is probably made somewhere else outside your country.

可能是在你的國家以外的其他地方製造的。

That yellow banana, fresh meat, milk, you name it.

那黃澄澄的香蕉，鮮肉，牛奶，你說是吧。

However, that wasn't the case all the time.

然而，情況並非一直如此。

In fact, it was impossible just 70 years ago.

事實上，這在70年前是不可能的。

Because what happened then, changed the course of history.

因為當時發生的事情，改變了歷史的進程。

When you think of a great businessman, the first people who come into mind are Steve

當你想到一個偉大的商人時，你首先想到的是史蒂夫?

Jobs, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, how about Rockerfella?.

喬布斯、比爾-蓋茨、傑夫-貝佐斯、洛克菲勒怎麼樣？

Despite their great contributions, this guy had a much greater influence in the business

儘管他們做出了巨大的貢獻，但這個傢伙在商業上的影響更大。

world.

岍。

Meet Malcolm Mclean. because his invention, literally created globalization.

見過馬爾科姆-麥克萊恩，因為他的發明，真的創造了全球化。

and if it wasn't for him, the world wouldn't be the way we know it today.

如果沒有他，世界就不會有今天的樣子。

because he invented this box (shipping container).

因為他發明了這個盒子（貨櫃）。

Without this box, you wouldn't have that iPhone or the wide varieties of fruits in

如果沒有這個盒子，你就不會有那部iPhone，也不會有品種繁多的水果在裡面。

the store or even your clothes.

店，甚至你的衣服。

Ikea would be only in Sweden, Gucci in Italy and iPhones would have to be manufactured

宜家只在瑞典，Gucci在意大利，而iPhone則必鬚生產。

in the United States, which would have made them much more expensive than their already

在美國，這將使它們的價格遠遠高於其已經存在的價格。

a thousand dollar price tag.

一千元的價格標籤。

Maybe that will make you feel good after throwing another grand on that iPhone.

也許這能讓你在又扔了一千塊錢在那部iPhone上後感覺良好。

For most of history, Shipping goods around the world was – expensive, risky and time-consuming

在歷史上的大部分時間裡，世界各地的貨物運輸都是--昂貴、危險和耗時的。

so only expensive goods were shipped to the elites.

所以只有昂貴的商品才會被運到精英階層。

International trade was not even an option for most businesses.

國際貿易甚至不是大多數企業的選擇。

Before the 1960s, ships would spend as much time in the ports as they would in the sea

20世紀60年代以前，船舶在港口的時間和在海上的時間一樣長。

because loading and unloading goods from the ship was a huge challenge.

因為從船上裝卸貨物是一個巨大的挑戰。

Trucks would get the goods to the ship then people would manually get them to the top

卡車會把貨物運到船上，然後人們會手動把它們運到船頂

of the ship, just imagine the number of people you need to do that, the shipping cost was

的船，試想一下，你需要多少人去做，運輸成本是。

at an all-time high.

在歷史最高點。

On top of that, goods were often stolen, the ship's capacity was limited.

除此之外，貨物經常被偷，船的容量有限。

all that made shipping only more expenses.

所有的一切，讓運輸只多了支出。

A cargo ship, the SS Warrior, would carry merchandise from Brooklyn ( New York ) to

一艘名為 "SS Warrior "的貨輪，將從紐約布魯克林運送商品到美國。

Bremerhaven in Germany.

在德國的不來梅港。

On that trip, it would only carry a little over 5,000 tons of cargo, from food to household

在這次旅行中，它將只攜帶5000噸多一點的貨物，從食物到生活用品。

goods, letters to vehicles.

貨，信到車輛。

Some 200 thousand items would be carried separately.

約20萬件物品將被單獨攜帶。

The record-keeping alone, tracking all those cargoes as they moved around the warehouses,

僅僅是記錄，跟蹤所有這些貨物在倉庫裡移動的情況。

was a nightmare.

是一個噩夢。

But the real challenge was physically loading ships.

