Vid 19 are not just viral diseases.

維德19不只是病毒性疾病。

They are zoonotic diseases caused by a virus transmitted from animals to humans.

它們是由動物傳染給人類的病毒引起的人畜共患病。

While many animals are capable of transmission, there's one in particular that is considered a virus.

雖然很多動物都能傳播，但有一種特別的動物被認為是病毒。

Super host bats.

超級宿主蝙蝠。

So what makes Dracula's alter ego also the perfect breeding ground for viruses?

那麼，是什麼讓德古拉的另一個自我也成為病毒的完美溫床呢？

Bats harbor significantly more zoonotic viruses compared to other mammals.

與其他哺乳動物相比，蝙蝠藏有更多的人畜共患病毒。

Researchers have found more than 60 of these floating around in the bat population, and on average, each bat plays host to almost two of these viruses.

研究人員發現，在蝙蝠群體中漂浮著60多種，平均每隻蝙蝠幾乎都是其中兩種病毒的宿主。

Some of these air linked to large scale outbreaks such as MERS, SARS and Ebola, which were spread to humans either directly from bats or through intermediate hosts in scientists have suggested that bats could also be linked to the cove in 19 coronavirus.

這些空氣中的一些鏈接到大規模的爆發，如MERS、SARS和埃博拉病毒，這是傳播給人類要麼直接從蝙蝠或通過中間宿主在科學家們建議蝙蝠也可以鏈接到海灣在19冠狀病毒。

But with such a heavy viral cargo, how do bats managed to survive?

但是，如此沉重的病毒貨物，蝙蝠是如何做到生存的呢？

Researchers believe it actually comes down to their ability to fly the inflammation that results from the physical act of beating your wings.

研究人員認為，這其實歸根結底是他們飛翔發炎的能力，而這種發炎是由打翅膀的物理行為導致的。

You know, hundreds of times a minute that can lead to damage of the cellular level.

你知道，每分鐘幾百次，會導致細胞水準的損傷。

That intense damage would typically be enough to trigger an immune response the same reaction your body would have twin infection.

這種強烈的傷害通常會足以引發免疫反應，你的身體也會有雙胞胎感染的同樣反應。

This includes symptoms like inflammation, a fever or even mucus production.

包括髮炎、發燒甚至產生黏液等症狀。

And for the most part, this reaction is to protect the body.

而大多數情況下，這種反應是為了保護身體。

But sometimes immune systems overreact, which can trigger severe diseases such as pneumonia, as seen with cove in 19 cases.

但有時免疫系統反應過度，可能會引發嚴重的疾病，如肺炎，19例中的隩。

So the aggressive and consistent amount of damage caused by flying has forced bats to adapt.

所以，飛行造成的咄咄逼人、持續不斷的傷害量，迫使蝙蝠不得不適應。

That's have dampened down their response there.

這已經抑制了他們的反應。

Inflammatory response.

發炎反應。

They produce Onley enough of a response to survive and fly without the body going into overdrive, basically without causing disease in that response to flying comes with a rather helpful byproduct.

它們會產生昂利足夠的反應，在身體不超負荷運轉的情況下生存和飛行，基本上不會引起疾病，在這種反應下飛行會附帶一個相當有用的副產品。

The power to fight viruses.

抵抗病毒的力量。

Their weekend anti inflammatory response, not Onley, stops the body from going into overdrive.

他們週末的抗炎反應，不是安利，而是阻止身體超負荷運轉。

It also allows them to always be on high alert for viruses.

這也讓他們始終對病毒保持高度警惕。

Normally, mammals have to switch off their anti viral response systems tow, avoid inflammation.

正常情況下，哺乳動物要關閉自己的抗病毒反應系統拖，避免發炎。

But scientists have found that some bats never switch off their anti viral response at all.

但科學家發現，有些蝙蝠根本就沒有關閉過抗病毒反應。

Their immune system is basically always on the lookout for a new viral invasion, so when a virus attacks, bats can swiftly protect their bodies against it, they don't necessarily kill the virus, but they do protect their cells against it, essentially acting as viral incubators coexisting in tolerating it just enough to survive.

它們的免疫系統基本上總是在尋找新的病毒入侵，所以當病毒侵襲時，蝙蝠可以迅速保護自己的身體免受病毒的侵襲，它們不一定能殺死病毒，但它們可以保護自己的細胞免受病毒的侵襲，基本上起到了病毒孵化器的作用，在忍受病毒的侵襲中共存，剛好可以生存。

Most natural reservoirs have a long term relationship with viruses and bacteria.

