山姆提醒我們一些

today's key

今天的重點

vocabulary. Absolutely, of course. So we

詞彙量。當然，當然。所以我們

learned that the word news comes from

獲悉，新聞一詞來自於

the French word nouvelle and although it

新生兒

has an S at the end it is not plural

後面是S，不是複數

it's an uncountable noun, so it's

是個不可逆的名詞，所以它是

always singular. We can say 'that's news

總是單數。我們可以說 "那是新聞

to me' if we find something out that we

對我來說，如果我們發現了一些東西，而我們

didn't know before. 'No news is good

以前不知道的。'沒有消息就是好的

news' is an expression which means that

新聞'是一種表達方式，意思是

the lack of news probably means

杳無音訊的意思是

everything's fine everything's OK because

一切都好 一切都好 因為

if something bad had happened we

萬一出了事

probably would have been told. 'Breaking

可能會被告知。'打破

news' is new news, so something

新聞 "是新的新聞，所以一些

important, and 'to

重要的，而且'要

break the news' is to be the person who

爆料的人是

gives the information to someone.

把資訊給了別人。

Propaganda is political information

宣傳是政治資訊

which could be false or very one-sided

有可能是假的，也可能是非常片面的

information and then we also had

資訊，然後我們也有

disinformation which is a term for false

闢謠

news, false stories that are spread

訛傳

deliberately. Mainstream media refers to

故意。主流媒體指的是

traditional and established news

舊聞

broadcasters and publishers just like

廣播公司和出版商一樣