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  • - [Narrator] These days it's natural to feel a bit lost.

    - [旁白]這些天,感覺有點失落是很正常的。

  • Everyone seems to be looking for a sense

    大家似乎都在尋找一種感覺

  • for where they stand in the world.

    為他們在世界上的地位。

  • A reference point on which to ground ourselves.

    一個可以立足的參考點。

  • A mental map.

    一張心理圖。

  • When we think of our mental maps

    當我們想到我們的心理地圖

  • of the actual world, however,

    的實際世界,但。

  • that is, our intuitive sense for the shape

    也就是我們對形狀的直觀感受。

  • and relative position of places on the planet,

    和地球上各地方的相對位置。

  • it may surprise you to learn that they're a bit off.

    你可能會驚訝地發現,他們有點不對勁。

  • Many peoples mental maps of Earth, in fact,

    很多人的地球心理地圖,其實。

  • share the same, fairly significant errors.

    分享同樣的,相當大的誤差。

  • Relative positions, sizes,

    相對位置,大小。

  • and even the existence of minor locations

    甚至是小地點的存在

  • may be totally off-base.

    可能會完全偏離基地。

  • The good news is, it's not your fault.

    好消息是,這不是你的錯。

  • One reason for a skewed mental picture of the world

    歪曲的世界心理圖景的原因之一。

  • is our brains taking shortcuts.

    是我們的大腦在走捷徑。

  • Our minds try to simplify the layout

    我們的大腦試圖簡化佈局

  • of highly detailed things.

    的高度詳細的東西。

  • Such as, the locations of cities

    例如,城市的位置

  • and countries around the world.

    和世界各國。

  • But these shortcuts may not always be accurate.

    但這些捷徑不一定準確。

  • Take, for example, South America.

    以南美洲為例。

  • Many may think it's located more

    很多人可能覺得它的位置比較

  • or less directly south of North America,

    北美洲正南或更少。

  • with Chile corresponding roughly to California.

    與智利大致對應的是加州。

  • If you flew straight south from Los Angeles, however,

    不過,如果你從洛杉磯直飛南下。

  • you wouldn't hit land again until Antarctica.

    在南極洲之前,你不會再上岸。

  • In reality, all of continental South America

    實際上,整個南美洲大陸

  • is located east of Florida.

    位於佛羅里達州東部。

  • In this way, North and South America

    這樣一來,北美洲和南美洲

  • could also be accurately named

    也可稱為

  • west and east America, respectively.

    分別是美國西部和東部。

  • These mental misconceptions aren't limited to the Americas.

    這些心理誤區並不限於美洲。

  • Do you think of Africa as being largely

    你認為非洲在很大程度上是

  • in the Southern Hemisphere?

    在南半球?

  • Perhaps it's similar latitudes as South America?

    也許是和南美洲的緯度相近?

  • In fact, the vast majority of Africa

    事實上,非洲絕大多數地區

  • is north of the equator.

    是赤道以北。

  • I bet you never realized

    我打賭你從來沒有意識到

  • that Disney World in Orlando, Florida

    迪斯尼世界

  • is closer to the equator

    靠近赤道

  • than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.

    比埃及的吉薩大金字塔。

  • Europe is also much further north than many people realize.

    歐洲也比很多人意識到的更北。

  • A line drawn west out of London, England

    一條從英國倫敦向西劃出的線

  • would never touch the 48 contiguous states.

    不會觸及48個毗連州。

  • Paris is actually further north than Montreal.

    巴黎其實比蒙特利爾更北。

  • Barcelona is around the same latitude as Chicago.

    巴塞羅那和芝加哥的緯度差不多。

  • Our mental image of Europe being further south

    我們對歐洲更南邊的心理印象

  • than it actually is, may have to do with its weather.

    比實際情況,可能與它的天氣有關。

  • Europe has what's called a Mediterranean climate.

    歐洲有所謂的地中海氣候。

  • The result of warm air crossing the Atlantic

    暖空氣穿越大西洋的結果

  • via the Gulf Stream.

    通過灣流。

  • This means that many European cities

    這意味著,許多歐洲城市

  • have climates that those of us in the Americas

    有我們美洲人所不具備的氣候條件

  • associate with lower latitudes.

    與低緯度地區相關聯。

  • When we think about the weather in say, Venice,

    當我們想到比如說威尼斯的天氣。

  • we don't expect it to be located

    我們不指望它位於

  • further north than Toronto, but it is.

