Learning English. I'm Hugo.

學英語我是雨果

Sam: And I'm Sam.

山姆：我是山姆。

Hugo: And as you see we're not in the studio today. Like in

雨果如你所見，我們今天不在演播室。就像在

many parts of the world we're practising social distancing

世界上許多地方都在實行社會疏遠制

and working from home. How are you doing there, Sam?

和在家工作。你在那裡做得怎麼樣，山姆？

Sam: I'm doing OK. Thank you Hugo, but it is definitely

薩姆：我還行。謝謝你雨果，但它絕對是

a strange world that we're living in right now, isn't it?

我們現在生活在一個奇怪的世界裡，不是嗎？

And I don't know if you remember but in our first

我不知道你是否還記得，但在我們的第一部作品中

programme we talked about stories going viral, so

節目中，我們談到了病毒式傳播的故事，所以。

spreading around the internet really quickly and well now,

現在在互聯網上傳播的真的很快，很好。

what we have is a real virus that has gone viral.

我們有什麼是一個真正的病毒，已經走了病毒。

Hugo: Indeed. And that is going to be the focus of today's

雨果：確實如此。而這將是今天的重點。

programme. This pandemic has seen a large amount of fake

方案。這場大瘟疫中，出現了大量的假

news attached to it. And as we sit at home browsing the

附帶的新聞。而當我們坐在家裡瀏覽

internet we may have come across many different stories

在互聯網上，我們可能已經看到了許多不同的故事

and theories of the causes of the virus or possible cures. So

和病毒的原因或可能的治療方法的理論。所以

today we're looking at fake news in the era of Covid-19.

今天我們來看看Covid-19時代的假新聞。

But before we get to that Sam, do you have some vocabulary for us?

但在我們開始之前，山姆，你有一些詞彙給我們嗎？

Sam: Yes I do. So today I'm focusing on some useful

山姆：是的，我是這樣做的。所以今天我專注於一些有用的

vocabulary you might use if you think that what you've seen

如果你認為你所看到的，你可能會使用的詞彙。

online is not true.

在線是不真實的。

Red flags are often used as a warning sign. In fact in

紅旗常常被當作一種警示信號。其實在

Britain when motor cars were first used on the streets the

在英國，當汽車開始在大街上使用時，英國的汽車就開始在大街上使用。

law said that you had to have someone walking in front of the

法律說，你必須有一個人走在前面的。

vehicle carrying a red flag to warn other road users. These

攜帶紅旗的車輛，以警告其他道路使用者。這些

days if a piece of information or a social media post

天，如果一條資訊或一個社交媒體的帖子。

'raises a red flag' it means you are suspicious that it

"引發了一個紅色的標誌"，這意味著你是懷疑，它

might be fake news.

可能是假新聞。

There are many red flags to watch out for. For example a

有很多危險信號需要注意。例如，一個

post that says something like 'the media doesn't want you to

帖子上說，類似 "媒體不希望您

know this' or maybe it's a meme or a quote that claims that a

知道這一點"，或者也許是一個備忘錄或一句話，聲稱一個。

politician you don't like has said or done something

惡人先告狀

terrible. These posts might be easy to share or they might

可怕的。這些職位可能很容易分享，或者它們可能會

even say 'you must share this!' or 'share this if you agree'.

甚至說'你必須分享這個！'或'如果你同意就分享這個'。

Those are some examples of red flags that could make you doubt

這些都是一些可能讓你懷疑的危險信號的例子。

how true the information is.

資訊的真實性如何。

We all like to share things and we all like it when things we

我們都喜歡分享的東西，我們都喜歡它，當我們的東西。

share are liked. But before you hit that share button it's a

分享都喜歡。但在你點擊分享按鈕之前，是一個

good idea to fact-check the information the

好的想法，以事實證明資訊的真實性。

verb fact-check, first used in the 1970s, simply means to

動詞，最早用於70年代，簡單來說就是

check the facts to confirm that the information is true.

