There's no robot that sits in the pilot seat

沒有坐在駕駛座上的機器人。

and mashes buttons while the real pilot takes a nap.

並按下按鈕，而真正的飛行員卻在打盹。

It's just a flight-control system

這只是一個飛行控制系統

that allows a pilot to fly an airplane

飛行員可以駕駛飛機

without continuous hands-on control.

沒有連續的動手控制。

Basically, it lets a pilot fly from New York to Los Angeles

基本上，它可以讓一個飛行員從紐約飛到洛杉磯。

without white-knuckling the controls for six straight hours.

沒有白手起家的控制，連續六個小時。

But how does it actually work?

但實際效果如何呢？

Kind of like a polar bear.

有點像北極熊。

A polar bear's core temperature

北極熊的核心溫度

sits at about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

坐在華氏98.6度左右。

It is so well insulated against the frigid Arctic cold

它的保溫效果很好，可以抵禦北極的嚴寒。

that it often overheats.

它經常過熱。

When that happens, its body reacts

當這種情況發生時，它的身體會做出反應

by releasing excess heat through its hairless parts,

通過其無毛部位釋放多餘的熱量。

like its nose, ears, and feet.

比如它的鼻子、耳朵和腳。

The polar bear's body temperature

北極熊的體溫

returns to a comfortable 98.6,

回到舒適的98.6。

and it's free to hunt seals another day.

改天再去獵殺海豹也是免費的。

That cycle is called a negative feedback loop,

這種循環稱為負反饋循環。

and it's the same way an autopilot functions.

這和自動駕駛儀的功能是一樣的。

A negative feedback loop is a self-regulating system

負反饋迴路是一個自我調節系統。

that reacts to feedback in a way that maintains equilibrium.

以維持平衡的方式對反饋作出反應。

Generally, it uses a sensor to receive

一般來說，它使用傳感器來接收

some sort of data or input,

某種數據或輸入。

and the system uses that data

而系統使用該數據

to keep functioning in a preset way.

以保持以預設的方式運作。

For the polar bear, that preset is body temperature.

對於北極熊來說，這個預設就是體溫。

For an airplane, it's lateral and vertical movement.

對於飛機來說，就是橫向和縱向運動。

A modern automatic flight-control system

現代自動飛行控制系統

(that's autopilot's full name)

(這是自動駕駛的全名)

is made of three main parts:

是由三大部分組成。

a flight-monitoring computer,

飛行監測計算機；

several high-speed processors,

幾個高速處理器。

and a series of sensors

和一系列傳感器

placed on different parts of the plane.

放在飛機的不同部位。

The sensors collect data from the entire plane

傳感器收集整個平面的數據

and send them to the processors,

並將其發送給處理人員。

which in turn tell the computer what's what.

反過來告訴電腦什麼是什麼。

AFCSs come in three different levels of complexity.

AFCS有三個不同的複雜程度。

There are single-, two-, and three-axis autopilots,

有單軸、雙軸、三軸自動駕駛儀。

based on the number of parts they control.

根據其控制的零件數量。

Single-axis controls the ailerons,

單軸控制副翼。

which are these guys.

這些人是誰？

They make the plane do this.

他們讓飛機這樣做。

Single-axis autopilot is also called the "wing leveler"

單軸自動駕駛儀也被稱為 "機翼水平儀"

because it controls the roll of the plane

因為它控制著飛機的滾動

and keeps the wings perpendicular to the ground.

並保持翅膀與地面垂直。

Two-axis handles everything the single-axis does,

雙軸處理了單軸所做的一切。

along with the elevators, located here.

以及電梯，位於這裡。

They move the plane like this.

他們這樣移動飛機。

And three-axis juggles those two plus the rudder.

而三軸則是把這兩個加上舵的雜耍。

That one there is in charge of this movement.

那邊那個是負責這個運動的。

Then the computer tells

然後電腦告訴

the servomechanism units what to do.

服務機械組織、部門該怎麼做。

Servos are the little instruments

舵機是小儀器

that actually move the parts.

實際移動的部件。

All of these pieces come together

所有的這些部件都在一起

to make sure your plane stays in the air,

以確保你的飛機保持在空中。

where it belongs.

屬於它的地方。

But they don't just work on their own.

但它們不只是自己的工作。

The success of the autopilot depends

自動駕駛的成功取決於

on the knowledge of the actual human pilot.

在實際人類飛行員的知識上。

Greg Zahornacky: Autopilots are dumb and dutiful,

格雷格-扎霍納基：自動駕駛儀很笨，很盡責。

meaning this: that if you program them incorrectly,

意思是：如果你對它們的編程不正確。

they will kill you.

他們會殺了你。

Dumb and dutiful are the "two Ds of automation,"

笨和盡責是自動化的 "兩個D"，。

according to Earl Wiener,

根據Earl Wiener的說法。

a former US Air Force pilot and an aviation scholar.

前美國空軍飛行員，航空學者。

He once described autopilot as, "Dumb in the sense

他曾形容自動駕駛是："啞巴的意義上的

that it will readily accept illogical input;

它很容易接受不合邏輯的輸入。

dutiful in the sense that the computer

盡責

will attempt to fly whatever is put in."

