New vaccines usually take between 10 and 15 years to get to market.

新疫苗通常需要10到15年才能上市。

But a year still won't be fast enough to hold off any upcoming outbreaks.

但一年的時間仍然無法快速抵擋任何即將到來的爆發。

What potentially will our treatments?

我們的治療會有什麼潛在的效果？

A treatment helps people who are already sick while the vaccine prevents a disease in healthy people.

一種治療方法可以幫助已經患病的人，而疫苗則可以預防健康人的疾病。

And that's the main reason of vaccine is going to take so long.

這也是疫苗需要這麼長時間的主要原因。

As of March 26th, there were over 120 different developers pursuing three different approaches to curing Cove in 19 repurpose drugs, new antibody treatments and vaccines vaccines.

截至3月26日，有超過120個不同的開發人員在19個重複使用的藥物，新的抗體治療和疫苗疫苗中追求三種不同的方法來治癒Cove。

Unfortunately, since we know it's given to healthy people, you really have to be very careful what you give because one you want to make sure it's super safe, that you're not going to cause something bad by just giving the vaccine.

不幸的是，因為我們知道它是給健康的人注射的，你真的要非常小心你給的東西，因為一個你要確保它的超級安全，你不會因為只給疫苗而導致一些不好的東西。

More importantly is that when you then get infection, that the vaccine is good to tackle the infection.

更重要的是，當你再感染的時候，疫苗是很好的解決感染的問題。

But it's not going to make the reactions so severe.

但不會讓反應如此嚴重。

Vaccines air designed to trigger an immune response without actually causing an infection.

疫苗的設計是為了引發免疫反應，而不實際造成感染。

By taking a weakened inactive or partial virus and introducing it to your system, it can start producing the right antibodies to fight it.

通過將弱化的非活性或部分病毒引入您的系統，它可以開始產生正確的抗體來對抗它。

Antibodies are created naturally by your body, but it takes time, weeks, sometimes months to produce one just the right shape to fit and therefore fight a virus your body hasn't seen before.

抗體是由你的身體自然產生的，但要產生一個形狀恰到好處的抗體需要時間，幾周，有時是幾個月，從而對抗你的身體沒有見過的病毒。

For some people facing the co vid 19 pandemic that's too long to wait, the infection could spread rapidly in the lungs, causing lasting damage or even kill a person before the body produces enough antibodies.

對於一些人來說，面臨的co vid 19大流行，等待的時間太長了，感染可能會在肺部迅速蔓延，在身體產生足夠的抗體之前，造成持久的傷害，甚至殺死一個人。

A vaccine allows your body to go through this process without the risk and sets it up with memory cells that will recognize the pathogen if it ever comes back, getting rid of it before you even know it's there.

疫苗可以讓您的身體在沒有風險的情況下完成這一過程，併為其建立記憶細胞，如果病原體再次出現，這些記憶細胞可以識別病原體，在您意識到病原體的存在之前就將其清除。

But vaccines have extra long clinical trial phases because it could take weeks or months for participant to develop immunity.

但疫苗的臨床試驗階段超長，因為參與者可能需要數週或數月才能產生免疫力。

Researchers then have to wait several more months to see if they get sick, since it would be unethical to expose them to the virus intentionally and because vaccines are meant to prevent, it's more difficult to get one approved for compassionate use like when you're already so sick that you are gonna die, you'll try anything and everything, right?

研究人員就得多等幾個月看他們是否生病，因為故意讓他們接觸病毒是不道德的，而且疫苗是用來預防的，所以要想獲得準許用於同情性使用的疫苗是比較困難的，比如當你已經病得快死了，你會什麼都試，對吧？

And so the FDA gives you permission to sometimes try nontraditional drugs because, you know, you're already pretty much, you know, almost dead, right?

所以食藥監局允許你有時嘗試非傳統藥物，因為你已經差不多了，你知道，幾乎死了，對嗎？

Dr.