核對事實，確認資訊屬實。

There are quite a few fact- checking websites which can

有相當多的事實檢查網站，它可以

help you to verify, prove, or debunk, disprove,

幫你驗證、證明，或者揭穿、反駁。

the information. Debunk, a verb from the 1920s, means to prove

的資訊。Debunk，是20世紀20年代的一個動詞，意思是證明。

or demonstrate that something is not true that it is

或證明某件事情不是真的

completely false. So fact- checking can help you to debunk

完全是假的。所以，事實調查可以幫助你揭穿。

false claims made on social media.

在社交媒體上提出的虛假主張。

Now you might be wondering, as there is a word debunk, is

現在你可能會疑惑，既然有一個詞debunk，是

there a word bunk? Well yes there is but it's not a verb

有bunk這個詞嗎？是的，有，但不是動詞

it's a noun. Bunk and also bunkum are words that mean

是個名詞。Bunk and also bunkum are words that mean the

nonsense. Interestingly they are political in origin and

胡說八道。有趣的是，它們是政治性的，而且

come from the county of Buncombe in the United States. This

來自於美國的邦科姆縣。這

county was represented by a politician who talked a lot

縣長是一位口若懸河的政治家。

without saying anything important. So he talked bunkum.

卻沒有說什麼重要的話。所以他說的都是廢話。

Now back to the studio.

現在回到工作室。

Hugo: Very interesting Sam, it certainly wasn't bunkum but

雨果非常有趣的薩姆，這當然不是胡說八道，但。

there was a piece of fake news there wasn't there? 'Back to

有一則假新聞，不是嗎？'回到

the studio'?

演播室？

Sam: Yes, well spotted. I did record that section before I

薩姆：是的，很到位。我沒有記錄這部分之前，我

knew that we would be filming from home for this episode so I

我知道這一集我們會在家裡拍攝，所以我... ...

hope you will forgive me for that.

希望你能原諒我

Hugo: Of course, now this pandemic has been dominating

雨果。當然，現在這種流行病已經佔據了主導地位。

the news for a long time now and there are many legitimate

新聞由來已久，有很多合法的。

areas of discussion to do with restrictions of movement,

與限制行動有關的討論領域。

testing, treatments and the economy.

檢驗、治療和經濟。

Sam: But we've also seen a lot of different theories about the

山姆：但我們也看到了很多不同的理論，關於

virus which are not supported by any evidence but which many

的病毒，但許多人卻沒有任何證據支持。

people have still shared . Some of these are what are known as

人們仍然分享著 。其中有些是所謂的

conspiracy theories.

陰謀論。

Hugo: And examples of conspiracy theories are that

雨果。陰謀論的例子有：

the earth is flat or that the moon landings were fake and

地球是平的，或者說登月是假的，而且

even though these theories are comprehensively debunked some

儘管這些理論已被全面推翻，但一些

people still strongly believe them. To find out more

人們仍然堅信它們。要了解更多

about conspiracy theories we spoke to Professor Joe

關於陰謀論，我們採訪了喬教授。

Uscinski. He's an associate professor of political science

Uscinski.他是政治學的副教授

at the University of Miami and the author of the book

在邁阿密大學工作，並撰寫了 "我的名字 "一書。

'Conspiracy Theories, a Primer'. We asked him first to

'陰謀論，入門'。我們先請他

define the term conspiracy theory and why people

定義陰謀論一詞，以及為什麼人們

believe them.

相信他們。

A conspiracy theory is an allegation or an idea that a

陰謀論是一種指控或想法，即：

small group of powerful people are working in secret to effect

狐假虎威

an event or circumstance in a way that benefits them and

順水推舟

harms the common good. And further this theory hasn't been

損害了公共利益。而且進一步說，這種理論還沒有

confirmed by the people we would look to to confirm such

我們要找的人證實了這一點。

events. There is nothing new about conspiracy theories and

事件。關於陰謀論和

you can find them if you look through almost any historical

你可以找到他們，如果你翻閱幾乎所有的歷史，你可以找到他們

document.

