So today we're gonna look at the science of racism, using studies and evidence to see exactly how it impacts individuals, uncover what makes people racist in the first place and understand what we can do to successfully combat it.

所以，今天我們要看看種族主義的科學，利用研究和證據來看看它到底是如何影響個人的，揭開是什麼讓人們的種族主義擺在首位，並瞭解我們可以做什麼來成功地打擊它。

Right now, every time a resume comes across somebody's desk, the name on it makes a difference.

現在，每當履歷碰到某人的辦公桌時，上面的名字就會有所改變。

After sending out over 1300 fake resumes in response to employment ads, scientists found that resumes with more traditionally sounding black names receive 50% fewer callbacks than those with more white sounding names.

科學家們在針對招聘廣告發送了1300多份假履歷後發現，名字聽起來比較傳統的黑人的履歷比名字聽起來比較白的履歷收到的回電少50%。

Again, these resumes were literally identical except for the names.

同樣，這些履歷除了名字外，字面意思完全相同。

This shows how one aspect of racism can have a significant impact on opportunities.

這表明種族主義的一個方面如何對機會產生重大影響。

Now classism is a huge issue.

現在，階級主義是個大問題。

Studies show that if you grow up in poverty, you'll experience more discrimination than people that are wealthier than you.

研究表明，如果你在貧困中長大，你會比比你更富有的人受到更多的歧視。

But even when black and white people grow up in wealthy families and have similar education, even though they start wealthy, black boys are more likely to end up poor.

但是，即使黑人和白人在富裕的家庭中長大，受教育程度相近，即使他們開始富裕，黑人男孩也更容易最終成為窮人。

One of the major factors can start as early as pre school, where teachers are more likely to punish black students over white students for the same behavior.

其中一個主要因素可以從學前班開始，老師更容易因為同樣的行為懲罰黑人學生而不是白人學生。

Even in adulthood, prison sentences for the same crime are 10% longer for black men, and the use of force is 3.6 times higher.

即使在成年後，同樣的犯罪，黑人男子的刑期也要長10%，使用武力的次數是黑人男子的3.6倍。

When studying the existence of racism towards indigenous people in Australia, 45% of indigenous families reported racism.

在研究澳洲存在對土著人的種族主義時，45%的土著家庭報告了種族主義。

And interestingly, scientists began toe length ease experiences to poor mental health status, sleep difficulties, obesity and even asthma, which brings up an important fact.

而有趣的是，科學家們開始腳趾長度緩和經驗到精神健康狀況不佳、睡眠困難、肥胖甚至哮喘，這帶來了一個重要的事實。

Racism can truly be damaging to your health.

種族主義確實會損害你的健康。

Now racism involves a set of people holding power over other people, and that imbalance in power is what causes stress.

現在，種族主義涉及到一組人掌握著對其他人的權力，而這種權力的不平衡是造成壓力的原因。

And again, this could be measured experimentally when Latino students repaired with people they've been told have racial bias against them.

而且再次，這可以通過實驗測量，當拉丁裔學生與他們被告知對他們有種族偏見的人修好時。

That cardiovascular stress response went up compared to those who a partner with people they told had no bias against them.

那心血管應激反應上升與那些誰一個夥伴與他們告訴的人沒有對他們的偏見。

It all.

這一切。

Another study of Korean immigrants found the discrimination was linked to debilitating mental health effects, and the scientific community is now validating how racism plays a significant role and the formation of health disparities so much that they're now links to breast cancer, hypertension and heart disease.

另一項對韓國移民的研究發現，歧視與衰弱的心理健康影響有關，科學界現在正在驗證種族主義是如何發揮重要作用的，以及健康差異的形成，以至於它們現在與乳腺癌、高血壓和心臟病有關。

The chronic stress of racism can have people leaning on negative health behaviors like smoking and drinking.

種族主義的長期壓力會讓人們傾向於吸菸、喝酒等消極的健康行為。

In fact, the amount of racism that a person experiences in a year is positively correlated to the number of drinks and cigarettes consumed.

事實上，一個人一年中所經歷的種族主義程度與所喝的飲料和所抽的香菸數量呈正相關。

Of course, you'd expect that if you go to your doctor, your health will be in good hands.

當然，你會期望，如果你去看醫生，你的健康會得到很好的照顧。

But racial biases exist here as well.

但這裡也存在種族偏見。

Hundreds of medical physicians were asked to look over a case of either black or white patients who likely just suffered a heart attack.

數百名醫生被要求查看一個可能剛剛遭受心臟病發作的黑人或白人患者的病例。

Those who scored higher on a racial bias tests were less likely to prescribe black patients, a drug that would reduced blood clots and prevent heart attacks.

那些在種族偏見測試中得分較高的人不太可能給黑人患者開處方，這種藥物可以減少血栓和預防心臟病發作。

In fact, half of white medical students and residents still believe in false biological differences between white and black patients like that, black patients are more pain tolerant than white patients because of less sensitive nerve endings and thicker skin.

