place since the beginning of oil.

地方自石油開始。

And while that is an effective way to move thousands of gallons of petroleum around the

雖然這是一個有效的方式來移動數千加侖的石油周圍的

world.

岍。

There is of course the risk of oil spills.

當然，也有溢油的風險。

Those unfortunate events have wreaked havoc

這些不幸的事件造成了嚴重的破壞。

on marine ecosystems, bringing to mind images of sinking ships, black beaches, and oil-soaked wildlife.

關於海洋生態系統，讓人聯想到沉沒的船隻、黑色的海灘和沾滿油汙的野生動物的畫面。

International Bird Rescue was founded in 1971, in response to a major oil spill outside of

國際鳥類救援組織成立於1971年，是為了應對國外的一次重大漏油事件。

the Golden Gate Bridge - about 800,000 gallons of crude oil spilled.

金門大橋--約80萬加侖的原油洩漏。

And at the time, there was absolutely no recognized practice of what to do with oiled wildlife

而在當時，對於如何處理油汙的野生動物，完全沒有公認的做法。

and especially oil birds.

尤其是油鳥。

International Bird Rescue's mission is to inspire people to take

國際鳥類救援組織的使命是激勵人們採取有效的措施來保護鳥類。

action on behalf of the natural world.

代表自然界的行動；

We do it by rescuing water birds in crisis but we hope that people choose to do it in

我們的做法是救助危難中的水鳥，但我們希望大家選擇在

their every day.

他們的每一天。

We've all seen images of birds affected by spills, the kind of birds the International

我們都見過受洩漏影響的鳥類的圖片，這種鳥類是國際鳥類協會的成員。

Bird Rescue aspires to rescue and rehabilitate.

鳥類救援志在救援和康復。

But to really understand why oil is so damaging to seabirds and the urgency in which the International

但要真正瞭解石油對海鳥的危害為何如此之大，以及國際社會對石油的緊迫性。

Bird Rescue does their job.

鳥類救援做他們的工作。

We have to understand the unique physiology of seabirds at the microscopic level.

我們必須從微觀層面瞭解海鳥的獨特生理。

This is an extreme close up of a bird feather.

這是一個鳥類羽毛的極致特寫。

And these are the barbs and barbules that when lined up, make these marine animals both

而這些都是倒鉤和倒刺，當這些倒鉤和倒刺排成一排的時候，使得這些海洋動物既是

waterproof and buoyant.

防水和浮力。

Obviously important traits for birds that spend their days on

顯然，對於終日奔波的鳥兒來說，這些特徵非常重要。

the water.

的水。

When they have lined up just right, almost like Velcro.

當它們排得剛剛好，幾乎像魔術貼一樣。

That will become an impenetrable surface, and that will keep the heat in the water out.

這將成為一個堅不可摧的表面，這將使水裡的熱氣無法進入。

And it's the work done with their beak in preening that realigns the little barbs and

而它們的嘴在準備過程中所做的工作就是將這些小倒鉤和...

barbules in the feathers and it is a physical structure of those feathers that makes them

羽毛中的倒刺，而正是這些羽毛的物理結構，使它們成為

waterproof and that's the really the amazing part of it.

防水，這才是真正的神奇之處。

But it really is more than just waterproofing.

但它真的不僅僅是防水。

It's about being able to thermoregulate in cold water environments.

就是要在冷水環境中能夠進行體溫調節。

When birds encounter this soil, it affects their feathers ability to line up those bards and barbules.

當鳥兒遇到這種土壤時，就會影響它們的羽毛排列那些巴豆和巴豆的能力。

Oil clumps.

油塊。

You can see that when you pour oil on water or even when you make salad.

當你把油倒在水裡，甚至做沙拉的時候，你都可以看到這一點。

On feathers, it creates a clumping as well where those structures

在羽毛上，它也會產生一個團塊，在那裡這些結構

are not, they're wet, they're they're actually

不是，他們是溼的，他們是 他們實際上是。

stuck almost gummed together.

幾乎膠著在一起。

The gumming will ultimately prevent the birds from creating their Velcro-like seal.

膠水最終會阻止鳥兒製造他們的魔術貼一樣的密封。

And it really can be the smallest little spot of contamination can be the end of a bird.

而它真的可以是一個最小的小汙染點，可以是一隻鳥的結局。

Because waterproofing is so critical to their survival birds will unsuccessfully tried to

由於防水對鳥類的生存至關重要，所以鳥類會在嘗試不成功的情況下，將自己的身體置於防水層中。

preen in order to realign their feathers, but that preening can lead to the bird ingesting

為了重新調整羽毛而進行預習，但這種預習會導致鳥兒攝取

some of the oil, which can also be fatal.

的一些油，這也可能是致命的。

And in fact, one of the things most people don't know is that the birds more covered

而事實上，大多數人不知道的一件事是，鳥類更多的覆蓋了

in oil are more likely to have a positive outcome, because it's obvious they need help

因為很明顯，他們需要幫助。

birds that are only oiled in a small patch that's maybe not visible in their feather

油紙鶴

colors will be out longer, it'll be sometimes too late by the time they're they're brought

顏色會出得更久，有時會太晚了，當他們他們被帶到

into care.

照顧。

The International Bird Rescue has responded to numerous oil spills worldwide.

國際鳥類救援組織曾對全球範圍內的眾多漏油事件做出反應。

After an oil spill occurs, they'll take action to pull the affected animals from the contaminated

在漏油事件發生後，他們會採取行動，把受影響的動物從汙染的地方拉出來。

area and start the cleaning process.

區域，並開始清潔過程。

This not only helps save the animal, but it's also important for the bigger environmental

這不僅有助於拯救動物，對大環境也很重要。

picture.