但真正的挑戰是實際裝船。

The longshoremen who were responsible for the job would pile barrels of olives and boxes

負責這項工作的碼頭工人會將一桶桶橄欖和一箱箱

of soap for example onto a wooden pallet on the dock.

例如，將肥皂放在碼頭的木托盤上。

The pallet would be lifted, and loaded in the hold of a ship, from where more longshoremen

托盤將被吊起，然後裝入船艙，在那裡有更多的碼頭工人。

would carry each item into every corner of the vessel, then packing the cargo so it wouldn't

會把每件物品搬到船的每個角落，然後把貨物包裝好，這樣就不會有任何問題了

shift when they are at the sea.

當他們在海邊的時候，轉移。

This was far more dangerous work than any other work at that, including construction.

這比當時任何其他工作都要危險得多，包括建築業。

In a large port, someone would be killed every other week.

在一個大港口，每隔一週就會有人被殺。

the ship would take seven to ten days to load and unload, which equaled to the amount of

該船需要7至10天的時間來裝卸，這等於說是 "一刀切"。

time it would take to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

橫渡大西洋所需的時間。

In total, the cargo would cost around $420 a ton to move, adjusted to inflation.

經通貨膨脹調整後，這批貨物的總運輸成本約為每噸420美元。

And delays were quite typical.

而延誤是很典型的。

since the cargo needed to be distributed by land then.

因為當時貨物需要通過陸路配送。

the whole journey might take three months.

整個旅程可能需要三個月。

70 years ago, shipping goods around the world was extremely expensive, but there had to

70年前，世界各地的貨物運輸費用非常昂貴，但必須要有。

be a better way, that's more affordable and faster?

是一種更好的方式，更實惠，更快捷？

Right?!

對吧？

That's what McLean said when he was waiting for days in his truck to load his goods to

這是麥克萊恩在卡車上等了好幾天裝貨去的時候說的。

the ship.

船上的。

How about we put all the cargo into big standard boxes, that would fit both in the truck and

不如我們把所有的貨物都裝進標準的大箱子裡，這樣既能裝進卡車裡，也能裝進其他地方。

the ship and move the boxes.

船和移動的箱子。

That would make things a lot easier.

這將使事情變得更加簡單。

But it wasn't as easy as it sounds, because this idea wasn't new and it had been tried

但這並不像聽起來那麼容易，因為這個想法並不新鮮，而且已經嘗試過了。

multiple times throughout decades but it didn't catch on.

幾十年來多次，但都沒有流行起來。

The problem was, the ports, shipping, and trucking companies couldn't agree on a universal

問題是，港口、航運和卡車運輸公司無法就通用的

standard.

標準。

Some wanted smaller boxes, others bigger or shorter because every company wanted the box

有些人想要更小的盒子，有些人想要更大或更短的盒子，因為每個公司都想要盒子。

to suits its needs.

以適應其需要。

And then there were the unions who resisted the idea at all cost.

還有就是工會不惜一切代價抵制這一想法。

It might seem like everyone would welcome such an invention, since it would make the

看起來似乎每個人都會歡迎這樣的發明，因為它將使。

job easier and safer, but it also meant fewer jobs.

工作更輕鬆、更安全，但這也意味著工作機會的減少。

However, that didn't stop Malcolm Mclean from giving it a shot.

然而，這並沒有阻止馬爾科姆-麥克萊恩的努力。

He was a trucking entrepreneur and didn't really know much about shipping.

他是一個卡車企業家，對航運並不瞭解。

But he clearly imagined a steel box for trucks that would easily be loaded on the top of

但他清楚地想象著一個用於卡車的鋼箱，可以很容易地裝在上面。

the ship.

船上的。

He spent the next 20 years, saving money, planning and finding ways to make it legally

在接下來的20年裡，他省吃儉用，運籌帷幄，想方設法，使之合法化。

happened.

發生了。

And on April 26th, 1956, he finally got the chance to realize his plan.

