And it's a little different

而且還有點不同

from your typical fishy scales.

從典型的魚鱗。

It's made up of thousands of dermal denticles,

它是由成千上萬的真皮小齒組成的。

the toothlike structures you can see here.

你可以在這裡看到的齒狀結構。

And they're tough.

而且他們很強悍。

So tough that sharkskin by itself

鯊魚皮本身就很堅硬

can badly injure animals.

會嚴重傷害動物。

The trick to sharkskin is not just those denticles;

鯊魚皮的訣竅不僅僅是那些小齒。

it's how they're structured.

這就是他們的結構。

All those denticles point backward,

所有這些小齒都指向後方。

making them smooth one way

使其順暢

but incredibly sharp and rough the other,

但令人難以置信的尖銳和粗糙的其他。

sort of like tiles on a roof.

有點像屋頂上的瓦片。

That specific shape and alignment

那特定的形狀和排列

interact with water in astounding ways.

以驚人的方式與水互動。

Those grooved channels disrupt the flow,

那些溝槽通道擾亂了流動。

forcing the water past and away from the shark's body,

迫使水過去，遠離鯊魚的身體。

significantly reducing drag

顯著降低阻力

and even pulling sharks forward.

甚至拉著鯊魚向前走。

And unlike whales and manatees,

而不像鯨魚和海牛。

which are coated in barnacles and algae,

其中塗有藤壺和藻類。

that same tiled pattern helps prevent those freeloaders

同樣的模式有助於防止那些白吃白喝的人。

from hitching a ride on sharks.

從搭上鯊魚的順風車。

And all of these properties have inspired engineers

而所有這些特性都激發了工程師們的靈感

to create the first antibacterial man-made pattern,

以創造第一個抗菌人造圖案。

led, in part, by this man.

在一定程度上，由這個人上司。

Tony Brennan: I am founder, chairman of the board,

託尼-布倫南：我是創始人、董事長。

and chief technology officer for Sharklet Technologies.

和Sharklet Technologies的首席技術官。

Narrator: Tony and his team have mimicked

旁白：託尼和他的團隊模仿了

the sharkskin pattern.

鯊魚皮圖案。

Brennan: This is a diamond shape that all shark scales have.

Brennan:這是一個菱形 所有的鯊魚鱗片都有。

Narrator: And copied it onto a scalable surface.

然後把它複製到一個可擴展的表面上並將其複製到一個可擴展的表面。

Brennan: But when you try to draw that,

布倫南。但是，當你試圖繪製，

you end up with these two diamonds here that I've got.

你最終與這兩顆鑽石在這裡，我已經得到了。

Narrator: To work, the pattern Tony is holding

旁白：為了工作，Tony手上的圖案

is scaled down to about 3 microns tall

縮小到約3微米高。

and 2 microns wide.

和2微米寬。

Then it's imprinted onto a film,

然後印到膠片上。

creating millions of these microscopic channeled patterns.

創造了數以百萬計的這些微觀的通道圖案。

Brennan: But if you look at this

布倫南。但如果你看這個

and you look at this direction,

而你看這個方向。

you see channels.

你看管道。

If you look at this direction,

如果你從這個方向看。

you don't see any channels. It's walls.

你沒有看到任何管道。這是牆壁。

That key element there provides an asymmetry.

這個關鍵因素在那裡提供了一個不對稱性。

And so water droplets behave differently,

所以水滴的表現也不同。

depending on if you're tipping it this way,

就看你是不是這樣小費了。

this way, or at an angle.

這樣，或從一個角度。

Narrator: It's the precise alignment

旁白：是精確的排列

of these asymmetrical lines and channels

這些不對稱線和通道的

that make it really hard for bacteria

讓細菌很難

to attach and colonize.

來附著和殖民。

For bacteria to grow, they need a few things.

細菌要生長，需要一些東西。

First, they like to be in a liquid droplet.

首先，他們喜歡在液滴中。

Brennan: So if I take this surface and I say to you,

布倫南所以，如果我把這個表面，我對你說，

I'm gonna take a droplet of water

我要喝一滴水

and put it down on this surface.

並把它放在這個表面。

Here comes the water droplet.

水滴來了。

And if you look at this,

而如果你看這個。

the water is not going down into the channels.

水是不會往下流進管道的。

It's staying on top.

是留在上面。

That's the major secret to Sharklet.

這就是小鯊魚的主要祕密。

Narrator: Without being able to attach,

旁白：沒有能力附加。

the droplet should simply roll off the Sharklet surface,

液滴應該簡單地從Sharklet表面滾落。

just like water pushes past typical sharkskin.

就像水推過去典型的鯊魚皮。

Secondly, bacteria like to stick together

其次，細菌喜歡粘在一起

and form what is known as a biofilm.

