Humans have always been a little jealous of birds, at least to an extent.

人類總是有點嫉妒鳥類，至少在某種程度上是這樣。

For thousands of years, we looked up at them and envied their ability to fly and wondered what the world might look like from up there.

幾千年來，我們仰望著它們，羨慕它們的飛行能力，想知道從上面看世界會是什麼樣子。

Birds were beautiful, majestic creatures full of wisdom, and eventually we managed to build a machine capable of seeing the world as they saw it.

鳥類是美麗、雄偉的生物，充滿了智慧，最終我們成功地製造了一臺機器，能夠看到它們所看到的世界。

The airplane.

那架飛機。

It was only afterwards, though, that we discovered birds are kind of dicks.

不過事後我們才發現，鳥兒也是一種屌絲。

Even Orville Wright struggled with birds, hitting his plane in 1905 And in the 1911 air race between France and Madrid, a pilot found himself getting attacked mid air by an eagle, which he drove away by shooting at it with his pistol.

即使是奧維爾-萊特也在與鳥類鬥爭，在1905年擊中了他的飛機，而在1911年法國和馬德里之間的航空比賽中，一名飛行員發現自己在半空中被一隻老鷹攻擊，他用手槍向它射擊，將其趕走。

In 1912 the first recorded fatality of a bird strike on an airplane took place when a goal got stuck in the plane's controls, which caused the pilot to tragically crash decades later.

1912年，飛機上發生了第一起有記錄的鳥擊死亡事件，當時一個球門卡在了飛機的控制裝置上，導致飛行員在幾十年後不幸墜毀。

In 1960 Eastern Airlines Flight 375 took off from Boston and flew through a flock of birds, which severely damaged all four of the plane's engines and caused it to crash into Boston Harbor, resulting in the loss of life of 62 people on board and representing the deadliest known incident ever caused by birds.

1960年東方航空公司375號班機從波士頓起飛，飛過一群鳥，飛機的4個引擎都嚴重受損，導致飛機墜入波士頓港，造成機上62人喪生，是已知的由鳥類造成的最致命事件。

But it's not just the engines that birds are capable of causing damage to.

但鳥類能夠造成損害的不僅僅是發動機。

In 2004 a KLM flight departing from Amsterdam Skiffle suffered a bird strike to their nose landing gear during takeoff.

2004年，荷航一架從阿姆斯特丹Skiffle起飛的班機在起飛過程中，機頭起落架遭到鳥擊。

Since the landing gear ended up being retracted normally, they continued on to their destination at Barcelona, but upon landing the plane veered unexpectedly off the runway and crashed.

由於起落架最後正常收起，他們繼續前往目的地巴塞羅那，但在降落時，飛機卻意外偏離跑道墜毀。

The cause was later determined to be a cut cable in the nose wheel steering system caused by that bird strike, and while everybody aboard the plane survived, the plane itself was destroyed and written off as a total loss.

後來查明原因是那次鳥擊造成的機頭方向盤轉向系統的電纜被割斷，雖然飛機上的所有人都活了下來，但飛機本身卻被毀壞，被註銷為全損。

But perhaps the most famous incident of a bird strike on an airplane was back in 2009 when US Airways Flight 15 49 took off from LaGuardia Airport in New York and quickly ran into a flock of geese.

但最著名的鳥擊飛機事件可能要追溯到2009年，當時全美航空15 49班機從紐約拉瓜迪亞機場起飛，很快就撞上了一群大雁。

Many of which got stuck in the plane's engines, which caused a complete power failure.

其中很多卡在了飛機的發動機上，導致動力完全失效。

Unable to reach any airport, the pilots thankfully managed to guide the plane into a ditch landing in the Hudson River and saved everybody on board.

由於無法到達任何機場，幸好飛行員成功地將飛機引導到哈德遜河的溝渠中降落，救了機上所有人。

But the results could have obviously been way worse.

但結果顯然可以差很多。

And it's not just airplanes that birds hit either.

而且鳥兒打的也不僅僅是飛機。

In 1999 Italian supermodel and pony lookalike Fabio got hit in the face by a bird that broke his nose while he was enjoying a roller coaster.