而在1956年4月26日，他終於有機會實現自己的計劃。

He risked all of his savings, secured a 22 million dollar loan and purchased SS Ideal

他冒著所有積蓄的風險，獲得了2200萬美元的貸款，買下了SS理想公司。

X, a World War 2 oil tanker and sailed from Newark, New Jersey to Houston, Texas.

X，是一艘二戰時期的油輪，從新澤西州的紐瓦克駛向德克薩斯州的休斯頓。

the containers were unloaded from the ship to the trucks where they were taken to their

貨櫃被從船上卸到卡車上，然後被運往目的地。

final destination.

最終目的地。

That single journey changed the course of history.

這一次旅行改變了歷史的進程。

If hand-loading a ship cost $5.86 per ton.

如手工裝船每噸成本5.86元。

Using containers, it costs only 16 cents a ton to load a ship, 36-times cheaper.

使用貨櫃，裝船成本只有16分錢一噸，便宜了36倍。

That was a revolution.

那是一場革命。

But the biggest change was the time it spent on the port, loading and unloading were reduced

但最大的變化是它在港口上花費的時間，裝貨和卸貨都減少了。

from 10 days to few hours which meant fewer port expenses and more earnings because trucks

從10天到幾個小時，這意味著更少的港口費用和更多的收入，因為卡車

make money when they are at the sea.

賺錢的時候，他們在海。

Of course, unions were fiercely fighting against it but when Malcolm sold the idea of containership

當然,工會對此進行了激烈的反對,但當馬爾科姆把集裝箱船的想法賣出去時...

to the US military.

到美軍。

There was no turning point!

沒有轉捩點!

Everybody knew that is the future!

每個人都知道那是未來!

With the war in Vietnam, It was a nightmare to ship equipment, so they used Malcolm's

由於越南戰爭，運輸設備是一場噩夢，所以他們使用馬爾科姆的設備。

idea.

觀念。

On the way back (from Vietnam) his empty container ships collected cargo from the world's fastest-growing

在回來的路上(從越南)，他的空集裝箱船從世界上增長最快的地方收集貨物。

- economy at that time, Japan.

- 當時的經濟，日本。

And that was the beginning of the trans-pacific trading relationship.

這就是跨太平洋貿易關係的開始。

You see, when it comes to shipping, there is nothing else that would come even close

你看，說到運輸，沒有什麼其他的東西可以比得上

in terms of cost.

在成本方面。

It's so cheap that it's even considered almost free.

它的價格太便宜了，甚至可以說幾乎是免費的。

But the world had to agree on a universal standard that would everyone use. and it became

但世界上必須達成一個通用的標準，讓每個人都能使用。

the 20-foot long container.

20英尺長的貨櫃。

You can fit 48 thousand bananas in it, 400 flat-screen TVs, 200 mattresses, 60 refrigerators,

裡面可以裝4.8萬根香蕉，400臺平板電視，200張床墊，60臺冰箱。

4000 shoe boxes, or 2 cars.

4000個鞋盒，或者2輛車。

That changed the entire business model of the industry, Ships were no longer in the

這就改變了整個行業的商業模式，船舶不再是在。

business of shipping goods.

運送貨物的業務；

Because they got into shipping boxes.

因為他們進了運輸箱。

It didn't really matter what these containers had inside, no one really checked them or

這些容器裡面有什麼並不重要，沒有人真正檢查過它們，也沒有人...

even care, they just relied on what the documents say.

甚至不在乎，他們只是依靠文件上的內容。

the challenge was to move boxes from point A to point B as fast and as efficient as possible.

挑戰是將箱子從A點搬到B點，儘可能快速高效。

That's why we began building bigger ships to the point where the biggest ship today

這就是為什麼我們開始建造更大的船，以至於今天最大的船。

(OOOLC HONG KONG) can carry up to 21,413 containers, or 42826 cars, or 8 565 200 flat-screen TVs.

廈大（香港）有限公司（簡稱 "廈大"）可運載多達21413個貨櫃，或42826輛汽車，或8 565 200臺平板電視。

Its 400 metered long, 5 times longer than being 747-8.

