You'll notice that most students are plugging away at their studying with headphones on.

你會發現，大多數學生都是戴著耳機在插班學習。

But is it actually beneficial to listen to music while you study?

但其實學習時聽音樂是有益的嗎？

In this video, we'll dive into the research and help you determine if studying with music

在這段視頻中，我們將深入研究，幫助你確定是否用音樂學習。

is a good idea for you.

是你的一個好主意。

What's going on guys, Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com.

這是怎麼回事夥計們，朱波醫生，醫派內參網。

First, let's dispel some of the common myths you may have heard regarding music and studying,

首先，讓我們消除一些你可能聽說過的關於音樂和學習的常見神話。

starting with the Mozart Effect.

從莫扎特效應開始。

The Mozart Effect describes a brief 10-15 minute enhancement of spatial-temporal abilities

莫扎特效應描述的是空間-時間能力短暫的10-15分鐘的提升。

in college students after listening to a Mozart piano sonata.

在大學生聽完莫扎特鋼琴奏鳴曲後。

More specifically, this improvement is restricted to a singular abstract mental rotation task,

更具體地說，這種改進僅限於單一的抽象心理旋轉任務。

but in the 90's this took hold as a scientific legend, with lay people convinced that listening

但在90年代，這被當成了一個科學傳說，非專業人士相信，聽了

to Mozart was going to make their kids more intelligent.

到莫扎特是要讓他們的孩子更聰明。

And I remember that when I was in elementary school, several teachers would have us work for extended

我還記得，我上小學的時候，好幾個老師都會讓我們延長工作時間

periods while listening to classical music for precisely this reason.

聽古典音樂時的時期，正是因為這個原因。

This finding was initially found by Rauscher and colleagues in 1993, but attempts to replicate

這一發現最初是由Rauscher及其同事在1993年發現的，但試圖複製的是

these findings by other researchers have yielded mixed results.

其他研究者的這些發現產生了不同的結果。

Pietschnig and colleagues in 2010 performed a meta-analysis, meaning they systematically

Pietschnig及其同事在2010年進行了一項元分析，即他們系統地

analyzed dozens of studies on the Mozart effect to determine what the culmination of scientific

分析了幾十項關於莫扎特效應的研究，以確定什麼是科學的結晶。

literature had to say on the subject.

文學界對這個問題的看法。

Interestingly, they found that studies associated with certain labs, like the lab of Rauscher,

有趣的是，他們發現，與某些實驗室相關的研究，比如Rauscher的實驗室。

were much more likely to report favorable results.

更有可能報告有利的結果。

Additionally, they demonstrated a confounding publication bias, therefore requiring a downward

此外，他們還表現出混雜的出版偏差，是以需要下調。

correction of the reported effects.

糾正報告的影響。

So their conclusion?

所以他們的結論是？

“On the whole, there is little evidence left for a specific, performance-enhancing

"總的來說，幾乎沒有什麼證據表明有什麼具體的、能提高業績的方法。

Mozart effect.”

莫扎特效應。"

It's safe to say that the Mozart effect does not improve the intelligence of children,

可以說，莫扎特效應並不能提高孩子的智力。

it does not improve academic achievement, and it does not even improve long term spatial skills.

它不能提高學習成績，甚至不能提高長期的空間技能。

To determine if and when you should listen to music while you study, we first need to

要確定是否以及何時應該在學習時聽音樂，我們首先要做到

explore the relevant hypotheses.

探討相關假設。

There are a few hypotheses that hinge on arousal states and its effect on performance.

有一些假說取決於覺醒狀態及其對績效的影響。

First, the arousal hypothesis states that music leads to an optimal level of arousal

首先，喚醒假說指出，音樂會導致最佳的喚醒水準。

in the brain, thus improving performance on cognitive tasks.

在大腦中，從而提高認知任務的表現。

The mood hypothesis states that music you enjoy is more likely to put you in a positive

心情假說指出，你喜歡的音樂更容易讓你處於積極的

mood, which ultimately improves arousal states, and therefore enhances performance on spatial

情緒，最終改善喚醒狀態，從而提高空間上的表現。

tasks.

任務。

Lastly, the preference hypothesis states that listening to music you prefer improves

最後，偏好假說指出，聽自己喜歡的音樂可以提高

arousal, thus enhancing cognitive performance.

喚醒，從而提高認知能力。

Others have suggested a rhythm theory, whereby the rhythm of music activates the cerebellum

還有人提出了一種節奏理論，即音樂的節奏會激活小腦。

and aids in spatial reasoning tasks.

並輔助空間推理任務。

However, none of these hypotheses are robust, each has significant deficiencies in explaining

然而，這些假設都不穩健，每個假設都有顯著的不足，無法解釋

the scientific findings.

科學發現；

Rather, we must take a more individualized approach to music and studying, as it appears

相反，我們必須採取更加個性化的方式來對待音樂和學習，看來

that three factors are key in determining whether music is beneficial while studying:

認為三個因素是決定學習時音樂是否有益的關鍵。

personality type, the type of work, and the type of music.