博士

Maria Elena Botas e leads a team at Baylor College of Medicine that's working on a cove in 19 vaccine to, In fact, they're using old research, a vaccine candidate from SARS, one that they developed a decade ago.

瑪麗亞-埃萊娜-博塔斯e上司一個團隊在貝勒醫學院，工作在19疫苗到，事實上，他們正在使用舊的研究，從SARS的疫苗候選人，一個他們開發了十年前。

It's been frozen and constantly monitored ever since interest and funding ran out.

自從利息和資金用完後，就一直被凍結，並持續監控。

The virus that causes SARS and the virus that causes co vid 19 share about 70 to 80% of their genetic makeup, making this vaccine a good jumping off point.

引起SARS的病毒和引起co vid 19的病毒共享約70-80%的基因構成，是以這種疫苗是一個很好的跳板。

As it stands, the original vaccine could offer limited protection against Cove in 19 but it could also accelerate the development of a more effective vaccine.

就目前而言，原始疫苗可以在19年提供有限的保護，以防止庫夫，但它也可以加速開發更有效的疫苗。

It's a rapid switch strategy where you start doing some studies with the current SARS, you build evidence off safety by bringing that molecule to the clinic fast.

這是一個快速轉換的策略，你開始對目前的SARS進行一些研究，通過將該分子快速投入臨床，建立起安全性的證據。

You may then stop there and not pursue it, meaning not pursue it for licensure.

你就可以止步於此，不追究，也就是說不追究它的執照。

But by then we will have the other one, and you can rapidly bridge Bridget in and switch it in, and then you continue the studies with the other one that it's more specific.

但是到時候我們會有另外一個，你可以迅速把布里奇特橋接進來，然後把它換進來，然後你再繼續研究另外一個它比較特殊的。

But even with this head start, their vaccine still won't be widely available for at least 12 months after it's developed, the vaccine will move into safety and toxicity testing, followed by a clinical trial, then FDA approval.

但即使有了這樣的先機，他們的疫苗仍然無法廣泛使用，至少在疫苗研發出來後的12個月內，疫苗將進入安全性和毒性測試，然後進行臨床試驗，再由FDA準許。

And this is the case for all 40 plus vaccines currently in development.

而目前正在研發的40多種疫苗都是如此。

It's unlikely any of them will be finished and approved in time to affect this pandemic.

其中任何一個都不可能及時完成和準許，以影響這次大流行。

They could stop future outbreaks.

他們可以阻止未來的爆發。

Even the leading frontrunner for a vaccine, a candidate developed by Moderna that's already in human trials after unconventionally bypassing animal testing, is still looking at one year or longer for commercial release.

即使是疫苗的領跑者，Moderna公司開發的候選疫苗，在非常規地繞過動物試驗後，已經進入人體試驗，但商業化上市仍需一年或更長時間。

It would be a rare example of a vaccine being approved for compassionate use, but it is worth noting that the company is looking into emergency use of the experimental vaccine specifically for aid workers by fall of this year.

這將是一個罕見的疫苗被準許用於慈悲用途的例子，但值得注意的是，該公司正在研究在今年秋季之前緊急使用專門用於援助人員的實驗疫苗。

Besides taking too long, vaccines don't work well in people who are elderly or immunocompromised, two groups that are at high risk of dying from Cove in 19 antibody treatments get around that these treatments follow a similar path to vaccines toe widespread use.

除了需要太長的時間，疫苗在老年人或免疫力低下的人中效果不好，這兩個群體是在19種抗體治療中死於Cove的高風險得到周圍，這些治療遵循類似的路徑，疫苗到廣泛使用。

But instead of setting your body up to make antibodies itself, this treatment injects pre made antibodies into your system.

但這種治療不是讓你的身體自己製造抗體，而是將預先製造好的抗體注射到你的系統中。

They can be administered to people who are infected, and they'll start clearing the virus and they'll clear the infection within a matter of hours.