1999年意大利超模、小馬哥長相的法比奧在享受雲霄飛車時被一隻鳥撞到了臉上，鼻樑骨骨折。

And in the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix, a driver for Lotus got hit in his face by a bird while going through a corner just too tight, which caused him to crash.

而在1960年的比利時大獎賽中，蓮花車隊的一名車手在通過一個彎道時被一隻鳥撞到了臉上，只是太緊了，導致他撞車。

It's estimated that just in the United States alone, about 13,000 birds will strike an airplane every year and cause about $400 million in damages Worldwide.

據估計，僅在美國，每年約有13000只鳥會襲擊飛機，並在全球範圍內造成約4億美元的損失。

It's believed that bird strikes cause about $1.2 billion of damage, more than the price of two brand new Airbus A 3 88 hundreds.

據信，鳥擊造成的損失約為12億美元，比兩架嶄新的空客A 3 88百的價格還要高。

So what makes bird strikes so damaging?

那麼是什麼原因讓鳥擊的危害性如此之大呢？

And what can we do to stop them?

我們又能做些什麼來阻止他們呢？

Most bird strikes on airplanes occur during takeoff or landing at lower altitudes, where birds are more common to be.

鳥擊飛機事件大多發生在飛機起飛或降落的低空，鳥類在低空比較常見。

That's not to say that they only happen here, though.

但這並不是說它們只發生在這裡。

There was an instance a while back, where a pilot flying over Ivory Coast at 11,300 m unexpectedly crashed into a vulture, which also happens to be the highest recorded altitude of a bird ever measured.

前段時間有一個例子，一名飛行員在象牙海岸上空飛行，高度為11300米，不料撞上了一隻禿鷲，而這也恰好是有記錄以來鳥類的最高高度。

Birds generally make impact on any part of the front facing part of a plane, so the windscreen, the nose wings and engines are the areas that are most often hit.

鳥類一般會對飛機正面的任何部位進行撞擊，所以擋風玻璃、機頭機翼和發動機是最常被撞擊的部位。

The engines, in particular, though, are the most vulnerable.

不過，尤其是發動機，是最容易受到影響的。

A bird getting ingested into one is dangerous because as the bird strikes, one of the blades of the fan inside, that blade could become displaced into another blade, which causes a cascading engine failure.

鳥兒被攝入一個是很危險的，因為隨著鳥兒的擊打，風扇裡面的一個葉片，那個葉片可能會移位到另一個葉片上，從而引起發動機的連帶故障。

The fans inside of the engines air spinning at their high speed during takeoff, where the presence of birds air also most common and therefore makes for the most vulnerable period.

在起飛過程中，發動機內部的風扇空氣高速旋轉，其中鳥類空氣的存在也是最常見的，是以使最脆弱的時期。

Flocks of birds provide firm or opportunities of one, causing a cascading engine failure, since multiple strikes are likely to occur.

鳥群提供了堅定的或機會的一個，引起發動機的級聯故障，因為很可能發生多次打擊。

But what can be done to mitigate this from happening?

但怎樣才能減少這種情況的發生呢？

Airports around the world employed various techniques to keep birds away, including making food hard to access, keeping birds of prey or guard dogs present as a visual deterrent.

世界各地的機場採用了各種技術來防止鳥類進入，包括讓食物難以進入，飼養飛鳥或護衛犬作為視覺威懾。

Using fake effigies of predators and speaker systems playing predator noises using cannons and pyrotechnics to make loud, scary noises.

使用假的捕食者肖像和揚聲器系統播放捕食者的聲音，使用大炮和煙火，發出響亮、恐怖的聲音。

Placing sharp spikes on areas where birds may perch up on to deny them anywhere convenient tow land or by bringing in sharp shooters with rifles or shotguns to keep their populations in check.

在鳥類可能棲息的地方放置尖銳的尖刺，以拒絕它們在任何地方方便拖土地或通過帶來尖銳的射手與步槍或獵槍，以保持他們的人口控制。

JFK Airport in New York used to experience a problem with the nearby colony of goals flying overhead.

紐約肯尼迪機場曾經遇到一個問題，附近的球門群飛過頭頂。

There was contributing up to 315 bird strikes on airplanes there per year.