性格類型、工作類型和音樂類型。

Christopher and colleagues in 2017 hypothesized that differences in attention and working

克里斯托弗及其同事在2017年假設，注意力和工作的差異。

memory capacity would effect the degree to which music would influence performance.

記憶容量會影響音樂對錶現的影響程度。

They concluded that the higher an individual's working memory capacity, the less likely they

他們的結論是，一個人的工作記憶能力越高，他們就越不可能做到以下幾點

were to be affected by music, at least for reading comprehension.

是受到音樂的影響，至少對於閱讀理解。

Dobbs and colleagues in 2011 found that music had a detrimental effect in performance on

多布斯及其同事在2011年發現，音樂在表現上對

introverts, but less so for extraverts.

內向的人，但外向的人就不太一樣了。

This aligns with Eysenck's theory of cortical arousal states, stating that extraverts are

這與Eysenck的皮層喚醒狀態理論相一致，指出外向型人是

under-stimulated and desire more stimulation, whereas introverts are already overstimulated

刺激不足，希望得到更多的刺激，而內向的人已經受到過度的刺激了

and therefore they avoid situations that further increase arousal.

是以他們會避免進一步增加興奮的情況。

Anderson and Fuller in 2010 found an interesting tie with metacognition and music.

安德森和富勒在2010年發現了元認知和音樂之間的有趣聯繫。

Metacognition is essentially thinking about thinking, and includes the ability to regulate

元認知本質上是對思維的思考，包括調控的能力

one's own mental processes and activity.

自己的心理過程和活動。

Given the substantial evidence that music while studying is not optimal, they believe

鑑於大量證據表明，邊學習邊聽音樂並不是最好的，他們認為

that those who choose to may have a deficiency in metacognition.

認為選擇的人可能在元認知方面存在不足。

They had students choose whether they wanted to study with music or silence, and they found

他們讓學生選擇是在音樂中學習還是在沉默中學習，他們發現

that those who preferred to listen to music while they studied did markedly worse on a

那些喜歡邊聽音樂邊學習的人，其學習成績明顯較差。

reading-comprehension assessment.

閱讀理解評估；

There has been substantial evidence that the type of work is a key factor in determining

有大量的證據表明，工作類型是決定工作的一個關鍵因素。

whether or not music is appropriate.

音樂是否合適。

When it comes to reading comprehension, most studies have demonstrated that music has detrimental

當談到閱讀理解時，大多數研究都表明，音樂對閱讀理解有不利的

effects.

效果。

Only one study reported that reading comprehension performance was unaffected by music.

只有一項研究報告稱，閱讀理解成績不受音樂影響。

But when it comes to arithmetic, the results are quite mixed.

但在算術方面，結果卻很不一樣。

A handful of studies demonstrate no negative effect, while a handful of others demonstrate

少數研究表明沒有負面影響，而其他少數研究表明

a clear decline.

明顯下降。

A few studies have demonstrated that vocal music is more distracting that instrumental music.

一些研究表明，聲樂比器樂更容易分散注意力。

The theory is that with vocals, your brain is multitasking by processing the voices while you are trying to study.

理論上，對於人聲，你的大腦在努力學習的同時，也在通過處理聲音來完成多任務。

Beyond that, there hasn't been any convincing evidence stating that a certain genre, like

除此之外，還沒有任何令人信服的證據表明，某種類型的作品，如

classical music, is superior to any other type of music.

古典音樂，是優於其他任何一種音樂的。

And now, the moment that you've all been waiting for - should you study with music or in silence?

而現在，就是大家一直在等待的時刻--你是應該在音樂中學習還是在沉默中學習？

As with most things in science, it depends.

就像科學中的大多數事情一樣，這取決於。

My advice is as follows:

我的建議如下：

First, if you are going to study with music, be sure to choose music that lacks vocals.

首先，如果你要用音樂學習，一定要選擇缺少人聲的音樂。

Vocals are going to be distracting and ultimately much more likely to have a detrimental effect

人聲會讓人心煩意亂，最終更容易產生不利的影響。

on your studying.

在你的學習上。

Beyond that, choose music you enjoy.

除此之外，選擇自己喜歡的音樂。

Contrary to popular belief, there's no evidence that classical music is superior for studying.

與流行的觀點相反，沒有證據表明古典音樂對學習有優越性。

Finding instrumental music you enjoy is going to be the most important factor.

找到自己喜歡的器樂將是最重要的因素。

I personally opt for Emancipator, Edamame, Blackmill, and several others.

我個人選擇的是解放軍、愛達美、黑磨坊等幾款。

I send out study music recommendations in my weekly newsletter.

我在每週的通訊中發送學習音樂推薦。

If you're interested, sign up on the MedSchoolInsiders website.

如果你有興趣，可以在MedSchoolInsiders網站上註冊。

Link is in the description below.