其400米長，比被747-8長5倍。

Here is a question for you! how many people do you think, manage a ship with 21 thousand

這裡有一個問題要問你！你覺得有多少人，能管理一艘有2.1萬的船？

containers?

容器？

Believe it or not, 20-30 people at best.

不管你信不信，最多也就二三十人。

That's a massive reduction in labor cost

這樣一來，人工成本就大大降低了

However, not everything is sunshine and rainbows.

然而，並不是所有的事情都是陽光和彩虹。

Even though THe US navy has a big presence almost everywhere that protects the ships

儘管美國海軍在幾乎所有的地方都有保護艦艇的存在

from possible attacks, some places are quite vulnerable and Ships often face pirates.

從可能的攻擊，一些地方是相當脆弱的，船舶經常面對海盜。

Sometimes they can take control over an entire ship.

有時他們可以控制整艘船。

It's a separate business by itself.

它本身就是一個獨立的企業。

If you thought that pirates were a thing of the past, well, I am sorry to disappoint you.

如果你認為海盜是過去的事情，那麼，很抱歉讓你失望了。

In fact, ships cru often hire bodyguards to protect them.

事實上，船巡經常會僱傭保鏢保護他們。

But, why aren't we building even bigger ships?

但是，為什麼我們不造更大的船呢？

How about a ship that would carry 50 thousand containers?

一艘能裝載5萬個貨櫃的船怎麼樣？

Even if it might be engineeringly possible to build one, they will not be able to cross

即使在工程上有可能建造一個，他們也無法跨過

the tiniest canals in the world.

世界上最細的運河。

The Panama Canal, that connects the Americas, strait of Melacca, which is the most important

巴拿馬運河，是連接美洲，馬六甲海峽，這是最重要的。

canal in Asia and the Suez Canal that connects Asia and Europe.

亞洲的運河和連接亞洲和歐洲的蘇伊士運河。

They are the 3 tiny routes that connect the world.

它們是連接世界的3條小路線。

SO, if the ship won't be able to cross the Panama Canal, for instance, it will have to

所以，如果船不能通過巴拿馬運河，比如說，它將不得不。

take a longer route all around South America.

繞著南美洲走更長的路線。

If they are longer than 78 meters, they won't fit in the Suez canal and will have to make

如果它們的長度超過78米，它們就無法進入蘇伊士運河，必須進行

it all across the south Atlantic ocean!

它都橫跨南大西洋！

If it wasn't for this innovation, you would not have bananas, because the USA gets its

如果沒有這項創新，你就不會有香蕉，因為美國的香蕉是由美國人獲得的。

bananas from Guatemala, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Honduras.

瓜地馬拉、厄瓜多爾、哥斯達黎加、哥倫比亞和洪都拉斯的香蕉；

In 2010, these five countries shipped an estimated 3.9 million metric tons (mmt) of fresh bananas

2010年，這五個國家估計運送了390萬公噸新鮮香蕉。

to the United States, accounting for 94 percent of total US banana imports.

到美國，佔美國香蕉進口總量的94%。

With the trade war that's going on between uncle Sam and China, apple can shift its production

隨著山姆大叔和中國的貿易戰，蘋果可以轉移生產了。

to Taiwan to keep producing iPhones, I can't say it would be much more affordable but not

到臺灣來繼續生產iPhone，我不能說會實惠很多，但不是

as expensive as if they would be manufactured in the United States, and that's all thanks

昂貴的價格，如果他們將在美國製造，而這一切都歸功於。

to this little box that was invented 70 years ago by Malcolm Maclean.

敬這個70年前由馬爾科姆-麥克裡發明的小盒子。

And now it's your turn.

現在輪到你了。

First, give this video a thumbs up and let me know what do you think is going to be the

首先，請對這個視頻豎起大拇指，讓我知道你認為會是什麼？

next innovation that's going to have as much influence in the world as this steel

下一個創新，將和這個鋼鐵一樣對世界產生巨大的影響

box had.

箱了。

Thanks for watching and until next time!

感謝您的收看，下期再見!