When you sign up a curiosity stream dot com slash real life floor, you'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming video platform that real life lore is a part of.

當你註冊了一個好奇心流點點網斜線真人樓，你還可以進入星雲，真人傳說是流媒體視頻平臺。

This is Italy, or, more specifically, the Italian peninsula.

這裡是意大利，或者更具體地說，是意大利半島。

Like all civilizations in the rial game of sieve, i R L.

就像所有文明的篩子游戲一樣，i R L。

Italy has been defined by her geographic reality and starting place.

意大利一直被她的地理現實和起點所定義。

At first glance, Italy's position seems strong and easy to defend.

乍一看，意大利的地位似乎很強，很容易防守。

She is surrounded by water on three sides in the west, south and east, which leaves only the North to defend against land attacks.

她的西、南、東三面環水，只剩下北面可以抵禦陸路攻擊。

From Luckily, however, the North is also easily protected and defensible by the Alps, which are a bunch of really, really big mountains.

不過，從幸運的是，北方也很容易被阿爾卑斯山保護起來，防不勝防，阿爾卑斯山是一群真正的大山。

Italy's geographic armor is amongst the strongest of any country in the world because she has full complete 360 degree coverage.

意大利的地理裝甲是世界上最強的國家之一，因為她有360度的全面完整覆蓋。

But there is a downside to what looks like nothing but upsides.

但是，看似沒有什麼好處，卻也有壞處。

Italy's geography stats have relatively recently been nerve compared to how good they used to be in Italy today, in the late game just isn't as powerful as it used to be.

意大利的地理統計最近比較神經質，相比於以前意大利的好，如今的意大利，在後期遊戲中就是沒有以前那麼強大了。

Back in the early game.

回到遊戲初期。

And here's how the world's first civilizations that spawned into the world map began around here around 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia, followed up quickly by several more across the Mediterranean, like Egypt, the Greek states, Carthage and, eventually, a tiny little town called Rome.

這就是世界上最早的文明是如何孕育成世界地圖的，大約在6000年前的美索不達米亞就開始了，隨後，在地中海的另一邊又迅速出現了幾個文明，比如埃及、希臘國家、迦太基，最後，還有一個叫羅馬的小城。

Now the civilizations that started around the Mediterranean, we're still in the early game of world discovery, so most of the world's geography was still shrouded in unknown to any of them.

現在地中海周邊開始的文明，我們還處在世界發現的早期遊戲中，所以世界上大部分的地理環境還籠罩在任何一個人的未知中。

Travel and mapping off lands was difficult, but it was least difficult across the Mediterranean Sea because map makers could just sail around it and across it and draw out what it looked like on most maps of the known world at the time.

陸地外的旅行和測繪是很困難的，但橫跨地中海是最不容易的，因為地圖製作者只要繞著地中海航行，橫跨地中海，就能畫出當時已知世界大多數地圖上的樣子。

Therefore, the Mediterranean was often at the center, or at least the most prominent feature.

是以，地中海往往是中心，至少是最突出的特徵。

Take a look at this early world map created by the Greeks in the sixth century BC or this map created by the Greeks in the fifth century BC and this map created by the Greeks after the conquest of Alexander the Great.

看看這張公元前六世紀希臘人創作的早期世界地圖，或者這張公元前五世紀希臘人創作的地圖，以及這張亞歷山大大帝征服後希臘人創作的地圖。

Each iteration shows a slight evolution in the understanding of the region's geography, but each one is highly concentrated around the Mediterranean Sea because that's what civilizations here at the time were familiar with.

每一次的迭代都顯示出人們對該地區地理環境的理解略有變化，但每一次的迭代都高度集中在地中海周圍，因為那是當時這裡的文明所熟悉的。

So if you wanted to dominate the Mediterranean region and the rest of the early civilizations and their populations that surrounded it, what geographic feature do you think would be the most important for you to control?