    比多倫多更北,但它是。

  • A skewed sense of the world

    歪曲的世界觀

  • isn't just our brain's fault for taking shortcuts.

    不僅僅是我們大腦走捷徑的錯。

  • Every map you've ever seen

    你見過的所有地圖

  • has been, in some way, distorted from reality.

    在某種程度上,已經與現實發生了扭曲。

  • For instance, many of us grew up

    比如說,我們很多人從小到大

  • with maps in school that showed Greenland

    在學校裡有顯示格陵蘭的地圖

  • to be about the same size as South America.

    要和南美洲差不多大。

  • In reality, however, South America

    但實際上,南美洲

  • is more than eight times larger than Greenland.

    是格陵蘭的8倍多。

  • Similarly, most maps make it impossible

    同樣,大多數地圖也讓人無法

  • to see that Brazil is larger

    看到巴西是更大的

  • than the contiguous United States,

    比美國毗連區。

  • and only slightly smaller than Canada.

    而只比加拿大略小。

  • Or that Alaska is actually smaller than Libya.

    或者說,阿拉斯加其實比利比亞還小。

  • Now, how is it possible that maps can be so misleading?

    現在,地圖怎麼會有這麼大的誤導性呢?

  • The answer lies in the impossibility of representing

    答案在於不可能代表

  • a three-dimensional object, the Earth,

    一個三維物體,地球。

  • in only two-dimensions, a map.

    在只有二維的情況下,一張地圖。

  • While a globe can accurately represent

    雖然地球儀可以準確地代表

  • relative positions, sizes,

    相對位置、大小。

  • and distances on the Earth's surface without issue,

    和地球表面的距離沒有問題。

  • compromises must be made

    勢在必行

  • when trying to flatten an orb into a map.

    當試圖將一個球體平鋪到地圖上時。

  • Cartographers, people who make maps,

    製圖師,就是做地圖的人。

  • have developed various methods

    五花八門

  • of depicting the round Earth

    繞地球一圈

  • on a flat surface called projections.

    在一個平面上稱為投影。

  • Each of these projections represents the earth accurately,

    這些投影都準確地代表了地球。

  • in some way, while distorting the planet in others.

    在某些方面,而在其他方面扭曲了地球。

  • For instance, one of the most common projections

    例如,其中一個最常見的預測是

  • is the Mercator projection.

    是墨卡託投影。

  • Introduced in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator.

    1569年由Gerardus Mercator引入。

  • Mercator maps are found in classrooms around the world,

    世界各地的教室裡都有墨卡托地圖。

  • and it's even the projection used by Google maps.

    甚至是谷歌地圖使用的投影。

  • Mercator's goal in developing his projection

    墨卡託在發展他的投影方面的目標。

  • was to aid in navigation.

    是為了幫助導航。

  • Any angle on the globe is the same angle on a Mercator map,

    地球儀上的任何角度在墨卡托地圖上都是相同的角度。

  • which assured navigators

    這保證了航海者的安全

  • that they were heading towards their intended destination

    他們正朝著他們的目的地前進

  • in the days before GPS.

    在GPS之前的日子裡。

  • As a result, however, the relative sizes and shapes

    然而,結果是,相對的尺寸和形狀是什麼?

  • of continents on Mercator maps are distorted.

    墨卡托地圖上的各大洲都被扭曲了。

  • Especially for land nearer to the poles.

    特別是對於離極地較近的土地。

  • As you move further away from the equator,

    當你離赤道越遠。

  • the Mercator projection shows land taking up more area

    墨卡託投影顯示,土地佔用面積更大

  • than it actually does on Earth.

    比地球上的實際情況要好。

  • This is why Antarctica looks so large,

    這就是為什麼南極洲看起來這麼大。

  • while in reality being the third smallest continent.

    而實際上是第三小洲。

  • As a result, Mercator projections

    是以,墨卡託預測

  • tend to portray northern countries, such as those in Europe,

    傾向於描繪北方國家,如歐洲的國家。

  • as being larger than they actually are.

    作為比實際大的。

  • Remember how north London actually is?

    還記得倫敦北部到底是怎樣的嗎?

  • Some scholars maintain that these countries magnification

    有學者認為,這些國家放大了

  • has contributed to imperialist mindset.