鏈接在下面的描述中。

Second, experiment with different study scenarios.

第二，嘗試不同的學習場景。

Unfortunately, the scientific literature is far from conclusive, so self-experimentation

遺憾的是，科學文獻還遠沒有定論，所以自我實驗。

becomes very important.

變得非常重要。

Back in college, prior to reading any research about music and studying, I had quickly determined

早在上大學的時候，在沒有讀過任何關於音樂和學習的研究之前，我就已經很快確定了

from my own experience that listening to music while reading was on average more distracting

根據我自己的經驗，邊聽音樂邊看書，平均來說更容易讓人分心。

than reading in silence.

比起默讀。

But when it came to cranking through chemistry or physics practice problems, music made the

但當要做化學或物理練習題時，音樂讓人覺得很有成就感。

experience more enjoyable.

更加愉快的體驗。

You will likely find similar results, but try it out for yourself.

你很可能會發現類似的結果，但你自己試試吧。

You'll notice that some types of work are more conducive to music than others.

你會發現，有些類型的工作比其他類型的工作更有利於音樂的發展。

I also learned that having a good study song on repeat helped me get in the zone and study

我還了解到，有一首好的學習歌曲重複播放，有助於我進入學習狀態，學習

for longer periods of time without fatigue.

長時間不疲勞。

This is supported by the changing state hypothesis, which suggests rapidly changing music will

這一點得到了變化狀態假說的支持，該假說表明快速變化的音樂將

distract you from learning and ultimately decrease performance.

分散了你的學習注意力，最終降低了學習成績。

I would often have HR 8938 by Deadmau5 on repeat.

我經常會重複播放Deadmau5的HR 8938。

From examining the literature, it's clear that music won't make you magically perform

從研究文獻中可以看出，音樂不會讓你神奇的表演

better or learn faster.

更好地或更快地學習。

The question is finding which type of music is going to be the least distracting and least

問題是找到哪種類型的音樂是最不容易分散注意力的，最不

detrimental.

有害的。

Study after study has examined the effect of silence versus music while doing a variety

一項又一項的研究考察了在做各種事情時，沉默與音樂的影響。

of cognitive tasks.

的認知任務。

The issue, however, is that no study has examined the effects of music on prolonged study sessions.

但問題是，沒有任何研究考察音樂對長時間學習的影響。

From personal experience, I believe that music has helped me study for longer periods of

從個人經驗來看，我相信音樂對我的學習有較長的幫助。

time.

時候。

I often start working in silence, and as I feel myself getting bored or my mind wandering,

我經常在沉默中開始工作，當我覺得自己越來越無聊或者心思飄忽不定時。

I'll put on some instrumental music that I enjoy.

我會放一些我喜歡的器樂。

With this newfound burst in energy and positive vibes, I'm able to marathon with my studying

有了這種新發現的能量和積極的氛圍，我就可以和我的學習一起馬拉松了。

for much longer.

更久的時間。

My suggestion to you is to try the same – use music as a boost or a pick-me-up when your

我給你的建議是嘗試同樣的方式--當你的音樂出現在你的生活中時，用音樂來提神或提神。

momentum begins to drop.

勢頭開始下降。

I went through dozens of primary literature articles and condensed my findings in this

我翻閱了幾十篇原始文獻文章，將我的發現濃縮在這篇

short video.

短視頻。

If you want to learn more about the process of how I researched, wrote, and created this

如果你想了解更多關於我如何研究、寫作和創作這篇小說的過程。

video, I have behind the scenes access on Patreon.

視頻，我在Patreon上有幕後權限。

Your support goes a long way in helping me make these videos.

您的支持對我製作這些視頻有很大的幫助。

As a patron, you'll get commentary for each upload, where I go over additional insights

作為贊助人，你會得到每一個上傳的評論，在那裡我去了額外的見解

I couldn't fit in the YouTube video.

我在YouTube的視頻裡裝不下。

I also have a monthly Q&A exclusively for Patreon supporters, as well as live monthly video chats with yours

我還專門為Patreon的支持者準備了每月一次的問答，以及每月一次的視頻哈拉直播，與你們的支持者進行交流。

truly.

真的。

Thank you all so much for watching.

非常感謝大家的觀看。

Do you like studying with music or in silence?

你喜歡在音樂中學習還是在安靜中學習？

Let me know your favorite artists and songs below because I'm always looking for new music

讓我知道你最喜歡的藝術家和歌曲下面，因為我一直在尋找新的音樂。

recommendations.

建議：

If you liked the video, let me know with a thumbs up.

如果你喜歡這個視頻，請用大拇指告訴我。

If you weren't a fan, I don't mind if you leave a thumbs down.

如果你不是粉絲，我不介意你留個大拇指。

Hit subscribe and the notification bell so you don't miss any new uploads.

點擊訂閱和通知鈴，這樣你就不會錯過任何新的上傳。

And I will see you guys in that next one.

那我們下一場見。