他們可以給被感染的人服用，他們會開始清除病毒，他們會在幾個小時內清除感染。

They will actually help people recover faster as well as reduced the mortality rate.

實際上，它們將幫助人們更快地恢復，以及降低死亡率。

They can be used preventatively, but they don't last long as vaccines dio, so they're primarily used as treatments.

它們可以用於預防，但它們不會像疫苗一樣持續很久的時間刁，所以它們主要用於治療。

But in this outbreak, medical professionals could benefit from a preventative antibody treatment, so antibodies usually take a while to.

但在這次爆發中，醫務人員可以從預防性的抗體治療中獲益，所以抗體通常需要一段時間。

But we're doing something that is extremely rapid, and that's because we've already let nature do half of the work for us.

但我們做的事情是極其迅速的，那是因為我們已經讓大自然為我們做了一半的工作。

Sara IVs and other scientists at Distributed Bio are working on a monoclonal antibody based on one that is already able to neutralize a SARS infection.

Sara IVs和分佈式生物公司的其他科學家正在研究一種基於已經能夠中和SARS感染的單克隆抗體。

Because these people have already created these antibodies in their bodies and we are just taking those resource is because people have already studied them already, published their sequences, and we're cutting out months.

因為這些人已經在他們的身體裡創造了這些抗體，而我們只是把這些資源，是因為人們已經研究了他們的身體，發表了他們的序列，而我們正在削減幾個月的時間。

Two years of the drug development process.

兩年的藥物研發過程。

Once the team identifies the new antibodies that fit the cove in 19 virus, the tightest it still has to go through the same trials of vaccine does, but a shorter version.

一旦團隊確定了新的抗體，適合在19病毒的海灣，最嚴格的它仍然要通過相同的試驗的疫苗做，但一個較短的版本。

The team hopes to have a drug available for widespread use by early fall of this year, and they're just one of more than 20 developers hoping to create a successful antibody treatment.

該團隊希望在今年初秋之前有一種藥物可以廣泛使用，他們只是20多個希望創造成功的抗體治療的開發者之一。

Finally, repurposed drugs could be available as early as April.

最後，再利用的藥物最早可能在4月份上市。

Those air drugs that the FDA or another regulator has already approved to treat other diseases.

那些美國食品和藥物管理局或其他監管機構已經準許用於治療其他疾病的空氣藥物。

And that could work for Covad.

而這對科瓦德來說，可能是可行的。

19.

19.

Repurposed drugs don't need to go through as much testing as experimental ones, which makes a great case for compassionate use and could already exist in large quantities.

再利用的藥物不需要像實驗性藥物那樣經過大量的測試，這就為同情性使用提供了很好的理由，而且可能已經大量存在。

The World Health Organization has started global trials on the four treatments that look the most promising three repurpose treatments alongside one experimental drug.

世界衛生組織已經開始對四種治療方法進行全球試驗，這四種治療方法看起來最有希望，三種重複使用的治療方法與一種實驗性藥物一起。

But there's no guarantee that any will work.

但不能保證任何一個都能用。

One of these treatments, a drug combo used to treat HIV, already failed in a small Chinese study.

其中一種治療方法，即用於治療HIV的藥物組合，在中國的一項小型研究中已經失敗。

But the W H O believes a larger trial with potentially thousands of participants in dozens of countries is warranted The study is unusual for going the traditional double blind method, which opens the study up to the possibility of placebo effects.

但W H O認為更大的試驗與潛在的數千名參與者在幾十個國家是授權該研究是不尋常的去傳統的雙盲方法，這打開了研究到安慰劑效應的可能性。

But it also means they could move faster and get answers and hopefully a cure as soon as possible.

但這也意味著他們可以更快地行動起來，得到答案，並希望儘快治癒。

As of March 24th, the FDA had approved the use of convalescent plasma as an investigational treatment on a limited basis.

