In fact, it causes 90% of the loss of lives

事實上，90%的生命損失是由它造成的。

related to powerful storms.

與強風暴有關。

But when meteorologists talk about a Category 3 system

但當氣象學家談論三類系統時

headed their way, that classification

駛向他們的方向，該分類

just takes wind speed into account.

只是把風速考慮在內。

There's no single scale to indicate

沒有一個單一的尺度來表示

both how strong and how wet the systems are.

無論是系統的強度還是溼潤程度。

In general, we tell people in the meteorological community

一般情況下，我們告訴氣象界的人們

to hide from the wind, but run from the water.

躲避風頭，卻要逃避水面。

But if we know water can actually cause more damage,

但是如果我們知道水其實會造成更大的傷害。

why haven't we updated the way we measure hurricanes?

為什麼我們沒有更新我們測量颶風的方式？

Let's take a look back.

讓我們來回顧一下。

The Saffir-Simpson scale, going from 1 to 5,

Saffir-Simpson量表，從1到5。

measures the speed of sustained winds of a hurricane.

測量颶風的持續風速。

It was developed in the 1970s to calculate

它是在20世紀70年代開發的，用於計算

how much wind can impact property.

風對財產的影響有多大。

A storm becomes a Category 1 hurricane

風暴成為一級颶風

when winds reach 74 miles per hour.

當風速達到每小時74英里時。

This kind of speed can damage roofs,

這種速度會損壞屋頂。

sidings, and knock large branches out of trees.

邊，並將大樹枝打掉。

Major hurricanes start at Category 3

主要颶風從3級開始

once winds increase to 111 miles per hour.

一旦風速增加到每小時111英里。

They can cause devastating destruction

它們會造成毀滅性的破壞

to well-constructed buildings.

到建造良好的建築物。

And there's a high chance of injury or death.

而且很有可能受傷或死亡。

Category 5 hurricanes have winds over 157 miles per hour,

5級颶風的風速超過每小時157英里。

and are the top of the scale.

並且是最頂級的。

These systems can devastate large areas,

這些系統可以破壞大片區域。

leaving them uninhabitable for months.

讓他們幾個月都無法居住。

But again, this is just from the winds.

但這又只是從風。

It doesn't take into consideration

它沒有考慮到

the impacts of storm surge and rain.

風暴潮和雨水的影響。

Storm surge happens when winds push water from the sea

風暴潮發生時，風把水從海里推上來。

onto the land, flooding large areas.

到土地上，淹沒了大片土地。

It's fast, powerful, and can send 10 to 20 feet of water

它速度快，威力大，可以送10到20英尺的水。

several miles inland from the coast.

距離海岸幾英里的內陸。

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest storms

颶風卡特里娜是最致命的風暴之一。

to ever hit the mainland United States.

襲擊美國本土的。

But its 127 miles per hour winds

但它的風速是127英里/小時

meant it was only classified as a Category 3

意味著它只被列為第三類

when it made landfall in Louisiana.

當它在路易斯安那州登陸時。

The water broke the levies protecting New Orleans.

水流衝破了保護新奧爾良的堤壩。

And within a day, about 80% of the city was underwater.

而在一天之內，約有80%的城市被淹沒。

With Hurricane Katrina in 2005,

隨著2005年卡特里娜颶風。

we really didn't, we didn't have in the collective

我們真的沒有，我們沒有在集體中的

public mindset the difference between a really large

公眾心態與真正的大公司之間的區別

powerful storm and a compact powerful storm.

強大的風暴和緊湊的強大風暴。

The pictures and the memories of Katrina

卡特里娜的照片和回憶

aren't really about the wind damage.

並不是真正的風災。

It's mostly about the storm surge,

這主要是關於風暴潮。

the levies failing in New Orleans, things like that.

新奧爾良的徵收失敗，這樣的事情。

And even smaller Category 1 systems

甚至更小的第1類系統

like Hurricane Dolly, which slammed South Texas in 2008,

如2008年襲擊南德克薩斯的颶風 "多莉"。

can leave behind death and destruction for the same reason.

可以留下死亡和毀滅的原因是一樣的。

For a while, the Saffir-Simpson Scale

有一段時間，薩菲爾-辛普森量表。

also categorized storm surge,

也歸類為風暴潮。

but it became difficult to communicate

但卻難以溝通

the specific dangers of each storm to the public

每場風暴對公眾的具體危險性

since the threats from water and wind can be so different.

因為來自水和風的威脅可能是如此不同。

So in 2017, NOAA's National Hurricane Center

所以在2017年，NOAA的國家颶風中心。

started issuing official storm surge watches and warnings.

