Name: 為什麼我們破壞了世界第四大湖泊？ (Why We Destroyed the World's 4th Largest Lake)
Uploaded: 2020-10-23T22:37:57.000Z
Duration: 6 min 16 s

基礎被動語態

This video was made possible by Brilliant.

這個視頻是由Brilliant公司製作的。

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在Brilliant.org/reallifelore報名的前200名，可享受20%的優惠。

During the time that the British ruled India

The British Government became concerned about the number of venomous snakes around Delhi

英國政府開始關注德里周圍毒蛇的數量。

for every dead cobra that people brought them.

每一條死掉的眼鏡蛇，人們給他們帶來。

that you could simply breed the snakes in large numbers

and the snake breeders let their now worthless cobras go

蛇類飼養者讓他們現在不值錢的眼鏡蛇走了。

whenever somebody tries to solve a problem

with a solution that end up  making the original problem even worse

the situation has been called the cobra effect

And one of the worst cobra effects in history

也是歷史上最糟糕的眼鏡蛇效應之一。

during the last half of the twentieth century

on a lake that used to be called The Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was the world's fourth largest lake

and a vital piece of the local ecosystem that surrounded it.

以及圍繞著它的當地生態系統的重要一環。

And supported a thriving community of fishing towns and port cities.

並支撐起了一個繁榮的漁城和港口城市的社會。

And when you look at different world maps over the past few centuries

而當你看到過去幾個世紀的不同世界地圖時

and even when you look at pictures taken from airplanes in the 1960's

甚至當你看到從60年代的飛機上拍攝的照片的時候

But then compare all of these images with an image taken by NASA just last year

但是，再把所有這些圖片與美國宇航局去年剛剛拍攝的一張圖片進行對比。

This is the same lake in the same place today

這就是今天同一個地方的湖泊。

Tracing satellite images back from the past few decades can start to unravel part of the mystery

追溯過去幾十年的衛星影像，可以開始揭開部分謎團。

These pictures show that the lake began drying up in the 1960's, when it was last full

這些圖片顯示，湖水在20世紀60年代開始乾涸，最後一次滿湖的時候

So, what caused it all to start in the first place?

那麼，當初是什麼原因導致了這一切的發生呢？

But there's more behind the story than just that

The Aral Sea alone provided 1/6th of all the fish in the country

but a few poor decisions ended up erasing this entire natural landmark

但幾個錯誤的決定最終抹去了整個自然地標。

and all of those jobs from the surface of the Earth

以及所有這些來自地球表面的工作。

You see, this guy named Stalin became the leader of the USSR

你看，這個叫斯大林的傢伙成了蘇聯的領導人。

And he believed that his government could transform nature itself to benefit his people

而且他相信他的政府可以改造自然本身，以造福人民。

There are two rivers that used to feed the Aral Sea

有兩條河流曾經是鹹海的水源。

Stalin's plan was to have his engineers divert water from both of these rivers

斯大林的計劃是讓他的工程師從這兩條河裡引水過來

by digging canals towards new fields that would be planted across Uzbekistan

在烏茲別克斯坦全國各地開挖新田地的運河。

The plan was to make cotton a major Soviet export at any cost

計劃是不惜一切代價，讓棉花成為蘇聯的主要出口產品。

And little regard was given to what would happen to the Aral and the community surrounding it

而很少考慮到阿拉爾和周圍社區的情況。

By 1988, Uzbekistan became the world's largest producer of cotton

到1988年，烏茲別克斯坦成為世界上最大的棉花生產國。

And the Soviets were exporting it across the world

Those canals that the Soviets began finishing in the 1960's

蘇聯在20世紀60年代開始整理的那些運河。

were not only taking enormous amounts of water from the lake

不僅從湖中抽取了大量的水，而且還從湖中抽取了大量的水。

but they were also insanely inefficient and leaked constantly

但它們的效率也非常低下，並且不斷地洩漏。

As a result, the fourth largest lake in the world began steadingly drying up

是以，世界第四大湖泊開始逐漸乾涸。

By 1998, it had shrunk to just 60 percent of its original size

到1998年，它的規模已經縮小到只有原來的60%。

And by 2004, it was down to only 25 percent of its original size

而到了2004年，它的規模只剩下了原來的25%。

But in addition to this, the other half of the disaster was the rapidly increasing levels of salt

但除此之外，災難的另一半是鹽分的急劇增加。

What remained of the lake in 2004 was five times saltier than it was back in the 1960's

2004年，湖水中殘留的鹽分是上世紀60年代的5倍。

Which meant that basically the entire ecosystem and the creatures that once lived in and around it

這意味著，基本上整個生態系統和曾經生活在其中的生物和周圍的生態系統

the larges coastal port town named Heralsk

That was the center of the lake's fishing economy

那是湖區漁業經濟的中心地帶。

was now located over a hundred kilometers away from the water

現在位於距離水面一百多公里的地方。

and was surrounded by dried up, worthless land

四周都是乾涸的不值錢的土地。

As the lake receded further, it created a new gigantic desert

隨著湖水的進一步退去，它形成了一個新的巨大的沙漠。

instead, covered in salt that made it worthless for things like agriculture

而不是用鹽來代替，使它不適合做農活等事情

But that's still not the end of the tragedy

Because the lake was often used as a dumping ground for toxic chemicals and weapons for decades, too

因為幾十年來，該湖也經常被用作有毒化學品和武器的傾倒場。

those chemicals and weapons were just sitting out in the open

這些化學品和武器只是坐在外面的開放。

and the winds have began kicking all of this up into huge toxic dust storms

風開始把這些東西踢成巨大的有毒沙塵暴

Life around the former Aral Sea today, is a harsh one.

如今，前鹹海一帶的生活，是很殘酷的。

Infant moratlity is very high, at 75 deaths per 1,000 births

嬰兒死亡率非常高，每1 000名新生兒有75名死亡；

If the Aral Sea region were its own country, that would be the fifth worst rate in the world

如果鹹海地區是自己的國家，那將是世界上第五個最差的比率。

Even worse than countries like Nigeria or Mali

甚至比尼日利亞或馬裡等國家還糟糕

The cotton boom that was once exploding in Uzbekistan

烏茲別克斯坦曾經爆發的棉花熱潮

has been challenged by the rampant dust storms that deposity salt and toxins across their fields

已受到沙塵暴肆虐的挑戰，鹽分和毒素沉積在他們的田地裡。

Even more water is being used from the Aral Sea rivers to wash away the salt

更多的水從鹹海的河流中被用來洗去鹽分。

and the lake is just a fraction of what it once was

而湖水只是它曾經的一小部分。

Down to only 10% of its original size now

but so far the legacy of bad soviet engineering policy still looms high

但至今為止，蘇聯劣質工程政策的遺留問題仍舊高高在上

over the lives of those who still live here

對那些仍然生活在這裡的人的生活的影響

and haven't fled from one of the worst cobra effects in history

並沒有從歷史上最嚴重的眼鏡蛇效應中逃出來。

If you want to become an engineer that will hopefully work on more successful projects in the future

如果你想成為一名工程師，希望將來能在更多的成功項目中工作。

Two things you absolutely need a solid grasp on are math and physics

你絕對需要紮紮實實地掌握兩樣東西，就是數學和物理。

And Brilliant is a great place to quickly learn about both

而輝煌是一個很好的地方，可以快速瞭解到這兩點

because their courses breakdown concepts into their intuitive principles

因為他們的課程將概念分解為他們的直觀原理。

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為什麼我們破壞了世界第四大湖泊？ (Why We Destroyed the World's 4th Largest Lake)

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