文件。

So for example the United States Declaration of

所以，比如美國的《宣言》。

Independence has a few paragraphs about politics. But

獨立》有幾段關於政治的內容。但是

then once you read beneath that, it's largely a

那麼一旦你讀到下面的內容，它主要是一個。

list of conspiracy theories about the king of England. So

關於英國國王的陰謀論列表。所以

they exist amongst all people at all times. They're very much

他們無時無刻不存在於所有人中間。他們是非常

a human constant. People like to have their ideas make sense

人的常態。人們喜歡讓自己的想法有意義

when in combination with each other. So in order for someone

互相結合的時候。所以，為了讓某人

to adopt a conspiracy theory that theory has to match with

採用陰謀論的理論，該理論必須與。

what they already believe.

他們已經相信的東西。

So for example if you really like President Obama, you're

所以，比如說，如果你真的喜歡奧巴馬總統，你就是

probably not going to think that he faked his birth

可能不會認為他是假生的

certificate to illegally become president. If you really like

非法當總統的證書。如果你真的喜歡

President Bush, you're not going to buy the theory that he

布什總統 你不會相信他的理論

blew up the Twin Towers on 9/11.

在911事件中炸燬了雙子塔。

So people's conspiracy theories have to match their underlying

所以人們的陰謀論必須與他們的基本理論相匹配。

world views that they already carry with them so that's why

他們已經帶著世界觀，所以這也是為什麼

people's conspiracy theories tend to match their political

人云亦云

persuasion whether they're liberal or conservative and

無論他們是自由派還是保守派，都會被說服。

they have to match their other world views too.

他們也要配合他們的其他世界觀。

So for that reason it's actually more difficult to

所以出於這個原因，其實是比較困難的。

convince people of conspiracy theories than you might think.

讓人們相信陰謀論比你想象的要好。

Hugo: So we only really buy into a conspiracy theory if

所以我們只有在以下情況下才會真正相信陰謀論：

it's in line with what we already think about the world.

這與我們對世界的看法是一致的。

Sam: Yes and that ties in with a lot of the fake news research

是的，這與很多假新聞的研究有關係。

doesn't it? So people will share things they believe to be

不是嗎？所以人們會分享他們認為是

true or want to be true because the ideas match with their own

真實的或想成為真實的，因為他們的想法與自己的想法相吻合。

political or ideological views.

政治或意識形態觀點；

I'd also like to mention the phrase 'buy' or 'buy into'

我還想提一下'買'或'買進'這個詞。

which he and you Hugo just used. So these both mean to

他和你雨果剛剛用的。所以這些都是指

believe or accept that something is true and you can

相信或接受某事是真的，你可以

use the phrase 'I don't buy it' if you are not convinced that

如果你不相信，就用 "我不相信 "這句話。

something is true. So for example, I heard somewhere

有些事情是真的。所以，比如說，我在哪裡聽說

that eating lemons can cure coronavirus but I don't buy it.

吃檸檬可以治療冠狀病毒，但我不相信。

Hugo: Absolutely. Now let's take a trip around the world.

雨果雨果：現在讓我們來一次環球旅行。

We spoke to a number of our BBC colleagues across the globe to

我們採訪了BBC在全球各地的一些同事，以

find out what kind of fake news and conspiracy theories related

查出什麼樣的假新聞和陰謀論有關的。

to Covid-19 have been shared on different continents and

在不同的大陸上分享了對Covid-19的看法，並且在不同的大陸上分享了對Covid-19的看法。

apologies in advance for the quality of the line in some cases

恕我直言，在某些情況下，行文的品質很差。

Here in Afghanistan at the beginning of the Covid-19

在阿富汗這裡，在Covid-19的開始。

crisis a mullah in the west off the country, in Herat,

危機一個毛拉在西邊的國家，在赫拉特。

compared the number of fatalities in Muslim countries

穆斯林國家死亡人數的比較

with the number of deaths in Western countries and after

與西方國家的死亡人數和後。

that said that these numbers showed us the Covid-19 and

這些數字向我們展示了Covid-19和......。

coronavirus does not kill Muslims. But he was absolutely

冠狀病毒不會殺死穆斯林。但他是絕對的

wrong. Nowadays we see the number of deaths in Muslim

錯。如今，我們看到穆斯林的死亡人數。

countries and here in Afghanistan is rising day by day.

