That's a police officer. This video comes from his body camera.

那是一個警察。這段視頻來自於他的人體攝像頭。

At first, it seems like Kaia doesn't know what's happening.

一開始，凱亞好像不知道發生了什麼。

Earlier that day, Kaia had a tantrum. Three school employees said she had kicked them.

那天早些時候，凱亞發了脾氣。三個學校員工說她踢了他們。

The school called the police, who arrested Kaia on charges of misdemeanor battery.

學校報警，警方以毆打罪逮捕了凱亞。

The police dropped the charges -- after Kaia's grandmother sent this video to the Orlando Sentinel.

警方撤銷了指控 -- 在Kaia的祖母將這段視頻發給奧蘭多哨兵之後。

Kaia's case isn't an isolated incident.

凱亞的案子不是一個孤立的事件。

"A five-year-old girl being handcuffed by police in Florida."

"一個五歲的女孩被佛羅里達州的警察戴上了手銬。"

"For a year, he could not sleep alone."

"一年來，他一個人睡不著。"

"He put handcuffs on me."

"他給我戴上了手銬。"

"Tossed to the ground by a school resource officer."

"被學校的資源官扔在地上"

What you're seeing are the effects of a larger problem in American schools:

你看到的是美國學校更大問題的影響。

The US doesn't treat all students equally.

美國並不是對所有學生一視同仁。

But if we wanted to, we could do something about that.

但如果我們願意，我們可以做些什麼。

The next president could decide if that happens.

如果發生這種情況，下一任總統可以決定。

In 2016, researchers at Yale devised showed teachers this video clip

2016年，耶魯大學的研究人員設計向老師們展示了這個視頻短片

of four preschool students.

四名學前班學生的。

Their instructions: look for misbehavior, and click when you see it.

他們的訓示：尋找不當行為，看到後點擊。

The study was kind of deceptive. None of the kids in the video actually misbehaved.

這項研究是一種欺騙性的。視頻中的孩子其實都沒有行為不端。

The researchers were using eye-tracking software; what they actually wanted to study

研究人員使用的是眼球追蹤軟件，他們真正想研究的是什麼？

was who the teachers were watching.

是老師們在看誰。

Both Black and White teachers spent significantly more time

黑人教師和白人教師都花了明顯更多的時間

watching the Black boy in the video.

看著視頻中的黑人男孩。

This study showed that even preschool teachers

這項研究表明，即使是學前教育教師

can treat kids differently based on their race without even realizing it.

可以在不知不覺中根據自己的種族對待孩子。

Look elsewhere in the US school system, and you see this show up in other ways.

看看美國學校系統的其他地方，你會看到這種情況以其他方式表現出來。

Like at this middle school in Bryan, Texas.

就像在德克薩斯州布萊恩的這所中學。

They gave students “tickets” for offenses like disrupting class, or using profanity.

他們給學生開 "罰單"，比如擾亂課堂秩序，或者使用髒話。

Black students were four times more likely than white students

黑人學生是白人學生的四倍。

to receive those tickets.

領取這些門票。

Nationwide, Black boys miss way more school due to suspensions than any other group.

在全國範圍內，黑人男孩因停學而失學的情況比任何其他群體都多。

And this can start a kind of chain reaction.

而這也會引發一種連鎖反應。

Missing weeks of school due to suspensions makes students much more likely to drop out.

因停課而缺課數週，使學生輟學的可能性大大增加。

Without a diploma, you're much less likely to earn a living wage,

沒有文憑，你就更不可能賺到生活費。

and much more likely to be incarcerated.

並更有可能被監禁。

All this missed school is helping to drive the highest poverty and incarceration rates

所有這些錯過的學校正在幫助推動最高的貧困率和監禁率。

in the developed world.

發達國家中。

So it's worth asking, how'd we get here?

所以值得一問的是，我們怎麼會在這裡？

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson created a new federal office, accountable to the President:

1964年，林登-約翰遜總統設立了一個新的聯邦辦公室，對總統負責。

The Office for Civil Rights.

民權辦公室；

Its first task was to desegregate public schools in the South.

它的首要任務是取消南方公立學校的種族隔離。

But soon, they started noticing that some schools

但很快，他們就開始注意到，有些學校

were segregating their students, without actually calling it segregation.

隔離學生，但實際上並沒有稱之為隔離。

A lot of the Black students would be labeled disabled,

很多黑人學生會被貼上殘疾的標籤。

and removed from the mainstream classrooms.

並脫離主流課堂。

So they wound up segregated.

所以他們最後被隔離了。

Daniel Losen studies school discipline.

丹尼爾-洛森研究學校紀律。

For years, he's been sounding the alarm

多年來，他一直在敲響警鐘。

about how much school Black students are missing due to suspensions.