截至3月24日，FDA已準許將療養血漿作為一種研究性治療方法有限度地使用。

It involves taking blood plasma from a person who's recovered from Cove in 19 testing it for antibodies and injecting the plasma or a derivative of it, into someone who's sick.

它涉及到從一個從科夫康復的人身上抽取血漿，在19日測試它的抗體，並將血漿或它的衍生物，注射到生病的人身上。

It's worked in the past, but not on every disease.

這在過去是有效的，但不是對每一種疾病都有效。

So it's not certain if it will be safe or effective for Cove in 19.

所以19年的科沃斯是否安全有效還不確定。

Which is why, outside of clinical trials, it's on Lee being approved for use in patients with serious or life threatening infections, even if it is proven toe work.

這就是為什麼在臨床試驗之外，它在李被準許用於嚴重或危及生命的感染患者，即使它被證明是趾工作。

Convalescent plasma isn't scalable.

療養血漿是不可擴展的。

The treatment requires large amounts of donated blood from recovered patients, and each donation could be given toe on Lee, a handful of sick patients, so there's no way to manufacturer or distributed as widely as needed for a pandemic.

治療需要大量康復患者的捐獻血液，而每一次捐獻都可以給李上趾，少量的病患者，所以沒有辦法生產或廣泛分佈，以滿足流行病的需要。

Thes timelines are a best case scenario where nothing goes wrong for both treatments and vaccines.

這些時間表是最好的情況，治療和疫苗都不會出問題。

There's the potential.

有潛力。

They won't be approved by the FDA for safety or efficacy reasons.

它們不會因為安全或功效的原因而被FDA準許。

And even if they do get through the approval stage, there's still the issue of making sure there's enough to go around.

而即使真的通過了審批階段，也要保證有足夠的資金。

So there's There's three layers of issues, right?

所以有三層問題，對吧？

So there's the money issues that you don't have enough and be quite on is never enough scalability and suitability, right?

所以有資金的問題，你沒有足夠的，要相當上是永遠沒有足夠的擴展性和適用性，對吧？

You know.

你知道的

So the logistical piece of not only making it but delivering it and this you need it and you know how how often do you make them?

所以物流這塊不僅要做，還要送，這個你需要，你知道你多久做一次嗎？

Where do you store them?

你把它們存放在哪裡？

Who's gonna buy them?

誰會買他們？

We're going to need significant financial and government support so that we can scale up these antibodies and manufacture them at a high enough capacity to be delivered to hundreds and hundreds of thousands of people.

我們需要大量的資金和政府支持，這樣我們才能擴大這些抗體的規模，並以足夠高的產能生產這些抗體，以交付給成千上萬的人。

Both treatments and vaccines are valuable and necessary for fighting cove it 19 but the bottom line is that we likely won't see any way to medically treat or prevent this disease for weeks.

治療和疫苗都是有價值和必要的戰鬥隩它19，但底線是我們很可能不會看到任何方法來醫學治療或預防這種疾病的幾個星期。

All of the developers are working on fairly parallel timelines, simultaneously trying to make long term and short term solutions available to the global public and the rest of us could help by staying home.

所有的開發者都在相當平行的時間表上工作，同時試圖向全球公眾提供長期和短期的解決方案，而我們其餘的人可以通過留在家裡來幫助。

Social distancing and self quarantine are the only measures that we can take right now.

社會疏遠和自我隔離是我們現在唯一能採取的措施。

Thio mitigate the spread of this virus.

Thio減輕這種病毒的傳播。

But when we have a medicine, it will allow people to go back to work.

但是，當我們有了藥，就可以讓人們回去工作了。

And even if the virus does start to come back in ways, it will still reduce the burden on the health care system as well as our economy.

而且即使病毒真的開始以各種方式復發，也會減輕醫療系統以及我國經濟的負擔。