And how often do you think other people lie to you?

那你覺得別人對你撒謊的頻率有多高？

Chances are, it's a lot more often than you think.

機會是，它比你想象的要頻繁得多。

There are a number of different reasons why we lie.

我們說謊的原因有很多。

So we might lie for personal gain, we might lie to avoid punishment, we might lie because we get a kick out of pulling the wool over somebody else's eyes.

所以我們可能為了個人利益而撒謊。我們可能為了逃避懲罰而撒謊。 我們可能會撒謊，因為我們得到一個踢 擺脫了在別人眼皮子底下扯皮的行為。

So the white lies, I always say, are the oil that keeps life's machinery running smoothly.

所以白色的謊言，我總是說。是維持生活機器平穩運行的油。

Everybody lies.

每個人都在撒謊。

Imagine a situation where we told the truth all of the time.

想象一下，如果我們一直說真話的情況。

I really don't think we'd last very long, we certainly wouldn't have friends for more than about 24 hours.

我真的不認為我們會持續很長時間。我們肯定不會有朋友 超過24小時。

People lie to get rewards and avoid harm.

人們撒謊是為了得到回報，避免傷害。

So for example, in order to get a good job you might think I would lie on my CV.

所以，舉例來說，為了找到一份好的工作。你可能會認為我會在履歷上撒謊。

You might lie to gain more money.

你可能為了獲得更多的錢而撒謊。

People also lie often because they want others to see them more favourably.

人們也經常說謊，因為他們希望別人以更有利地看待他們。

In order to get a better date you might think, "I would lie on a dating app."

為了得到更好的約會你可能會想，"我會在交友軟件上撒謊。"

According to George Lakoff at the University of California, we tend to interpret evidence differently depending on our personal beliefs.

據加州大學的喬治-拉科夫說。人云亦云 這取決於我們的個人信仰。

And anything that challenges that will actually be ignored or even attacked, which might go some way to explaining why society can be so polarised.

而任何挑戰這一點的東西其實會被忽略甚至攻擊。 這或許能在一定程度上解釋為什麼社會會如此兩極分化。

Research suggests that when we're married about one in 10 of our interactions is a form of deception.

研究表明，當我們結婚後在我們的交往中，大約有十分之一的交往是一種欺騙的形式。

But when we're in the early stages of getting to know a person, or dating them, it can be as high as almost half the things that we tell the other person could be deceptive in some kind of way.

但當我們在認識一個人的初期階段。或與他們約會。 可以高達半數以上 我們告訴對方的，可能是某種程度上的欺騙。

The most common type of lies that we tend to tell are the white lies, the protective lies.

我們最常說的一類謊言，往往是白色謊言。的保護性謊言。

So imagine your partner is a budding Picasso, they come home from art class one night and they show you their latest painting that they're very proud of.

所以，想象你的伴侶是一個新晉的畢加索。他們一天晚上從藝術班回家 他們向你展示了他們最新的畫作，他們非常自豪。

You take a look at it and go, "Mm."

你看了一眼，然後說："嗯。"

And they say, "What do you think of my painting?"

他們說，"你覺得我的畫怎麼樣？"

We would typically go, "Oh, yes, I quite like that."

我們通常會說："哦，是的，我很喜歡這個。"

We wouldn't necessarily tell the outright truth that we wouldn't have that on the wall if you paid us to.

我們不一定會說真話的如果你付給我們錢，我們就不會把它貼在牆上。

When we learn to lie as children we use something called the theory of mind, which is our understanding of the intentions and beliefs of others.

當我們從小就學會了撒謊我們用的東西叫心智理論。 也就是我們對他人意圖和信念的理解。

We also develop skills such as planning and self-control which help us tell better porkies.

我們還可以培養計劃和自我控制等技能。這有助於我們更好地分辨豬肉。

Robert Feldman at the University of Massachusetts found that we lie frequently and we don't even know how often we do it.

馬薩諸塞大學羅伯特-費爾德曼發現我們經常撒謊，甚至不知道自己有多頻繁地撒謊。

Participants in his study lied, on average, three times in a 10-minute conversation when they were meeting each other for the first time.

他的研究參與者平均說了謊。三句不離十 當他們第一次見面時。

They weren't aware that they were lying that much until they watched back the footage of the interactions.

他們不知道自己在撒謊，他們在撒謊直到他們回看了互動的錄像。

We like to think of ourselves as very honest, truthful, trustworthy people.

我們喜歡認為自己是非常誠實、真實、值得信賴的人。

So one of the reasons that we might not be good at tracking how often that we've lied, we might be underestimating quite a lot about how often we lie, we might underestimate to protect ourselves, to protect our self-esteem, make ourselves feel better about ourself.

所以，我們可能不擅長的原因之一是，我們可能不擅長。追蹤我們撒謊的頻率。 我們可能低估了很多關於我們撒謊的頻率。 我們為了保護自己，可能會低估。 來保護我們的自尊心，讓自己的自我感覺更好。

You might think it's OK to lie in certain social situations, I mean what's wrong with telling someone that they look good today?

你可能認為在某些社交場合撒謊是可以的。我的意思是，告訴別人他們今天看起來不錯，有什麼不對？

But are little acts of dishonesty as harmless as they seem?

但是，小小的不誠信行為就像看起來那樣無害嗎？

Is lying about small things the start of a slippery slope?

在小事上撒謊是滑坡的開始嗎？

There are many famous examples by which people started with small lies that seem to have expanded into bigger and bigger lies.

有很多著名的例子，人們都是從小謊言開始的。似乎已經擴大為越來越大的謊言。

Bernie Madoff is one example with his Ponzi scheme.

麥道夫就是一個例子，他的龐氏騙局。

He himself says that he started with small lies, but over time it became a really big snowball that expanded.

他自己也說，他是從小謊言開始的。但隨著時間的推移，它變成了一個真正的大雪球，擴大了。

So when someone lies, they often feel bad about it because we think lies are immoral and so if we lie we feel bad.

所以，當有人說謊時，他們往往會覺得不舒服因為我們認為謊言是不道德的，所以如果我們撒謊，我們就會感覺很糟糕。

But the thing is that when we have an emotion and then we encounter the same stimulus again that triggered that emotion, the amount of emotion that we feel is reduced.

但問題是，當我們有情緒的時候。然後，我們又遇到同樣的刺激。 引發了這種情緒。 我們的情感量會減少。

If we allow people to get away with small lies, it is possible that over time they will be more likely to be more and more dishonest and actually commit bigger crimes.

如果我們允許人們用小謊言來逃避。長此以往 他們會越來越不老實。 並實際犯下更大的罪行。

This has some implication for education for example, trying to stop kids even when they tell little lies, but also for law enforcement.

例如，這對教育有一定的影響。試圖阻止孩子，即使他們說小謊話。 但也是為了執法。

If we stopped small acts of dishonesty that could, potentially, over time, make it less likely that people will commit large acts of dishonesty.

如果我們停止小的不誠實行為可以，有可能隨著時間的推移。 使人們不太可能做出大的不誠實行為；

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