關於黑人學生因停學而缺失多少學校。

The data he uses in his reports comes from the Office for Civil Rights.

他在報告中使用的數據來自民權辦公室。

In the 1970s, they started requiring schools to report

在1970年代，他們開始要求學校報告。

how many students they classified as disabled,

有多少學生被列為殘障人士；

plus suspensions and expulsions, all broken down by race and gender.

加上停職和驅逐，全部按種族和性別分列；

Over the next few decades, those numbers went up,

在接下來的幾十年裡，這些數字都在上升。

as more punitive ideas about discipline took hold in American schools.

隨著更多關於紀律的懲罰性思想在美國學校的紮根。

Well, in some schools.

嗯，在一些學校。

"Gangs and drugs have taken over our streets and undermined our schools."

"幫派和毒品已經佔據了我們的街道，破壞了我們的學校。"

The idea that if you don't throw the book at kids when they're young,

認為如果在孩子小的時候不把書扔給他們。

for every little thing, that they're going to turn into criminals.

為每一件小事，他們會變成罪犯。

There was never any research to show that it actually worked.

從來沒有任何研究表明它真的有效。

You never see that in schools serving mostly white kids.

你從來沒有看到，在學校服務大多是白人的孩子。

But in 2011, a new report out of Texas started to cast doubt on that approach.

但在2011年，德克薩斯州的一份新報告開始對這種做法產生懷疑。

The study looked at discipline records for almost a million students.

該研究考察了近百萬名學生的紀律記錄。

It tracked the same kids, from seventh grade all the way through high school.

它追蹤的是同一個孩子，從七年級一直到高中。

The results were stunning:

結果是驚人的。

Nearly 60 percent of students had been suspended or expelled at least once.

近60%的學生至少被停課或開除過一次。

The study also showed that Black students facing school discipline for the first time

該研究還顯示，黑人學生首次面臨學校的紀律約束

tended to get harsher punishments than white students.

往往比白人學生受到更嚴厲的懲罰。

And the more disciplinary violations a student received,

而且學生的違紀行為越多。

the more likely they were to drop out.

他們退學的可能性就越大。

Clearly, Texas had a big problem.

顯然，德州的問題很大。

The question now was if the problem was bigger than Texas.

現在的問題是，問題是否比德州更大。

To figure that out, the Obama administration turned to the data set

為了弄清楚這一點，奧巴馬政府轉而使用了一組數據。

that the Office for Civil Rights had built.

民權辦公室所建的。

That's how they learned that this was a nationwide problem.

他們這才知道，這是一個全國性的問題。

"African American students are over three times more likely then their white peers

"非裔美國學生比白人同齡人高出三倍以上的可能性

to be suspended or expelled, often for very similar offenses."

被停職或開除，往往是因為非常類似的罪行"。

They also discovered that the vast majority of suspensions

他們還發現，絕大部分的停職行為

were for behaviors like talking back, using profanity, or violating the dress code.

是針對諸如頂嘴、說髒話或違反著裝規定等行為。

"Non-violent student behaviors, many of which once meant a phone call home."

"非暴力的學生行為，很多曾經意味著一個電話回家。"

The administration started investigating school districts

政府開始調查學區

where the numbers were the most damning.

其中的數字是最有殺傷力的。

One of those districts was Bryan, Texas.

其中一個區是德克薩斯州的布萊恩。

Home of the discipline tickets.

紀檢票的家。

In 2013, a woman named Marjorie Holmon filed a complaint,

2013年，一位名叫馬喬裡-霍爾蒙的女子提出申訴。

after her twelve-year-old son was suspended for defending himself from a bully,

在她12歲的兒子因為保護自己不受欺負而被停職之後。

and had to appear in adult criminal court.

並不得不在成人刑事法庭出庭。

The Office for Civil Rights opened an investigation in Bryan,

民權辦公室在布萊恩展開了調查。

along with hundreds of other school districts.

與其他數百個學區一起。

If you can't justify what you're doing, and it's having a harmful impact

如果你不能證明你正在做的事情，並且它有一個有害的影響。

one group more than others, you have to replace it with something else.

一個群體比其他群體更多，你必須用其他東西來代替它。

But we don't actually know if those changes made a difference.

但我們其實並不知道這些改變是否帶來了改變。

Because the most recent data on the Office for Civil Rights' website

因為民權辦公室網站上的最新數據是

is from the 2015-2016 school year.

是2015-2016學年的。

The year after that, things started to change.

之後的一年，情況開始發生變化。

"The 51-50 vote to confirm Betsy DeVos..."

"51比50的投票確認了Betsy DeVos..."

