have OCD is a common one.

有強迫症是一種常見的。

Most people who are clean

大多數人誰是乾淨的

just actually care about being clean,

只是其實在乎的是乾淨。

and that's totally different than having OCD.

而這和有強迫症完全不同。

Also, there are no five stages of loss.

另外，損失也沒有五個階段。

It's just a myth.

這只是一個神話。

Narrator: That's Laura Goorin,

旁白：那是Laura Goorin

one of three psychologists we brought into our studios

我們請來的三位心理學家之一。

to debunk some of the most common mental-health myths.

揭穿一些最常見的心理健康迷思。

Goorin: So, the myth that most people with schizophrenia

戈林：所以，大多數精神分裂症患者的神話。

have multiple personalities,

有多重人格。

that was a very old way that it was understood,

那是一種很古老的理解方式。

and it's been proven to not be true.

而事實證明，這不是真的。

So, with schizophrenia, it's not another personality.

所以，得了精神分裂症，就不是另一種人格了。

What it is, though, is a break with reality

但它是什麼，是對現實的一種突破

and a part of ourselves, maybe, for instance,

和我們自己的一部分，也許，例如。

that believes that someone is out to get them.

認為有人要對付他們。

OK, so that's a really common one with schizophrenia.

好吧，這真是精神分裂症的常見病。

So the myth that all "neat freaks" have OCD is a common one.

所以，"整潔怪人 "都有強迫症的說法是一個普遍的神話。

It seems like it's almost a popular cultural thing

似乎這幾乎是一種流行的文化了

that people say to each other, "You have OCD,"

人們互相說 "你有強迫症"

when somebody is, like, organizing their bag.

當有人一樣，組織他們的包，

And, in reality, OCD itself,

而實際上，強迫症本身。

the illness has different components.

該病有不同的成分。

And one of the subsets

而其中一個子集

is the keeping things organized and clean.

是保持事情的條理和清潔。

But it has to be at an obsessive level,

但必須要達到痴迷的程度。

where people are thinking about it all the time.

在那裡，人們無時無刻不在思考。

And so that itself is really uncommon.

所以這本身就很不常見。

Most people who are clean

大多數人誰是乾淨的

just actually care about being clean.

只是其實在乎的是乾淨。

And that's totally different than having OCD.

而這和有強迫症完全不同。

Jillian Stile: Bipolar disorder is not simply mood swings.

Jillian Stile：躁鬱症不是簡單的情緒波動。

It's a very high elevation of maybe a positive mood

這是一種很高的提升，也許是一種積極的情緒。

and a very low, negative mood.

以及非常低落、消極的情緒。

Everybody has mood swings.

每個人都有情緒波動。

But with bipolar disorder, it's not just that.

但對於躁鬱症來說，不僅僅是這樣。

It's severe forms of elevated mood or depressed mood,

這是嚴重的情緒升高或情緒低落的形式。

and they cycle through that.

他們通過這個循環。

And so sometimes it could be shown

是以，有時它可以顯示

as symptoms of, like, a manic episode,

作為症狀的，像，狂躁症發作。

might be somebody, like,

可能是某個人，比如。

hypersexuality or not sleeping at all

性慾亢進或根本不睡覺

and things like that.

以及類似的事情。

It's not simply feeling good.

這不是簡單的感覺良好。

Goorin: This is a common myth,

戈林：這是一個常見的傳說。

and I hear people throw this one around a lot too.

我也經常聽到有人說這句話。

Anxiety itself is thinking, thinking, thinking.

焦慮本身就是思考、思考、思考。

And just imagine yourself

想象一下你自己

going into the worry thoughts of "what if."

進入 "萬一 "的擔心念頭。

What if, what if this happens, what if that happens.

如果，如果這個發生了，那個發生了怎麼辦。

And it's unremitting,

而且是不懈的。

and it goes on for hours for some people.

而且對有些人來說，這要持續好幾個小時。

Sometimes it's more passing for others.

有時候，對別人來說，更多的是傳遞。

But being stressed out about something,

但是，被強調的東西。

as humans, we're wired to handle stressors,

作為人類，我們天生就會處理壓力源。

and we've been dealing with an onslaught of stressors

我們一直在處理各種壓力的衝擊。

since the beginning of time.

自古以來。

You know, going to work, taking the subway,

你知道，去上班，坐地鐵。

coming in contact with other people. You know,

與其他人接觸。你知道的

that can be stressful. That can be stress-inducing.