畫面。

Oil is a chemical, it does cause burns, so it would be a suffering death.

石油是一種化學物質，它確實會造成燒傷，所以會是一種痛苦的死亡。

And then that wouldn't be the end of it, you have scavengers you have gulls, foxes other

然後，這不會是它的結束，你有食腐動物 你有海鷗，狐狸，其他。

kinds of animals that would be very happy for a free meal and not be very discerning

飢不擇食，飢不擇食

about taking in the additional chemicals themselves.

關於吸收額外的化學品本身。

This is called secondary oiling, it could have extremely dire consequences to both ecosystems

這就是所謂的二次油化，它可能會給兩個生態系統帶來極其嚴重的後果。

and food chains.

和食物鏈。

So how do you effectively remove oil from a bird.

那麼如何有效的去除鳥身上的油汙呢。

Unfortunately, the only thing that removes oil is other kinds of oil.

遺憾的是，能去除油汙的只有其他種類的油。

So you find safer versions of that which we do use, and the soap is what removes it ultimately

所以，你會發現更安全的版本，我們確實使用，和肥皂是什麼去除它最終。

in the long run, a thorough rinse is necessary after that making sure that all the soap is

從長遠來看，有必要徹底沖洗後，確保所有的肥皂是

gone.

消失了。

Then we dry the bird and go through a process of bringing it out into warm water and testing

然後我們將鳥兒擦乾，再經過將其帶入溫水中測試的過程。

whether the cleaning has been successful and that they are now waterproof.

清洗是否成功，現在是否防水。

In order to study how the birds fare after their release, International Bird Rescue has

為了研究這些鳥兒放生後的情況，國際鳥類救援組織已經

been banding their patients and so other researchers and citizen scientists can track their migration.

一直帶著他們的病人，所以其他研究人員和公民科學家可以跟蹤他們的遷移。

Probably 99% of all the birds that leave our centers have what is called a federal ID band.

大概99%離開我們中心的鳥類都有所謂的聯邦身份證帶。

There's a part of US Geological Society that called the Bird Banding Lab that for nearly

美國地質學會有一個叫鳥類帶狀實驗室的部分，在近乎

100 years has been tracking individual birds.

100年來一直在追蹤個體鳥類。

And the banding has helped the International

而帶狀物也幫助國際

Bird Rescue prove that their rehabilitation efforts work with some banded birds being

鳥類救援組織證明了他們的康復工作是有效的，一些帶狀鳥類被

spotted over 15 years later in the wild.

15年後在野外被發現。

There is now a global network, a small network of folks who specialize in oiled wildlife care.

現在有一個全球性的網絡，一個專門從事油料野生動物護理的小網友。

There are lots of places in the world that do not have such specialty.

世界上有很多地方都沒有這樣的專業。

But that oil is moving quite frequently.

但那油的移動很頻繁。

Countries increasing their oil production could benefit from knowing how to treat wildlife

增加石油生產的國家可以從瞭解如何對待野生動物中受益。

in the event of a spill.

在發生洩漏的情況下。

Places like Nigeria and Scandinavia.

尼日利亞和斯堪的納維亞等地。

What is going to be necessary to train those local communities, local rehabilitation to

訓練這些地方社區、地方康復需要什麼？

find the right resources and funding to be able to respond to the next big challenge.

找到合適的資源和資金，以便能夠應對下一個重大挑戰；

We try to share that stuff broadly, the good news, at least in the United States, is that

我們試圖廣泛地分享這些東西，好消息是，至少在美國，是。

regulations and cargo ships etc. are having positive impacts.

法規和貨船等都有積極影響。

The number of

數量

oil spills and especially large oil spills is going down drastically.

溢油，尤其是大型溢油事件正在急劇下降。

But that doesn't mean we're in the clear.

但這並不意味著我們就沒有問題了。

Oil is still a problem and new threats are presenting

石油仍然是一個問題，新的威脅正在出現。

themselves, every day.

自己，每天。

The questions are bigger than the answers but the challenges to me seem pretty evident

問題大於答案，但對我來說，挑戰似乎很明顯。

changes to the food source and the temperature of the water especially along the coast seem

食物來源和水溫的變化，特別是沿海地區的變化，似乎是一個很好的例子。

to be creating big challenges.

將會帶來巨大的挑戰。

And time is only going to tell what what new things are rising.

而時間只會告訴我們有什麼新的東西在崛起。

Whatever the cause,

不管是什麼原因。

organizations like the International Bird Rescue are committed to finding solutions,

像國際鳥類救援組織這樣的組織致力於尋找解決方案。

because those solutions won't just help save seabirds,

因為這些解決方案不僅有助於拯救海鳥。

it can also help our species as well.

它也可以幫助我們的物種。

You do not have to be a bird lover to know that paying attention to animals is a key part of our

你不必是一個愛鳥人士，也知道關注動物是我們的一個重要組成部分。

own survival.

自己的生存。

Birds are a couple steps up the food chain but have really critical roles.

鳥類在食物鏈的上游幾步，但卻有著非常關鍵的作用。

If animals have departed from an environment I think there is a very strong reason for

如果動物離開了一個環境，我認為有一個非常強烈的理由，那就是

humans to be nervous as well.

人類也要緊張。

Wild animals are wild animals and our goal is to release them as cautious and tense around

野生動物是野生動物，我們的目標是放生它們，因為周圍的人都很謹慎，很緊張。

human beings as when they arrive.

人，因為他們來時。

It's a hard one to swallow because inevitably people are like, Oh, it's the cutest pelican ever.

這是個很難接受的問題，因為人們難免會說，哦，這是最可愛的鵜鶘了。

Don't hug that pelican.

別抱著那隻鵜鶘。