    助長了帝國主義思潮。

  • Essentially allowing small European countries

    基本上允許歐洲小國

  • to inflate their position on the world.

    以誇大其對世界的地位。

  • While the Mercator is one of the most commonly found around

    雖然墨卡託是身邊最常見的一種。

  • and of the world,

    和世界的。

  • it is far from the only projection available.

    它遠不是唯一的投影。

  • Each, like the Mercator,

    每個人,都像墨卡託一樣。

  • has it's own benefits and drawbacks.

    有其自身的好處和弊端。

  • None is considered more correct than any other.

    沒有一個人被認為比其他任何一個人更正確。

  • They're all trying to solve the same impossible problem.

    他們都在試圖解決同一個不可能的問題。

  • Converting something from three-dimensions to two.

    將某物從三維轉換為二維。

  • The only representation of Earth

    地球的唯一代表

  • that doesn't make any comprises, a globe.

    那不做任何包含,全球。

  • Apart from mental shortcuts and distorted projections,

    除了心理捷徑和扭曲的投射。

  • there's another reason why your mental map may be false.

    還有另一個原因,你的心智圖可能是假的。

  • You've been intentionally lied to.

    你是故意被騙的。

  • Before satellites were taking high resolution photos

    在衛星拍攝高分辨率照片之前

  • of all the Earth's surfaces 24-hours a day,

    每天24小時對地球所有表面進行監測。

  • making a map was a painstaking job.

    製作地圖是一項艱苦的工作。

  • If you spent a ton of time and resources making a map,

    如果你花了大量的時間和資源製作一張地圖。

  • you needed ways to ensure people wouldn't copy your work

    你需要確保人們不會抄襲你的作品的方法。

  • and sell it themselves as their own map.

    並自己作為自己的地圖出售。

  • One way to do this was

    一種方法是

  • by putting intentional errors in maps called trap streets.

    通過在地圖中放故意錯誤,稱為陷阱街。

  • For instance, if you were mapping your hometown

    例如,如果你要繪製你的家鄉的地圖

  • and included a made up street, nothing serious,

    幷包括了一條編造的街道,沒什麼大不了的。

  • maybe just a fictional cul-de-sac in the corner of town,

    也許只是一個虛構的死衚衕 在城市的角落。

  • and that same fake cul-de-sac

    還有那條假死衚衕

  • appeared in a competitor's map,

    出現在競爭對手的地圖中。

  • you could be confident they had stolen your map.

    你可以確信他們偷了你的地圖。

  • According to the grandson of the former president and CEO,

    據前總裁兼CEO的孫子。

  • Thomas Brothers Maps would put fake streets

    托馬斯兄弟地圖會把假街道

  • of people's kids' names, pets' names in little cul-de-sacs,

    的人的孩子的名字,寵物的名字 在小死衚衕裡。

  • and that was one way we would be able to keep the copyright.

    而這也是我們能夠保持版權的一種方式。

  • One of the most common descriptions of map making

    最常見的地圖製作的描述之一是

  • is that it is both an art and a science.

    是,它既是一門藝術,也是一門科學。

  • Historians hypothesize that human consciousness

    歷史學家假設,人類的意識

  • has always had an impulse to try to cognitively map

    一直以來,我們都有一種衝動,想要嘗試認知圖譜

  • and relate to our physical surroundings,

    並與我們的物理環境有關。

  • and while human brains

    而人類的大腦

  • may instinctively have an impulse to map,

    可能會本能地有一種映射的衝動。

  • the practice is by no means an innate skill,

    修行絕不是天生的技能。

  • leading to many distortions

    導致很多扭曲

  • in how we mentally believe the world is laid out.

    在我們心理上認為世界是如何佈局的。

  • It's important to keep in mind how,

    重要的是要記住如何。

  • just like the projections of globes onto maps,

    就像地球儀在地圖上的投影一樣。

  • the way we view our surroundings

    我們對周圍環境的看法

  • is only one of many valid interpretations.

    這只是許多有效的解釋之一。

  • Sometimes, when you feel lost in the world,

    有時候,當你感到迷失在這個世界上。

  • changing perspectives may be just what you need

    換個角度看問題也許正是你所需要的

  • to find your way.

    找到自己的方向。

  • (upbeat piano music)

    (歡快的鋼琴曲)

- [Narrator] These days it's natural to feel a bit lost.

- [旁白]這些天,感覺有點失落是很正常的。

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