這可能是緊張的。這可能是壓力誘導。

Unless you have an actual, like, panic attack

除非你有一個實際的，喜歡，恐慌症發作。

while you're taking the subway,

當你坐地鐵的時候

that would be more of an anxiety reaction,

這將是更多的焦慮反應。

whereas the stress of taking the subway

而坐地鐵的壓力

is more stress-based.

是比較有壓力的。

Stile: You know, everybody feels anxious, let's say,

斯蒂爾：你知道，每個人都會感到焦慮，比方說。

before a presentation or before an exam.

演講前或考試前。

But an anxiety disorder is the extreme form of that

但焦慮症是這種極端的形式。

where it becomes, you know,

在那裡，它成為，你知道，

it interferes with somebody's daily functioning.

妨礙了某人的日常運作；

Goorin: This is actually a really important myth.

戈林：這其實是一個非常重要的神話。

Sadness is an ephemeral reaction to something.

悲傷是對某些事物的短暫反應。

It's an emotion and, by definition, lasts a few seconds.

這是一種情緒，按理說，持續幾秒鐘。

It can last, like, 10 minutes, but on average,

它可以持續，像，10分鐘，但平均。

we have an emotion, it passes,

我們有情緒，它就會過去。

and then we have another emotion.

然後我們還有另一種情緒。

The thing that tends to bring us

往往帶給我們的是

from sadness to depression is rumination,

從悲傷到鬱悶，就是傳言。

which means thinking and thinking and thinking

這意味著思考，思考，思考

about the thing over and over and over again.

關於這件事，一遍又一遍。

And that's how we then go from sadness to depression,

我們就這樣從悲傷走向抑鬱。

but it's not an immediate thing.

但這不是眼前的事。

We all have moments of sadness,

我們都有傷心的時候。

and we just allow them and let them pass.

而我們只是允許他們，讓他們通過。

We tend to be OK.

我們往往是OK的。

But if we get caught up in getting ruminating

但是，如果我們陷入了得到的傳言

and thinking about all the reasons why we're sad,

並思考所有的原因 為什麼我們的悲傷。

that's when we tend to go into depression.

這時，我們往往會進入抑鬱症。

So, to the myth that depression is not a real illness,

所以，要神話抑鬱症不是真正的疾病。

it is a real illness,

它是一種真正的疾病。

and, in fact, it can be incredibly debilitating.

而且，事實上，它可能是令人難以置信的衰弱。

In order to classify as having depression,

為了劃分為患有抑鬱症。

we have to have some kind of a lethargic kind of behavior

我們必須有某種昏昏欲睡的行為。

where we have trouble getting out of bed.

在那裡，我們有困難 起床。

I mean, there are different ways of depression,

我是說，抑鬱症有不同的方式。

but one of the primary ones has this,

但其中一個主要的有這。

what they're called neurovegetative symptoms,

他們被稱為神經植物性症狀。

like, where we can't sleep, where we can't eat.

就像，在那裡我們不能睡覺，在那裡我們不能吃。

There's also a kind of depression which is dysthymia,

還有一種抑鬱症就是癔症。

which has an anhedonia component into it,

其中有麻藥成分進入。

which means less pleasure in things that we used to enjoy,

這意味著我們以前喜歡的東西的樂趣減少了。

which is another kind of depression.

這是另一種抑鬱症。

And a lot of people will describe, like,

而很多人都會形容，像。

"Oh, I used to love pottery,

"哦，我以前很喜歡陶器。

and now I can't even look at pots."

現在我連鍋都不敢看了。"

You know? Like, something just totally changes for them

你知道嗎？就像，有些東西只是完全改變他們

when they're deeply in this state of depression.

當他們深陷在這種抑鬱的狀態下。

Neil Altman: Talking about painful things

尼爾-奧特曼：談論痛苦的事情

that you've learned how to sort cover over

你已經學會了如何分類覆蓋。

can initially be more painful

起初會比較痛苦

but in the interest of working out things

但為求周全

that if not dealt with straightforwardly

如果不直截了當

are gonna come back to bite them.

會回來咬他們。

I'll say another thing about that

我再來說說那件事

is that sometimes patients wonder,

是，有時患者會疑惑。

"What's the therapist gonna feel if I say thus and so?"