並形成所謂的生物膜。

Christopher Jones: A biofilm's a community of bacteria

克里斯托弗-瓊斯生物膜是一個細菌群落。

that adheres to a surface,

粘在表面上的。

and they make their own matrix,

而他們自己做的矩陣。

kind of like the glue or the cement

如膠似漆

that will hold a bacterium to a surface.

會將細菌吸附在表面。

And other bacteria can stick to that initial colonizer.

而其他的細菌可以粘在那個最初的殖民者身上。

Narrator: Let's say a bacteria-filled droplet

旁白：比方說一個充滿細菌的液滴

fails to roll off the surface.

未能從表面滾落。

The bacteria will then fall into one of the many channels.

細菌就會落入眾多管道中的一個。

But the unique pattern makes it extremely difficult

但獨特的模式讓它變得非常困難

for bacteria to find one another and link up

細菌之間的相互尋找和聯繫

like they would on a smooth surface.

就像他們在光滑的表面上一樣。

So while other antibacterial products

是以，當其他抗菌產品

typically look to kill biofilms after they've formed,

一般來說，在生物膜形成後，就會對其進行殺滅。

Sharklet stops those biofilms

Sharklet能阻止這些生物膜

from forming in the first place.

從一開始就形成。

This makes it especially useful in hospital settings.

這使得它在醫院環境中特別有用。

With microorganisms unable to attach to the surface,

隨著微生物無法附著在表面。

the film minimizes spread from surface to surface,

薄膜最大限度地減少了從表面到表面的擴散。

one of the main causes of disease transmission.

疾病傳播的主要原因之一。

Jones: We show over 95% reduction in touch transfer

瓊斯。我們顯示出95%以上的接觸轉移減少

with Sharklet pattern compared to smooth

與光滑的鯊魚圖案相比，鯊魚圖案

on multiple types of bacteria and fungi.

對多種類型的細菌和真菌。

Narrator: That includes Staphylococcus aureus

包括金黃色葡萄球菌包括金黃色的葡萄球菌

and E. coli.

和大腸桿菌。

And Candida albicans, the fungi responsible for thrush,

而白色念珠菌，是鵝口瘡的真菌。

showed over a 99% reduction in touch transfer.

表明觸摸傳輸減少了99%以上。

And the pattern has also worked on viruses.

而這種模式在病毒上也有作用。

Recent work has looked at influenza B

最近的工作是研究乙型流感

and a coronavirus that's a close cousin of SARS-CoV-2.

和SARS -CoV -2的近親的冠狀病毒。

Jones: And we show 80 to 85% reduction of transfer

瓊斯。我們顯示80至85％的轉移減少

of coronavirus and influenza

冠狀病毒和流感病毒

on our commercially available films.

在我們的商業電影上。

Narrator: Since Sharklet is simply a film,

旁白：因為《小鯊魚》只是一部電影

it can be applied almost anywhere.

它幾乎可以應用在任何地方。

In healthcare, they've begun adding it

在醫療方面，他們已經開始添加

to personal protective equipment

個人防護設備

like face shields and gowns.

如面盾和禮服。

Jones: If you intelligently apply

瓊斯。如果你聰明地運用

where you put the Sharklet,

你把Sharklet放在哪裡？

let's say things like elevator buttons, handrails,

比方說電梯按鈕、扶手等東西。

doorknobs, things that are very high-touch surfaces,

門把手，這些東西都是很高的接觸面。

you're really limiting the amount of exposure

你真的限制了你的曝光量。

from person to person.

因人而異。

Narrator: Yoga mats, pacifiers, pens,

旁白： 瑜伽墊、奶嘴、筆、筆瑜伽墊，奶嘴，筆。

and shopping carts are also being explored

和購物車也在探索中

and manufactured with the Sharklet pattern.

並採用鯊魚紋製造。

While the technology isn't a replacement

雖然該技術並不能替代

for cleaning surfaces, washing your hands,

用於清潔表面、洗手。

or wearing face masks,

或戴口罩。

it's an additional tool that can help

它是一個額外的工具，可以幫助

fight the spread of diseases.

與疾病的傳播作鬥爭；

But Sharklet isn't alone.

但Sharklet並不孤單。

Engineers are now using sharkskin as a model

工程師們現在正在使用鯊魚皮作為模型。

for a whole heap of technologies,

為一大堆技術。

like anti-barnacle paint, underwater robots,

如防藤漆、水下機器人。

and even on airplane wings to reduce drag.

甚至在飛機機翼上也能減少阻力。

So it's safe to say that you might not

所以，可以說，你可能不會。

look at sharks the same ever again,

看看鯊魚相同的永遠再次。

and we've only just skimmed the surface.

而我們才剛剛掠過表面。