"The Vice President votes in the affirmative, and the nomination is confirmed."

"副總統投贊成票，提名確認。"

In 2017, the office of President Trump's new Education Secretary, Betsy DeVos,

2017年，美國總統特朗普新任教育部長貝特西-德沃斯的辦公室。

sent a memo to the staff at the Office for Civil Rights.

給民權辦公室的工作人員發了一份備忘錄。

This one super-jargony line in the memo signaled a huge shift:

備忘錄中的這一句超級行話，標誌著一個巨大的轉變。

"OCR will only apply a 'systemic' or 'class-action' approach

"OCR只會採用'系統性'或'集體訴訟'的方式。

where the individual complaint allegations themselves raise systemic or class-wide issues."

個人申訴的指控本身引起了系統性或全班性的問題"。

Translation: no more looking for patterns in the data.

翻譯：不用再在數據中尋找模式。

If the office got a complaint like Marjorie Holmon's, they would look for one thing:

如果辦公室接到像Marjorie Holmon這樣的投訴，他們會找一件事。

written or verbal proof that an individual teacher or administrator

教師或行政人員個人的書面或口頭證明。

had punished Marjorie's son more harshly because he was Black.

因為馬喬裡的兒子是黑人，所以對他的懲罰更加嚴厲。

We're not going to question that, unless there's a smoking gun of intentional racism.

我們不會質疑這一點，除非有故意種族主義的證據。

That's what happened in Bryan, Texas.

這就是發生在德克薩斯州布萊恩的事情。

When Betsy DeVos took office, the investigation into Bryan's schools was close to wrapping up.

當Betsy DeVos上任時，對布萊恩學校的調查已經接近尾聲。

The final report concluded that Black students were “subject to disparate treatment

最後報告的結論是，黑人學生 "受到了不同的待遇。

when compared to White students engaged in the same or similar conduct.”

與從事同樣或類似行為的白人學生相比"。

They had dozens of recommendations for the district:

他們對該區有幾十條建議。

Revise their discipline code, hire mentors and social workers, extra training for teachers...

修訂他們的紀律守則，聘請導師和社會工作者，對教師進行額外的培訓... ...

DeVos's team scrapped the report, and closed the investigation,

德沃斯的團隊取消了報告，並結束了調查。

with no finding of wrongdoing, and no suggestions for improvement.

沒有發現任何不法行為，也沒有提出改進建議。

If you look closely at this clip, you can see Joe Biden,

如果你仔細看這個片段，你可以看到喬-拜登。

standing right behind President Clinton as he signs the 1994 Crime Bill.

克林頓總統簽署1994年犯罪法案時，就站在他身後。

That bill ushered in new “tough-on-crime” policies that devastated Black communities.

該法案帶來了新的 "嚴厲打擊犯罪 "政策，使黑人社區遭受重創。

As a Senator, Biden played a key role in getting the bill passed.

作為參議員，拜登在該法案獲得通過的過程中發揮了關鍵作用。

"We have predators on our streets.

"我們的街道上有掠奪者。

They are beyond the pale, many of those people."

他們是超乎尋常的，很多人都是這樣。"

And since then, he's had to confront that history.

從那時起，他不得不面對那段歷史。

"I haven't always been right.

"我也不是一直都是對的。

There's systematic racism that most of us whites don't like to acknowledge even exists.

有系統的種族主義，我們大多數白人不願意承認甚至存在。

It's been built into every aspect of our system."

它已經融入了我們系統的每一個環節。"

This policy plan comes from the Biden campaign.

這個政策計劃來自拜登競選團隊。

In the section titled “School Discipline,”

在題為 "學校紀律 "一節中：

It says that Biden would reinstate Obama's discipline guidelines,

它說，拜登將恢復奧巴馬的紀律準則。

and would push for every state to submit a plan

並將推動每個州提交一份計劃。

for “reducing the use of policies and practices that push kids out of school."

為 "減少使用將兒童趕出學校的政策和做法"。

Some people believe that all racism is explicit.

有些人認為，所有的種族主義都是顯性的。

A nasty slur, a “whites only” sign, a burning cross.

一句討厭的汙言穢語，一個 "只有白人 "的牌子，一個燃燒的十字架。

It's unmistakable, and it's on purpose.

這是無可厚非的，而且是故意的。

But there's another way of understanding racism:

但還有另一種理解種族主義的方式。

That laws and policies can have racist outcomes, even if they don't mention race at all.

法律和政策可以產生種族主義的結果，即使它們根本沒有提到種族；

That you don't always need a smoking gun to do a whole lot of damage.

你並不總是需要一個冒煙的槍來做一個整體的傷害。