"如果我這樣說，治療師會怎麼想？"

Like, "Can the therapist handle

比如，"治療師能不能處理

the level of despair that I sometimes feel?"

我有時感到的絕望程度？"

And on those occasions,

而在這些場合。

when the patient has the strength to put it out there

當病人有能力把它說出來的時候。

and see how the therapist responds,

並看治療師如何迴應。

the fact that the therapist can handle it

治療師可以處理的事實。

is a big step toward

是向

the patient then being able to handle it.

病人就能處理。

There are reasons, and they may change over time.

原因是有的，而且可能會隨著時間的推移而改變。

But I think the thing that I would want to debunk

但我覺得我想揭穿的是

in that respect

在這方面

is the idea that there's a single reason.

就是認為有一個單一的原因。

So that if you handle that,

所以說，如果你處理好了。

then you're gonna be freed of that.

那麼你就會被釋放的。

And there's not.

而且沒有。

In most cases, there's not.

在大多數情況下，沒有。

You've got to discover the reasons, in the plural,

你得發現原因，在複數。

that you're depressed and what you can do something about.

你是鬱悶的，你可以做些什麼。

And what you can't.

而你不能。

Stile: The myth that only women get depressed

Stile：只有女人才會得抑鬱症的神話。

couldn't be further from the truth.

謬以千里

However, women are twice as likely to experience depression.

然而，女性患抑鬱症的可能性是後者的兩倍。

So, the reason why oftentimes people think

所以，為什麼很多時候人們會覺得

women have a higher rate of depression than men

女性的抑鬱症發病率高於男性；

is because of maybe hormonal changes,

是由於或許荷爾蒙的改變。

life circumstances, and stress.

生活環境和壓力。

The other thing that I like to think about

我喜歡思考的另一件事

is that women might express their feelings

是婦女可以表達她們的感情

in a different way than men do.

與男人的方式不同。

So, sometimes men might, you know, act out behaviorally,

所以，有時候男人可能會，你知道的，在行為上表現出來。

whereas women might focus on their internal experience.

而女性可能會關注自己的內心體驗。

And so they might be more likely

所以他們可能更有可能

to see a therapist if that's the case.

如果是這樣的話，要去看治療師。

Goorin: When people have gone down the road

戈林：當人們已經走到了這條路上

of eventually deciding to go on medications

最終決定接受藥物治療的可能性

for antidepressants,

為抗抑鬱藥。

they don't change your personality;

他們不會改變你的個性。

they change the symptoms of depression.

他們改變了抑鬱症的症狀。

They can also work for anxiety.

它們也可以對焦慮症起作用。

So, typically, if you have

所以，通常情況下，如果你有

just typical symptoms of depression and anxiety,

只是典型的抑鬱症和焦慮症的症狀。

we'll be given an antidepressant

我們會得到一個抗抑鬱劑。

is what it's called, an SSRI.

就是它的名字，SSRI。

And that will help us regulate the symptoms

而這將有助於我們調節症狀

of our, just, up and down of moods.

的我們，只是，心情的起伏。

And the way I describe it to people is

而我向人們描述的方式是

it's like going back to your baseline you

這就像回到你的基線你。

when it's the right medication.

當它是正確的藥物。

But it doesn't change your personality.

但這並不能改變你的個性。

Your personality, you're you.

你的個性，你就是你。

So, in terms of the myth that we'll always be cured

所以，從我們永遠都會被治癒的神話來看。

from depression by antidepressants,

通過抗抑鬱藥從抑鬱症。

the research shows that the most effective thing right now

研究表明，目前最有效的事情。

for depression is actually therapy.

對於抑鬱症，其實就是治療。

And then for people who need antidepressants,

然後對於需要抗抑鬱藥的人。

therapy and antidepressants together

療法和抗抑鬱藥一起使用

are another effective form.

是另一種有效的形式。

And not everybody has to take it.

而不是每個人都要接受。

So even with people who are taking antidepressants,

所以即使是服用抗抑鬱藥的人。

it's important to still be in therapy.

重要的是仍然在治療。

Altman: The myth that bad parenting causes mental illness

阿特曼：不良父母會導致精神疾病的迷思

I think is a trap.

我認為是一個陷阱。

Because parents are all too ready

因為父母都已經準備好了

to take responsibility and to feel guilty

咎由自取

about all sorts of problems that their children have.