大多數天然水庫與病毒和細菌有著長期的關係。

They've spent a long time together, and often infection with those microbes is benign in its host.

它們在一起呆的時間長了，往往感染這些微生物的宿主是良性的。

So it's really the interaction with new hosts, the ability for viruses to get into a new animal or people that leads to disease.

所以，其實就是與新宿主的相互作用，病毒能夠進入新的動物或人體內，才會導致疾病。

So while all these viruses might be deadly toe other mammals bats themselves can carry them for a period of time without having any serious symptoms in.

是以，雖然所有這些病毒可能是致命的趾其他哺乳動物蝙蝠本身可以攜帶他們一段時間而沒有任何嚴重的症狀在。

During that time, they pass it on.

在這期間，他們把它傳遞下去。

Bats make up about 20% of mammalian species, and they also love being together, which enhances the spread of viruses between them and well, they get around the sky, that is, that's can travel wide geographic distances in very little time.

蝙蝠佔哺乳動物物種的20%左右，它們也喜歡在一起，這增強了病毒在它們之間的傳播，好吧，它們可以繞天而行，就是可以在很短的時間內走過很遠的地理距離。

This means they also passed their viral fluids to a wide range of animals, and these animals can pass them to humans through saliva, feces or urine.

這意味著他們還將自己的病毒液傳給了各種動物，這些動物可以通過唾液、糞便或尿液傳給人類。

Oftentimes, when animals are being handled, hunted, butchered or eaten, this is exactly what happened in 2000 and two when a horseshoe bat infected a sieve ID with SARS, which then passed on the disease to human populations.

很多時候，當動物被處理、獵殺、宰殺或食用時，這正是2000年和2000年發生的事情，當時一隻馬蹄蝠用SARS感染了篩子ID，然後將疾病傳染給人類。

But before we all start a bat witch hunt, let's take a step back.

但在我們開始獵殺蝙蝠之前，讓我們先退一步。

Bats are essential to our society and ecosystems.

蝙蝠對我們的社會和生態系統至關重要。

They control insect populations, pollinate crops and teach us about sonar systems so we wouldn't have our tropical rainforest to warrant for bats.

它們控制昆蟲數量，給農作物授粉，教我們聲納系統，這樣我們就不會有熱帶雨林來保證蝙蝠的存在。

So these are animals that are critically important.

所以這些都是至關重要的動物。

So even though we recognize that they may carry viruses that have the ability to infect people, we have to focus on human activities and the things that we're doing.

所以，即使我們認識到它們可能攜帶有感染人的病毒，我們也要關注人類的活動和我們正在做的事情。

That brings us into contact with bats because the spillover is typically accidental and it's caused by us.

這就使我們接觸到了蝙蝠，因為外溢一般都是意外，是我們造成的。

Currently, humanity is doing more and more each day to bring us into closer contact with wildlife.

目前，人類每天都在做著越來越多的事情，讓我們與野生動物的接觸越來越密切。

We're expanding cities and farms in tow, wild areas, tearing down forests in capturing animals for wildlife markets or illegal trading.

我們正在擴大城市和農場的拖累，野生地區，拆毀森林捕捉動物的野生動物市場或非法交易。

These all increase the chances of wildlife directly interacting with people and domesticated animals, and that can lead to the emergence of new viruses in human populations.

這些都增加了野生動物與人和家養動物直接互動的機會，而這可能導致人類群體中出現新的病毒。

Cove in 19 isn't the first and most certainly won't be the last cyanotic disease pandemic, but we can be better prepared in the future.

19年的庫夫不是第一次，當然也不會是最後一次青黴病大流行，但我們可以在未來有更好的準備。

We need to continue to put resource is into public health measures strengthening health systems in countries that are most vulnerable to emerging diseases and continuing to understand what viruses air out there that are potentially risky for human health.

我們需要繼續將資源投入到公共衛生措施中，以加強最容易受到新出現的疾病影響的國家的衛生系統，並繼續瞭解外面有哪些病毒對人類健康有潛在風險。

And what are the activities where the action is going on that put us at risk so that we can work with local communities and with countries including the United States?

哪些活動使我們面臨風險，以便我們能夠與當地社區和包括美國在內的國家合作？

Thio try to reduce high risk behaviors, yeah.

Thio試圖減少高風險行為，是的。