會嘗試飛翔任何放進的東西。"

It's crucial, and I cannot emphasize this enough,

這是至關重要的，我怎麼強調都不為過。

that you know how to fly a plane

你會開飛機

before you use an autopilot.

在你使用自動駕駛儀之前。

Step one is inputting a flight plan.

第一步是輸入飛行計劃。

And step one is also where things

而第一步也是事情

could start going wrong.

可能開始出問題。

To get from New York to LA, a pilot needs a route.

要從紐約到洛杉磯，飛行員需要一條路線。

That route translates to a flight plan,

這條路線可以轉化為飛行計劃。

and that flight plan gets punched into the computer

然後將飛行計劃輸入電腦

and logged into the database.

並登錄數據庫。

If the pilot doesn't know what the heck they're doing,

如果飛行員不知道自己在做什麼。

then they can end up programming the autopilot

然後，他們可以結束編程的自動駕駛。

to fly the plane upside down

倒飛

or to spell out "I'm a Bad Pilot" in the sky.

或在天空中拼出 "我是個壞飛行員"。

If they correctly navigate step one,

如果他們正確地瀏覽了第一步。

step two is simply turning on the autopilot.

第二步是簡單地打開自動駕駛儀。

The system executes the flight plan

系統執行飛行計劃

and takes over from there.

並從那裡接手。

Zahornacky: That will stay operational until

Zahornacky：這將保持運作，直到。

such time as they tell it or turn it off.

等他們告訴它或關閉它的時候。

But it is capable of flying the aircraft

但它有能力駕駛飛機

essentially from takeoff all the way

基本上從起飛到

to touchdown and including touchdown.

到觸地，包括觸地。

Narrator: But you can't just tap it and nap it.

旁白：但你不能只是拍拍它然後打盹兒

It's the ABCs of autopilots:

這是自動駕駛儀的ABC。

Always be checking.

時刻都在檢查。

Because autopilots can and do fail.

因為自動駕駛儀可能也確實會失敗。

Sometimes it's user error when entering the flight plan.

有時是用戶在輸入飛行計劃時出錯。

Sometimes it's a sensor or servo malfunction.

有時是傳感器或伺服故障。

Either way, this is when it becomes

無論哪種方式，這時就會變成

very important that an inflatable toy

非常重要的是，一個充氣玩具

isn't flying the plane.

不是在開飛機

- Why is it doing that?!

- 為什麼會這樣？

Zahornacky: If it's not doing what I expect it to do,

Zahornacky：如果它沒有做到我所期望的那樣。

I'm gonna disengage the autopilot.

我去解除自動駕駛儀。

I'm gonna go back to hand-flying the aircraft

我要回到手工飛行的飛機上

and say, OK, this is what I want you to do.

並說，OK，這是我要你做的。

I'm gonna rebuild it again.

我打算再重做一次。

Narrator: The good news is autopilot

好消息是自動駕駛好消息是自動駕駛

will never take over a plane, à la HAL.

將永遠不會接管飛機， à la HAL。

Worst case, the pilot turns it off and on again

最壞的情況是，飛行員把它關掉，然後再打開。

or pulls the circuit breaker if that doesn't work

或拉動斷路器，如果這不起作用。

and reprograms it to behave itself.

並重新編排它的行為。

Worst-worst case, the pilot just has

最壞的情況下，飛行員只是有。

to fly the plane themselves.

自己去開飛機。

Zahornacky: So, I am a very large proponent of hand-flying

Zahornacky：所以，我是一個非常支持手工飛行的人。

that airplane to keep your skills high

那架飛機讓你的技術保持在高水平

because, you know what,

因為，你知道嗎？

you've gotta go through a check ride

你得通過檢查騎

at least once a year.

每年至少一次。

Narrator: A check ride is a practical test

旁白：檢查騎行是一個實際的測試

regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration

受聯邦航空局監管

that US pilots must pass to get their licenses.

美國飛行員必須通過考試才能獲得執照。

And most airlines require yearly check rides

而且大部分航空公司都要求每年都要辦理乘機手續。

to make sure their pilots can actually fly.

以確保他們的飛行員能夠真正飛行。

Zahornacky: 'Cause if it's on autopilot all the time,

Zahornacky："因為如果它一直處於自動駕駛狀態。

how can you keep your skills sharp?

如何才能保持自己的技術優勢？

Narrator: There's a reason we still have

旁白：我們還有一個原因

pilots flying planes

飛行員

and haven't handed the yoke over to robots.

並沒有把枷鎖交給機器人。

As advanced as the technology is,

雖然技術很先進。

an autopilot is not auto enough to think for itself,

一個自動駕駛儀是不夠自動的，以為自己。

which means it's not smart enough

這意味著它不夠聰明

to fly a plane by itself,

自己開飛機。

and that's another thing autopilots

這也是自動駕駛儀的另一個特點。

have in common with polar bears.

與北極熊有共同之處。