關於他們孩子的各種問題。

So there's no point in reinforcing that

所以，沒有必要再去強化

and harming and damaging the mental health of parents.

並傷害和損害父母的心理健康。

If you think that your parents caused your mental illness,

如果你認為是你的父母造成了你的精神疾病。

you're gonna end up endlessly complaining about your parent.

你會最終無休止地抱怨你的父母。

What can you do about the way you were raised?

你能為你的成長方式做些什麼？

You can do something about what it's left you with

你可以對它留給你的東西做些什麼。

in the present.

在現。

Goorin: Around LGBT adults and youth,

戈林：圍繞LGBT成人和青年。

there's so many myths associated with mental health.

有這麼多的神話與心理健康。

And a big part of it I think is,

而其中很大一部分我認為是。

unfortunately, because the profession that I'm in

不幸的是，因為我所從事的行業

had a really dirty history along these lines in the DSM,

有一個非常骯髒的歷史 沿著這些線在DSM。

which is our Diagnostic Statistic Manual, until 1973,

這就是我們的診斷統計手冊，直到1973年。

homosexuality was actually listed as a disorder.

同志居然被列為一種病症。

And after a lot of pushback and studies

而經過大量的推敲和研究

and LGBTQ rights being integrated into theory,

和女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀和變性者權利被納入理論。

we realized that that was really outdated.

我們意識到，這是真的過時了。

And since then, in DSM-3, it stopped being,

而從那時起，在DSM-3中，它不再是。

unless somebody has specific anxiety related to being gay,

除非有人對自己是同志有特殊的焦慮。

then they're not diagnosed ever

然後，他們不被診斷永遠

with a mental-health-related disorder associated with it.

與心理健康相關的疾病；

The same is true for being trans, actually.

其實變性也是如此。

That it's only if somebody has what's called dysphoria,

只有當有人有所謂的性變態時才會這樣。

where they don't like their body,

在他們不喜歡自己身體的地方。

that they then have a diagnosis.

他們就會有一個診斷。

But just being trans in and of itself

但僅僅是變性本身

isn't a disorder anymore.

是不是一個障礙了。

You know, to the question about what role

你知道，對關於什麼角色的問題

mental health plays in the attacks of gun violence,

心理健康在槍支暴力襲擊中的作用。

unfortunately, that's been a mischaracterization

遺憾的是，這是個錯誤的描述。

of people who have severe mental illness,

患有嚴重精神疾病的人。

is that they're more likely to commit crimes and with guns.

是他們更有可能犯罪，而且用槍。

It's not that people with mental illness

並不是說有精神疾病的人

are more likely to be aggressive.

更有可能具有攻擊性。

It's the people who commit these crimes have access to guns,

是那些犯了這些罪的人有機會獲得槍支。

and they tend to be really self-loathing.

而且他們往往是真的自我厭惡。

Like, that's kind of the primary thing

就像，這是一種主要的事情。

that makes people have a lack of empathy.

這讓人缺乏同理心。

That seems to be the things

這似乎是事情

that make them be more violent and aggressive.

使他們變得更加暴力和具有攻擊性。

Those are better predictors

這些都是比較好的預測因素

than any type of a mental health disorder.

比任何類型的心理健康障礙。

People talk about a whole town, like, on the news,

人們在新聞上談論整個城市，比如，。

"A whole town was traumatized by the shooting,"

"整個鎮子的人都被槍擊事件所傷"。

for instance. Right?

比如說...對吧？

And it doesn't work that way, and that's actually

並不是這樣的，這其實是

one of the most common mental-health disorders

抑鬱症是一種最常見的精神疾病。

that I've seen mischaracterized

我看到的

in that particular way, is PTSD.

在這種特殊的方式，是PTSD。

People seem to think that by virtue of having the experience

人們似乎認為，只要有了經驗

to a potentially traumatic event,

潛在的創傷性事件。

that you'll have these particular realm of symptoms

你會有這些特殊領域的症狀。

that include hypervigilance, there's impulsivity.

包括高度警覺，有衝動性。

There's so many different realms

有這麼多不同的境界

of what comes up for people after trauma,

的人在創傷後出現的。

and I've heard people say, you know,

我聽人說，你知道的。

"Because I was traumatized,

"因為我受到了創傷。

because I was there at 9/11," for instance.

因為我在9/11事件中就在那裡"，比如。

Well, a whole city was there,

嗯，整個城市都在那裡。