所以，如果你想主宰地中海地區和周邊其他早期文明及其人口，你認為什麼地理特徵對你來說是最重要的控制？

It would be the Italian peninsula in the center of it all, with long coastlines that can provide your civilizations ships equally easy access to both the western and eastern halves of it.

那就是位於中心的意大利半島，長長的海岸線可以為你的文明船隻提供同樣便捷的通道，通往西半部和東半部。

If fully controlled under a single power, Italy can be used as a springboard to dominate and rule the entire Mediterranean Sea, from which at the time was basically the entire known world to the civilizations that existed there.

如果將意大利完全控制在一個勢力之下，就可以以意大利為跳板，來主導和統治整個地中海，從當時的地中海到存在於地中海的文明，基本上就是整個已知的世界。

And the first civilization that accomplished that was Rome, who carved out an enormous empire across the region from the nucleus in Italy.

而第一個做到這一點的文明是羅馬，他以意大利為核心，在整個地區刻畫出了一個龐大的帝國。

Rome's power, wealth and success brought about an explosion in the population of Italy, to the point where Italy alone was home to 6.5% of the entire human species, while the empire and large was home to a whopping 30% of humanity.

羅馬的強大、財富和成功帶來了意大利人口的爆炸性增長，以至於僅意大利就擁有整個人類的6.5%，而帝國和大半個帝國則擁有高達30%的人類。

For the people who lived in the ancient civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea, Italy was basically at the center of the known world, and in terms of population, Italy literally was at the administrative center for almost one out of every three living humans.

對於生活在地中海周邊古文明的人們來說，意大利基本上處於已知世界的中心，從人口數量上來說，意大利幾乎是每三個活著的人類中就有一個處於行政中心。

But Italy's enormous wealth and strategic location has encouraged ambitious external invaders for thousands of years Carthaginians, Germanic tribes, Huns, Mawr, Germanic tribes that caused the empire to collapse.

但意大利巨大的財富和戰略位置，鼓勵了幾千年來野心勃勃的外來侵略者迦太基人、日耳曼部落、匈奴人、毛爾人、日耳曼部落，導致帝國崩潰。

Byzantines, Arabs and, eventually the Spanish, Austrian and French empires.

拜占庭人、阿拉伯人，最後是西班牙、奧地利和法蘭西帝國。

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Italy splintered into dozens of independent city states that largely followed clear geographic lines across the peninsula.

羅馬帝國崩潰後，意大利分裂成了幾十個獨立的城邦，這些城邦在整個半島上基本遵循著清晰的地理界線。

Italy's interior is extremely mountainous, with the Apennines stretching down the length of the spine.

意大利的內陸山地極多，亞平寧山脈沿著脊柱延伸。

And this provided enough separation between regions for strong regional identities in the peninsula to crop up over time after the collapse of the empire and any strong centralized authority that went with it.

而這為區域之間的分離提供了足夠的空間，使半島上強烈的區域認同在帝國崩潰後，隨著時間的推移，任何強大的中央集權都會出現。

So after Byzantine Italy collapsed, the peninsula would remain divided between the city states and external empires for over a 1000 years before the pieces started coming back together again in the 19th century.

所以拜占庭意大利崩潰後，半島仍將在城邦和外部帝國之間分裂1000多年，直到19世紀才又開始重新整合。

But by then Italy's geographic situation and reality has severely deteriorated, first of all, population, Italy's population today in 2020 is 60.5 million, which is almost the same as the population of the entire Roman Empire in the second century.

但那時意大利的地理環境和現實情況已經嚴重惡化，首先是人口，意大利今天的人口在2020年是6050萬，幾乎相當於整個羅馬帝國在2世紀的人口。

Today, though, that amount of people is only enough to make up 0.8 percent of the entire human population a significantly lower percentage than in the second century.

不過今天，這個數量只夠佔整個人類人口的0.8%，比第二世紀的比例要低很多。

Secondly, the knowledge of the world map has been dramatically expanded by this point in the late game, and everybody knows that the Mediterranean isn't at the center of everything.

