After all, the dinosaurs ate plants and we all know what happened to them.

畢竟，恐龍吃植物，我們都知道它們的下場。

Well, let's pause for a moment.

好吧，讓我們暫停一下。

That argument was ridiculous, and that's because it contained a logical fallacy.

這個論點很可笑，那是因為它包含了一個邏輯謬誤。

A logical fallacy is any kind of error and reasoning that renders an argument invalid.

邏輯謬誤是指任何一種使論點無效的錯誤和推理。

They can involve distorting or manipulating facts, drawing false conclusions or distracting you from the actual issue at hand.

它們可能涉及扭曲或操縱事實，得出錯誤的結論，或分散你對手頭實際問題的注意力。

In theory, it seems like they'd be pretty easy to spot.

理論上來說，他們似乎很容易被發現。

But this isn't always the case.

但情況並非總是如此。

Sometimes logical fallacies are used intentionally to try and win a debate in these cases there, often presented by the speaker with a certain level of confidence, and in doing so, they're more persuasive.

有時故意使用邏輯謬誤來試圖贏得辯論，在這些情況下有，往往是由演講者帶著一定的自信提出來的，這樣做，他們更有說服力。

If they sound like they know what they're talking about, we're more likely to believe them, even if their stance doesn't make complete logical sense.

如果他們聽起來像是知道自己在說什麼，我們就更有可能相信他們，即使他們的立場並不完全合乎邏輯。

One common logical fallacy is the false cause.

常見的邏輯謬誤之一是假因。

This is when someone incorrectly identifies the cause of something.

這就是有人錯誤地認定了某件事情的原因。

In my argument, I stated that the dinosaurs became extinct because they ate vegetables.

在我的論點中，我說恐龍滅絕是因為它們吃蔬菜。

Now, while these two separate things did happen, a diet of vegetables was not the cause of their extinction.

現在，雖然這兩件獨立的事情確實發生了，但蔬菜的飲食並不是它們滅絕的原因。

Maybe you've heard false cause more commonly represented by the phrase correlation does not equal causation, meaning that just because two things occurred around the same time, it doesn't mean that one caused the other.

也許你聽過的假因更多的是用相關不等於因果這句話來代表，意思是說，兩件事情在同一時間前後發生，並不意味著一件事引起另一件事。

A straw man is when someone takes an argument and misrepresents it so that it's easier to attack.

稻草人是指有人拿著一個論點去歪曲它，使它更容易被攻擊。

For example, let's say Callie is advocating that Sporks should be the new standard for silverware, since they're more efficient.

例如，假設Callie主張Sporks應該成為銀器的新標準，因為它們更有效率。

Madeleine responds that she shocked Callie, would want to outlaw spoons and forks and put millions out of work at the fork and spoon factories.

瑪德琳迴應說，她震驚了凱麗，會想取締勺子和叉子，讓叉子和勺子工廠的數百萬人失業。

A strong man is frequently used in politics in an effort to discredit another politician's views on a particular issue.

強者在政治上經常被用來詆譭另一位政治家對某一問題的看法。

Begging the question is a type of circular argument where someone includes the conclusion as a part of their reasoning, George says ghosts exist because I saw a ghost in my closet.

乞討問題是一種循環論證，有人將結論作為推理的一部分，喬治說鬼魂存在，因為我在衣櫃裡看到了鬼魂。

His conclusion is ghosts exist.

他的結論是鬼魂存在。

His premise also assumes that ghosts exist.

他的前提也是假設鬼魂存在。

Rather than assuming that ghosts exist from the get go, George should be using evidence and reasoning to prove that they exist.

與其一開始就假設鬼魂存在，喬治應該用證據和推理來證明鬼魂的存在。

The false dilemma or false dichotomy is a logical fallacy where a situation is presented as being an either or option when in reality, their arm or possible options available than just the chosen to Rebecca rings the doorbell.

虛假的兩難或虛假的二分法是一種邏輯謬誤，在這種情況下，作為一個要麼或選項時，在現實中，他們的手臂或可能的選擇比只是選擇麗貝卡按門鈴。

But Ethan doesn't answer.

但伊森沒有回答。

She then thinks, Oh, Ethan must not be home.

她就想，哦，伊森一定不在家。

Rebecca posits that either Ethan answers the door or he isn't home.

麗貝卡提出，要麼是伊森應門，要麼是他不在家。

In reality, he could be sleeping, doing some work in the backyard or taking a shower.

在現實中，他可能在睡覺，在後院乾點活，或者在洗澡。

Most logical fallacies can be spotted by thinking critically.

大多數邏輯謬誤都可以通過批判性的思考來發現。

Make sure to ask questions.

一定要提出問題。

Is logic at work here, or is it simply rhetoric?

這裡是邏輯在起作用，還是單純的修辭？

Does their proof actually lead to the conclusion they're proposing?

他們的證明是否真的能得出他們所提出的結論？

By applying critical thinking, you'll be able to detect logical fallacies in the world around you and prevent yourself from using them as well.

通過應用批判性思維，你將能夠發現周圍世界中的邏輯謬誤，並防止自己也使用它們。

G c F global creating opportunities for a better life.

G、C、F在全球範圍內為改善生活創造機會。