國家，而在阿富汗這裡則是日漸上升。

We have received a video and some content with some links

我們已經收到了一個視頻和一些內容與一些鏈接。

to internet, to some documents and so on, saying that the

到互聯網，到一些文件等等，說是。

virus has been created by U.S. scientists who have helped

病毒是由美國科學家創造的，他們已經幫助。

Chinese scientists in Wuhan.

中國科學家在武漢。

But, less than two weeks later we have received another video

但是，不到兩個星期後，我們又收到了一段視頻

and other video in the same line, on the same topic

和其他視頻在同一條線上，在同一主題上。

saying that the virus has been created by Chinese helped by

聲稱該病毒是由中國人幫助製造的，而中國人在

French scientists. But what was worse is that it's roughly the

法國科學家。但更糟糕的是，這大約是。

same images. The same images that they're giving as evidence

同樣的影像。同樣的影像，他們提供的證據。

of the of fraud. This shows clearly that it's a fake.

的欺詐行為。這清楚地表明，這是一個假的。

Here in Brazil there are a lot of messages on WhatsApp and

在巴西，WhatsApp上有很多資訊，而且。

other social media showing photos and videos of people

其他社交媒體上顯示的照片和視頻的人

opening up coffins in cemeteries and showing them

開棺論證

full of stones. And they use this to support the conspiracy

充滿了石頭。他們利用這一點來支持陰謀論

theory that people are like, increasing the number of deaths

理論上說，人們就像，增加死亡的數量。

artificially just to create problems to our president,

人為地只是為了給我們的總統制造麻煩。

you know.

你知道的

There are a lot of these messages with these images to

有很多這樣的資訊與這些圖片，以。

support this idea that this situation is created to, to

支持這種想法，這種情況的產生是為了，。

hurt him politically. But these images are from like a case two

在政治上傷害了他。但這些影像是從像一個案例二

years ago in a city in Sao Paulo state, in the country,

多年前，在該國聖保羅州的一個城市。

that was like, a fraud, to insurance you know, like two

這就像，一個欺詐，保險 你知道，像兩個

years ago. So yeah this is one of the things that are

幾年前。所以，是的，這是其中的一件事。

happening here because of the pandemic.

這裡發生的事情，因為流行病。

Here in Hong Kong. I've heard many theories and you can

在香港，我聽過很多理論我聽過很多理論，你可以...

always find the most confidential intelligence in my

在我身上總能找到最機密的情報

mother's mobile phone. There was a time I received an urgent

母親的手機。有一次，我接到一個緊急

call from her only to find that she started reading a WhatsApp

從她的電話，才發現她開始閱讀一個WhatsApp。

message to me that was about how the U.S. military smuggled

給我的資訊是關於美國軍方是如何走私的

coronavirus to Wuhan in order to destroy China's fast growing

冠狀病毒到武漢，以摧毀中國快速發展的。

economy. Of course that was absolutely groundless. However

經濟。當然，這絕對是毫無根據的。不過

the message was circulated widely in her social circle.

這條消息在她的社交圈裡廣為流傳。

They are patriots who tend to believe any conspiracy theories

他們是愛國者，他們傾向於相信任何陰謀論。

targeted at the U.S. authority. So even if I could convince her

針對美國當局。 所以，即使我可以說服她

that the information was fake this time she would only send

這次的資訊是假的，她只會發... ...

me another one next time. It's just unstoppable.

下次再給我來一杯。簡直是勢不可擋。

Hugo: So we hear there some typical examples of fake news

雨果：所以我們聽到有一些典型的假新聞的例子

such as real photographs being deliberately mis-described and

如真實的照片被故意描述錯誤和

examples of the kind of belief in conspiracy theories

信奉陰謀論的例子。

Professor Uscinski was talking about.