開始發佈官方的風暴潮預警和警告。

What's different about the storm surge warning

風暴潮預警有什麼不同

is what's different about the storm surge.

是風暴潮的不同之處。

It can occur in somewhat different locations

它可能發生在一些不同的地方

than the strongest wind, and at different times.

比最強的風，而且在不同的時間。

These advisories are key to helping people prepare,

這些建議是幫助人們做好準備的關鍵。

even if they're not directly in the path of a storm.

即使他們不直接在風暴的路徑。

But they still leave out potential flooding

但他們仍然忽略了潛在的洪水

that could be caused by rainfall,

可能是由降雨引起的。

which is a whole other advisory from NOAA.

這是一個完整的其他諮詢 從諾阿。

You need to know if your location's going to be

你需要知道你的位置是否會被。

impacted by storm surge, or potentially freshwater flooding

受風暴潮影響，或潛在的淡水氾濫。

that occurs from incredible rainfall amounts.

這是由不可思議的降雨量所產生的。

Because the time to evacuate, or whatever,

因為到了撤離的時間，或者是什麼。

isn't when the water is rising into your home,

是不是當水漲到你家的時候。

or business. It's beforehand.

或業務。這是事先。

The Saffir-Simpson scale's historical popularity

薩菲爾-辛普森量表的歷史知名度

and basic 1-to-5 format

和1對5的基本格式

means it's unlikely to go away anytime soon.

意味著它不可能很快消失。

But there are a few alternatives out there,

但也有一些替代品。

like the Hurricane Severity Index, owned by StormGeo,

如StormGeo所擁有的颶風嚴重程度指數。

a private weather intelligence company.

一傢俬營氣象情報公司。

It uses a 50-point scale that measures

它採用50分制，衡量

the size of a hurricane and the intensity of its winds.

颶風的大小和風的強度；

Each component gets 25 points, to be more precise.

準確的說，每個部件都能得到25分。

Size is very important because it matters

尺寸是非常重要的，因為它很重要

for the aerial extent of the impact,

為空中影響範圍。

how much time a hurricane's going to hit you.

颶風會在多長時間內襲擊你。

Things like storm surge, wave heights,

比如風暴潮、波浪高度。

rain amounts are greater.

雨量較大。

The HSI can also help people compare storms

恆指還可以幫助人們比較風暴

they might have already experienced

他們可能已經經歷了

to get an idea of what to expect.

以獲得一個預期的想法。

The index would have placed Katrina's damage potential

該指數會將卡特里娜颶風的潛在破壞性放在首位

in line with a Category 5.

符合5類。

While its intensity was only 13 out of 25,

雖然其強度只有25分之13。

its size was a 23 out of 25.

其規模為23分（25分）。

But media outlets rarely use the index as a tool,

但媒體很少將指數作為工具。

relying mostly on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

主要依靠薩菲爾-辛普森量表。

Most journalists include NOAA's storm surge advisories

大多數記者都將NOAA的風暴潮諮詢納入其中。

in their reports as well.

在他們的報告中也有。

But most of the attention around a storm

但大部分的注意力都圍繞著一場風暴

still seems to center on the category it falls under.

似乎還是集中在它所屬的類別上。

Atlantic hurricane season goes from

大西洋颶風季節從

June 1 to November 30.

6月1日至11月30日。

And 2020 has been a particularly active one.

而2020年是一個特別活躍的年份。

With things like climate change and a warming world,

隨著氣候變化和世界變暖等事情。

hurricanes are more, there's going to be

颶風多了，就會有。

more intense hurricanes making landfall.

更強烈的颶風登陸。

NOAA predicted 19 to 25 named storms.

NOAA預測19到25個命名的風暴。

And as of September 21, we've already had 23.

而截止到9月21日，我們已經有23個。

That's already beaten last year's 18 named storms,

這已經打敗了去年的18次命名風暴。

which was also above average.

這也是高於平均水平的。

And even as weather forecasting has been

而即使天氣預報已經

refined and improved, experts say there's no substitute

精益求精，專家稱無可替代。

for always being ready for a storm to hit.

因為時刻準備著迎接暴風雨的襲擊。

We have to make sure everybody understands

我們必須確保每個人都明白

that the forecasts aren't perfect.

預測並不完美。

And sometimes the storm does something

有時候，暴風雪會做一些事情

not quite what we forecast,

和我們預測的不太一樣。

and you really need to be prepared.

而你真的需要做好準備。

Most importantly, follow the advice

最重要的是，按照建議

of your local emergency management officials.

你當地的應急管理官員。