其次，到了遊戲後期，對世界地圖的認識已經急劇擴大，大家都知道地中海並不是一切的中心。

Nearly all of the modern world's great powers, after all, aren't even located within the region, like the U.

畢竟現代世界上幾乎所有的大國，都不在這個區域內，比如美國。

K, Germany, Russia, India, China, Japan and the United States.

K、德國、俄羅斯、印度、中國、日本和美國。

The Italian peninsula is still a strong geographic position to dominate the Mediterranean from, But that only goes so far as to establish regional domination today rather than the world domination of the past.

意大利半島仍然是一個強勢的地理位置，可以從地理上稱霸地中海，但這僅僅是確立了今天的區域主導權，而不是過去的世界主導權。

Because far fewer people live in the area proportionally than they did in ancient times, civilizations have expanded across the globe, trade has moved on to new seas and continents, and the Mediterranean, while still significant, is not as universally important as it was in the past.

由於生活在這一地區的人口比例比古代少得多，文明在全球範圍內擴張，貿易已經轉移到新的海洋和大陸上，地中海雖然仍然重要，但已經不像過去那樣具有普遍的重要性。

To illustrate this point.

為了說明這一點。

Even Mawr.

等一下，莫爾。

Let's analyze Italy's geographic problems she encountered during the world wars.

我們來分析一下意大利在世界大戰中遇到的地理問題。

In 1915 the recently unified Italy joined the on taunt and declared war against Germany and Austria.

1915年，剛剛統一的意大利加入了嘲諷，並對德國和奧地利宣戰。

Hungary.

匈牙利：

The Italian front line stretched across here from Switzerland to the Adriatic Sea and therefore was the only possible path for the Italian army to attack through overland.

意大利的前線從瑞士一直延伸到亞得里亞海，是以是意大利軍隊通過陸路進攻的唯一可能路徑。

Switzerland was mutual and could not be passed, and naval assault across the Adriatic Sea were complicated.

瑞士是相互的，不能通過，橫跨亞得里亞海的海上攻擊也很複雜。

So unfortunately for the Italians, the whole for front ran through the gigantic mountains here and along the Sanzo River over here, meaning that whenever they attacked, they had to either fight over mountains or across a river.

所以對於意大利人來說，很不幸，整個為前線穿過這裡的巨大山脈，沿著這邊的三藏河，也就是說，每當他們進攻的時候，要麼翻山越嶺，要麼過河作戰。

The Austro Hungarians just had to sit in their forts on the mountains, are behind the river and let geography kill and slow the advancing Italians.

奧匈帝國人只需要坐在山地上的堡壘裡，是河道的後方，讓地理環境來殺傷和減緩意大利人的前進速度。

And that is exactly what they did.

而這正是他們所做的。

11 times in 11 separate battles, the Italians attacked across Theus, Sanzo River, and 11 times they made effectively no progress and lost hundreds of thousands of men in the process.

在11次不同的戰鬥中，意大利人11次攻過忒斯河、桑佐河，11次實際上沒有取得任何進展，並在此過程中損失了數十萬人。

On the 12th battle, it was the Austro Hungarians, supported by the Germans, who were the ones attacking, and they pushed the exhausted and demoralized Italians back over 100 kilometers near toe Venice, before they were finally stopped out of all of Italy's casualties in the war.

在12日的戰鬥中，是奧匈帝國人在德國人的支持下發起了進攻，他們將疲憊不堪、士氣低落的意大利人逼退到威尼斯附近100多公里的地方，最後才將意大利在戰爭中的所有傷亡攔了下來。

Half of them were spent just trying to break out of her geographic prison across Theus, Sanzo.

其中有一半的時間，只是為了衝出她的地理牢籠，跨越忒斯，三藏。

But Italy's geographic weaknesses extend well beyond this place and war.

但意大利在地理上的弱點遠遠不止於這個地方和戰爭。

Part of the reason why Italian states never became world colonizers in the first place is also due to sheer geographic placement.

意大利各州當初之所以從未成為世界殖民者，部分原因也是由於單純的地理位置。

It's no wonder that the European states who became the most successful colonizers were all located on the westernmost side of the continent because they had the easiest access to launch ships out into the global ocean system.