每年有高達315次的鳥擊事件貢獻給那裡的飛機。

So they brought in snipers to begin shooting the birds as they flew over in 1991 hoping that it would encourage them to change their flight path toe somewhere else.

於是他們請來了狙擊手，在1991年鳥兒飛過的時候開始向它們射擊，希望這樣能鼓勵它們改變飛行路線，到別的地方去。

Within two years, they had shot down over 28,000 of those goals, which was about half of the population of the colony, and bird strikes on planes were reduced by 89%.

兩年內，他們擊落了其中的28000多個目標，約佔殖民地人口的一半，飛機上的鳥擊事件減少了89%。

A more humane method of avoiding bird strikes, though, has been the recent development of avian radar, which is surprisingly powerful.

不過，一種比較人性化的避免鳥擊的方法是最近開發的鳥類雷達，它的威力驚人。

The Dutch military, for example, has developed a system that they call radar observation of bird intensity, where Robin for short robin is capable of tracking thousands of birds simultaneously in real time, day and night.

例如，荷蘭軍方開發了一套他們稱之為雷達觀測鳥類強度的系統，其中Robin簡稱知更鳥，能夠同時實時跟蹤成千上萬只鳥類，無論白天還是黑夜。

With 360 degree coverage out to a range of 10 kilometers, updating every single birds position speed heading and size every 2 to 3 seconds.

360度覆蓋範圍達10公里，每2至3秒更新每隻鳥的位置、速度、方向和大小。

Deployment of Robin by the Royal Netherlands Air Force at air bases has been proven to reduce bird strikes by 50% as air traffic controllers air able to better alert pilots to flock of birds nearby during takeoff and landing procedures.

荷蘭皇家空軍在空軍基地部署羅賓已經被證明可以減少50%的鳥擊事件，因為空中交通管制員在起飛和降落程序中能夠更好地提醒飛行員注意附近的鳥群。

Still, the impacts of birds on planes, when they do hit, can be pretty devastating.

不過，鳥類對飛機的影響，當它們真的撞上的時候，還是很有破壞力的。

The force of an impact depends greatly on the weight of the bird, the speed difference between it and the plane, and the direction of the impact.

衝擊力很大程度上取決於鳥的重量、它和飛機之間的速度差以及衝擊的方向。

The energy of the impact increases with the square of the speed difference, which is why a low speed impact of a small bird on a car windshield causes very little damage.

撞擊的能量隨速度差的平方而增大，這就是為什麼小鳥低速撞擊汽車擋風玻璃造成的傷害很小的原因。

While a high speed impact with a jet can cause catastrophic damage, learning how and why airplanes or cars work is interesting, and while I'm not really qualified to tell you any of that, there are courses over a brilliant that are, and you can get started learning there right now for free at Brilliant or slash R L L.

雖然與噴氣式飛機的高速衝擊可能會造成災難性的損害，學習如何以及為什麼飛機或汽車的工作是有趣的，雖然我不是真的有資格告訴你任何，有課程超過一個輝煌的是，你可以開始學習有現在免費在輝煌或斜線R L L。

They, of course, have excellently designed courses on everything from classical mechanics and algebra two, A future upcoming course on automotive engineering.

當然，他們有出色的設計課程，從古典力學和代數二，未來即將開設的汽車工程課程。

They don't teach through basic memorization, either.

他們也不是通過基本的記憶來教學的。

They teach through, teaching you the principles behind a concept and guiding you to understand how to use those principles and context.

他們通過教學，教你一個概念背後的原理，並引導你理解如何使用這些原理和背景。

A brilliant addition to Brilliant is that you can now download their courses offline on their mobile app so that you can learn no matter where you are or what you're doing.

Brilliant的一個亮點是，你現在可以在他們的手機應用上離線下載他們的課程，這樣無論你在哪裡，或者你在做什麼，都可以學習。

It's a great way to fill in those small moments or commutes that you might have in your life.

這是一個很好的方式來填補你生活中可能有的那些小時刻或通勤。

You can start learning for free at brilliant dot org's slash R l l.

你可以在 brilliant dot org 的斜槓 R l l 開始免費學習。