事實上，有一半的白人醫學生和住院醫師仍然相信白人和黑人患者之間的虛假生理差異，比如，黑人患者比白人患者更耐受疼痛，因為神經末梢不那麼敏感，皮膚更厚。

These false beliefs negatively contribute to medical treatment, and doctors with these biases don't outright refused care to black patients, and they probably don't consider themselves racist.

這些錯誤的信念對醫療有負面作用，有這些偏見的醫生不會直接拒絕照顧黑人病人，他們可能也不認為自己是種族主義者。

Yet these biases persist in society and in institutions, which means that many people still hold these beliefs and values.

然而，這些偏見在社會和機構中依然存在，這意味著許多人仍然持有這些信念和價值觀。

For example, studies show that most people received the faces of other races to beam or angry thin faces of their own race.

例如，研究表明，大多數人收到其他種族的面孔，以梁或憤怒的薄面自己的種族。

Now, these findings make some people uncomfortable because it's hard to look at your own bias and where you sit and perpetuating some of these values and beliefs that don't do the good that we think we're doing now.

現在，這些發現讓一些人感到不舒服，因為很難看清你自己的偏見和你所坐的位置，並延續一些這樣的價值觀和信仰，而這些價值觀和信仰並沒有起到我們現在認為的好作用。

The good news is there's a lot that we can do to combat racism and unlearning our own biases.

好消息是，我們可以做很多事情來打擊種族主義，解除自己的偏見。

Right now, the thing is, we're not born racist.

現在，問題是，我們不是天生的種族主義者。

We learned biases from our environment and how we are raised when Children are adopted before the age of eight by someone of a different race.

我們從我們的環境和我們的成長方式中學到了偏見，當孩子在八歲之前被不同種族的人收養時。

They actually developed the same facial recognition patterns of their adoptive parents rather than their own race.

他們實際上開發了與養父母相同的面部識別模式，而不是自己的種族。

It shows that our ability to quickly judge of the races is learned from our parents or our environment.

這說明我們對種族的快速判斷能力是從父母或環境中學來的。

This is why talking about racism and anti racism, it's so important if you do hold racial bias.

這就是為什麼談論種族主義和反種族主義，如果你確實持有種族偏見，那麼它是如此重要。

The important thing to know is that you can change your brain a study of brain scans showed that a specific brain wave pattern occurred and those of racial bias when they saw a face that they perceived as threatening.

重要的是要知道，你可以改變你的大腦一項腦掃描的研究表明，一個特定的腦波模式發生和那些種族偏見時，他們看到了他們認為是威脅的臉。

But immediately after a brainwave from the rational part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex came in and challenge that initial brainwave.

但是，在大腦理性部分的腦電波之後，前額葉皮層立即進來，挑戰最初的腦電波。

Our brains and the neurons inside them are constantly rewiring.

我們的大腦和裡面的神經元都在不斷地重新佈線。

This means that you can literally retrain your brain and combat racist thoughts.

這意味著，你可以從字面上重新訓練你的大腦，打擊種族主義思想。

And here's an example of how a study found racial bias lessened after subliminal exposure to counter stereotypes.

而這裡有一個例子，一項研究發現種族偏見在潛意識暴露於對抗刻板印象後有所減輕。

Participants were showing faces of popular celebrities of diverse races, including Beyonce, and this kind of prime ing led to decrease bias within seconds to minutes.

參與者展示了包括碧昂絲在內的不同種族的流行名人的面孔，這種首要的ing導致在幾秒到幾分鐘內減少偏見。

This emphasizes the scientific importance of representation in media.

這就強調了媒體表現的科學性。

This might seem a little obvious, but people who spend more time with different races and different backgrounds show less bias.

這似乎有點明顯，但與不同種族和不同背景的人花更多時間相處的人表現出更少的偏見。

This is called contact theory, where intergroup contact reduces intergroup prejudice.

這就是所謂的接觸理論，群體間的接觸可以減少群體間的偏見。

It's why something like segregation increases racist behaviors and ideas, and finally, ideas and even science flourishes when diverse people work together.

這就是為什麼隔離這種東西會增加種族主義行為和思想，最後，當不同的人在一起工作時，思想甚至科學都會蓬勃發展。

A study that analyzed the last names of 2.5 million research papers as a proxy for ethnicity found that when authors work with people of different races and backgrounds, their work received 10% more citations and prestige.

一項研究分析了250萬篇研究論文的姓氏作為種族的代表，結果發現，當作者與不同種族和背景的人合作時，他們的作品獲得的引用和聲望多10%。

These air scientifically based studies that we use those examples of how to combat racism.

這些以科學為基礎的空氣研究，我們用這些例子來說明如何打擊種族主義。

The most important thing is to be aware, aware that racism exists, aware that it is damaging and aware that it is up to you to combat it altogether.

最重要的是要有意識，意識到種族主義的存在，意識到它的危害性，意識到要徹底打擊它。