難怪成為最成功的殖民者的歐洲國家都位於歐洲大陸的最西邊，因為他們最容易向全球海洋系統發射船隻。

While Italy is well positioned to launch ships to dominate the Mediterranean, her access to the world Ocean is more limited because the only way out historically was through the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 11 kilometers wide at its narrowest point.

雖然意大利有足夠的條件發射艦艇稱霸地中海，但由於歷史上唯一的出路是通過直布羅陀海峽，而直布羅陀海峽最窄處只有11公里寬，所以她通往世界大洋的通道比較有限。

And when an enemy is in control of the strait and chokes it off, Italian navies can't leave and they get trapped.

而當敵人控制了海峽，掐斷了海峽，意大利海軍就走不了了，他們就會被困住。

And this is what happened during the Second World War.

這就是第二次世界大戰期間發生的事情。

At this point, the British Empire controlled not only Gibraltar, but also the Suez Canal, which were the only two entrances and exits possible into the Mediterranean and so they could be used to contain the entire Italian navy inside, like a big bathtub.

此時，大英帝國不僅控制了直布羅陀，還控制了蘇伊士運河，這是唯一可能進入地中海的兩個出入口，所以可以用它們把整個意大利海軍控制在裡面，就像一個大浴缸。

Italy's navy couldn't break out to threaten the allies elsewhere unless they could take over one or the other, but they were never capable of it even further.

意大利的海軍無法突圍威脅其他地方的盟友，除非他們能佔領一個或多個盟友，但他們始終沒有能力更進一步。

Britain also controlled the island of Malta.

英國還控制了馬耳他島。

That's roughly at the halfway point between Sicily and North Africa.

這大概是在西西里島和北非之間的中間點。

Malta was used as an outpost to harass Italy's shipping, logistics and supplies that she was sending out to her overseas troops fighting in North Africa and Italy was just never capable of dealing with it like a constant thorn in her side.

馬耳他被作為前哨，騷擾意大利的航運、後勤和補給，她要派往北非作戰的海外部隊，意大利就是一直沒有能力應對，就像一根永遠的刺。

And once America got involved, the allies could just funnel in ships through either entrance and overwhelmed Italy, smaller navy and smaller industrial base that couldn't replenish losses as easily.

而一旦美國參與進來，盟軍只要從任何一個入口漏入艦艇，就可以壓倒意大利，較小的海軍和較小的工業基礎，無法輕易補充損失。

And by 1943 Italy was already defeated.

而到了1943年，意大利已經被打敗了。

The allies had vast empires, and resource is to call upon from across the world that they could concentrate into the Mediterranean.

盟國擁有龐大的帝國，資源是調用從世界各地，他們可以集中到地中海。

While Italy's colonial empire was much closer to home, just across the Mediterranean.

而意大利的殖民帝國離家更近，就在地中海的另一邊。

In Libya, and through the Suez in Somalia and Ethiopia, which were all very easy for the allies to cut off and separate from the Italian mainland's modern Italy, is also largely defined by her geographic realities.

在利比亞，以及通過索馬里的蘇伊士和衣索匹亞，這些都是盟國非常容易切斷和分離的，意大利大陸的現代意大利，也主要是由她的地理現實決定的。

Italy is very mountainous, after all, which makes development in those parts of the country pretty expensive.

意大利畢竟是非常多山的國家，這使得這些地方的開發成本相當高。

Planes and flat land are cheaper to build cities in and develop, and this is the largest plane that Italy has, and it's called the Po River Valley.

飛機和平地建城和開發成本更低，這就是意大利最大的飛機，它叫波河谷。

So it should come as no surprise that this plane is home to some of Italy's most powerful cities, like Venice, Milan and Turin.

是以，這架飛機是意大利最強大的城市，如威尼斯、米蘭和都靈，也就不足為奇了。

The Po Valley and nearby surrounding areas accounts for 46% of Italy's population and 55% of Italy's entire economy.