Uscinski教授說的是：

Sam: Yes and we hear that people want to share these

山姆：是的，我們聽說人們想分享這些。

theories because they have a negative view of a particular

理論，因為他們對某一特定的理論有負面的看法。

country and are happy to believe almost anything

國家，並且樂於相信幾乎所有的事情

negative they hear about them.

他們聽到關於他們的負面消息。

I'd also like to pick out a particular word that Billy Chan

我還想挑出一個特別的詞，陳比利

used. He used the word 'groundless' to refer to

用的。他用'無地自容'這個詞來指。

some claims. 'Groundless' means not based on any evidence.

一些主張。'毫無根據'是指沒有任何證據。

There's no proof for it.

沒有證據的。

Hugo: So there we had some insights from around the world.

雨果：所以在那裡我們有一些來自世界各地的見解。

Let's look closer to home now we're joined by our BBC

讓我們把目光投向家鄉，現在我們的BBC也加入了我們的行列。

colleague Marianna Spring. Thanks for being with us. So if

同事Marianna Spring 謝謝你和我們在一起所以如果

you can just explain the work you do here at the BBC first.

你可以先解釋一下你在BBC的工作。

Marianna: Yes, so I am the specialist disinformation

瑪麗安娜：是的，所以我是專門的虛假資訊專家

reporter which means that me along with a team at BBC

記者，這意味著我和BBC的一個團隊。

Trending who are part of the World Service and BBC

趨勢誰是世界服務和BBC的一部分。

Monitoring and BBC Reality Check. And so we investigate

監測和BBC現實檢查。所以我們調查

misleading posts as well as looking to tell the stories of

誤導性的帖子，以及希望講述的故事。

the people who fight and spread misinformation across the world.

在世界範圍內打擊和傳播錯誤信息的人。

Hugo: So you must be really really busy. Is it your feeling

雨果：所以你一定是非常非常的忙。這是你的感覺嗎？

that from what you've seen that disinformation, conspiracy

從你所看到的，虛假資訊，陰謀論

theories about Covid-19 are very different around the world?

關於Covid-19的理論在世界各地有很大的不同？

Marianna: I think this pandemic is particularly interesting because

瑪麗安娜：我覺得這次的流行病特別有意思，因為。

most of the misleading stuff we've seen has actually been

我們所看到的大多數誤導性的東西其實都是被

incredibly global. So there was one particularly viral case

不可思議的全球性。所以有一個特別的病毒性案例

that we tracked, a list of dodgy medical myths and tips,

我們追蹤到的，一個可疑的醫學神話和技巧的清單。

and it hopped from the Facebook page of a man in the U.K. to

並從英國一名男子的Facebook頁面跳轉到了

Facebook groups for Catholics living in India to the

居住在印度的天主教徒在Facebook上的群組。

Instagram account of a Ghanaian television presenter. So this

Ghanaian電視臺主持人的Instagram賬號。所以這個

stuff really goes global and is attributed to a range of

的東西真正走向全球，並歸咎於一系列的。

different people, to hospitals, professors doctors in the US,

不同的人，對美國的醫院、教授醫生。

in Africa in Europe.

在歐洲的非洲。

There's no limit to to who it can be who is alleged to have

對被指控有以下行為的人沒有限制

started or spread the rumour. However. I do think there are

發起或傳播謠言。 但是，我認為我認為有

also specific instances of conspiracy theories or

也是陰謀論的具體實例，或

misleading information that are specific to certain countries.

某些國家特有的誤導性資訊；

In other places, for instance in the U.K. there's been a

在其他地方，例如在英國，已經有了一個。

conspiracy theory relating to 5G suggesting that 5G

陰謀論

technology could perhaps be linked to coronavirus and the

技術或許可以與冠狀病毒和。

spread of it. Those claims are totally false. But I think

的傳播。這些說法是完全錯誤的。但我認為

because here in the U.K. we've been talking lots about 5G

因為在英國，我們一直在談論5G。