波谷和附近的周邊地區佔意大利人口的46%，佔意大利整個經濟的55%。

There is a huge economic divide between Italy's North and Italy South, which has caused tension and separatist movements to become popular.

意大利北方和意大利南方之間存在著巨大的經濟鴻溝，這導致了緊張局勢和分離主義運動的流行。

Numerous polls have been taken in the province of Benetto that show over 50% SAPO support in the province for an independent state of Venice, and they're already exists to fully independent states that air separate from Italy in the Italian peninsula.

在貝內託省進行了大量的民意調查，顯示該省有超過50%的SAPO支持威尼斯的獨立國家，他們已經存在於意大利半島的空氣從意大利分離出來的完全獨立國家。

They never got San Marino and Vatican City which was given independence in 1929.

他們沒有得到聖馬力諾和梵蒂岡城，梵蒂岡城在1929年獲得獨立。

The mountains across Italy have kept people separated and led to the development of strong regional identities and autonomy and keeping the whole peninsula together.

意大利各地的山脈讓人們分離，並導致了強烈的區域特徵和自治的發展，並使整個半島保持一致。

And united has been a strong challenge for the Italian state ever since it was founded, and it continues to be a problem even today.

而統一自意大利建國以來就一直是意大利國家面臨的一個強有力的挑戰，即使在今天，這個問題依然存在。

While a developed country and a modern great power, Italy's geographic position is still good for regional domination in the Mediterranean.

意大利雖然是發達國家，也是現代化的大國，但是意大利的地理位置還是有利於在地中海地區稱霸的。

But it's no longer the ideal starting place for world domination like it was in the ancient past.

但它已不再像古代那樣是統治世界的理想起點。

And so that is how Italy's geography got nerved in the late game of sieve I R L.

於是意大利的地理就這樣在後期的比賽中緊張起來了篩I R L。

Geography, however, is just one of many aspects about our planet that influences one civilization, success and another one's hardships.

然而，地理只是我們這個星球眾多方面中的一個，它影響著一個文明、成功和另一個文明的艱難。

I could tell you all about how geology, physics, biology, psychology and even chemistry also all have major critical roles in a civilization success.

我可以告訴你，地質學、物理學、生物學、心理學甚至化學也都對一個文明的成功有重大的關鍵作用。

Or you could just watch the great documentary Siri's that will explain all of that for me.

或者你可以直接看Siri的偉大紀錄片，會為我解釋這一切。

Deep time history, which is available right now on curiosity stream curiosity Stream, is the streaming platform with thousands of top quality documentaries toe watch from people like David Edinburgh, Chris Hadfield, Stephen Hawking, Jane Goodall and so many more.

深度時間歷史，現在就可以在好奇心流好奇心流，是流媒體平臺，有數千部高質量的紀錄片toe觀看，從大衛-愛丁堡、克里斯-哈德菲爾德、史蒂芬-霍金、簡-古道爾等人。

And it's only $20 a year for a subscription.

而且訂閱一年才20元。

It's not $20 per month.

這不是每月20元。

It's just $20 for a whole year.

一整年才20元。

Plus, when you sign up for an annual subscription of curiosity stream with the link in the description or by going to curiosity stream dot com slash real life floor.

另外，當你用描述中的鏈接或到好奇心流點點網斜線真人樓註冊訂閱好奇心流的年費時。

You'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming platform made by myself and a bunch of your other favorite YouTube creators, which is filled with ad free versions of all of our videos, plus a bunch of awesome original content like the world's most useful airport by the guy behind Wendover Productions, as well as my car review show Grand Test Auto hosted by myself and J T.

你還將獲得星雲的訪問權，星雲是由我和其他一群你最喜歡的YouTube創作者製作的流媒體平臺，裡面有我們所有視頻的免費廣告版本，還有一堆很棒的原創內容，比如Wendover Productions背後的傢伙製作的世界上最有用的機場，以及我的汽車評論節目Grand Test Auto，由我和J T主持。