Name: 貧困的循環是如何讓人們保持貧困的？ (How The Cycle Of Poverty Keeps People Poor)
Uploaded: 2020-09-14T19:10:47.000Z
Duration: 10 min 5 s

What do you think is the one thing that differentiates successful people from the rest? Or what is

你認為成功人士與其他人的區別是什麼？或者說，什麼是

the one thing that makes successful people successful?

成功的人之所以成功的原因是什麼？

情態助動詞 B1

It might seem there isn't like one thing, but many, that might have some truth in it,

看起來似乎並不像一件事，而是很多件事，這其中可能有一些道理。

however, they all come down to a single character or habit.

然而，他們都歸結為一個性格或習慣。

If you want to know why most people would never leave the cycle of poverty? How to tell

如果你想知道為什麼大多數人都不會離開貧困的循環？怎麼說呢？

if a kid is going to be successful when he is just four years old and what the rich parents

如果一個孩子在他四歲的時候就能成功，而那些有錢的父母又是什麼

teach their kids unconsciously that makes them successful?

在不知不覺中教會了他們的孩子，讓他們成功？

Then Stick around because we are going to answer these questions and many more.

那就留下來吧，因為我們將回答這些問題和更多的問題。

當我們看到一個成功的人，我們往往

to think that they might be smart, talented, or just pure genius. Of course, that's true

認為他們可能是聰明的，有才華的，或者只是純粹的天才。當然，這是真的

to a certain extent. Still, the research shows that Delaying gratification is the main reason

在一定程度上。不過，研究表明，延遲滿足是主要原因。

what separates successful people from the rest of us.

是什麼將成功人士與我們其他人區分開來。

It is when you resist the temptation of an immediate smaller reward in order to receive

就是當你為了得到眼前較小的報酬而抵制誘惑的時候。

a more substantial reward later. It's when you stop scrolling your Instagram

後期更豐厚的獎勵。就是當你停止滾動你的Instagram

feed and get back to work. Or stop watching YouTube and start getting ready for tomorrow's

喂，然後回去工作。或者別再看YouTube了，開始為明天的

test or hit the gym at night instead of going to a party.

測試或晚上去健身房，而不是去參加聚會。

The research shows that being able to delay gratification is a great habit. It leads to

研究表明，能夠延遲滿足是一個很好的習慣。它可以導致

academic success, physical health, psychological health, and social competence.

學業成功、身體健康、心理健康和社會能力。

In the 1960s, Walter Mischel conducted an experiment at Stanford University. In an empty

20世紀60年代，沃爾特-米歇爾在斯坦福大學進行了一項實驗。在一個空的

room with nothing but two chairs and a table, The researcher presented four-year-kids with

房間裡只有兩把椅子和一張桌子，研究者向四歲的孩子們展示了他們的生活。

a marshmallow and told the children that, here is the deal - I am going to leave the

棉花糖，並告訴孩子們，這是一個交易--我要離開了。

room, and you have two options: (1) you can ring the bell that's besides the marshmallow

房間，你有兩個選擇。(1) 你可以敲響棉花糖旁邊的鈴鐺。

at any point and eat the marshmallow, or (2) wait until I come back (about 15 minutes later),

在任何時候，吃棉花糖，或（2）等待，直到我回來（約15分鐘後）。

and I will get another marshmallow so you will earn two marshmallows. Sounds like a

我會得到另一個棉花糖 所以你會賺兩個棉花糖。聽起來像一個

good deal? Right?  The message was: "small reward now or bigger

好交易？對不對？  消息是："小的獎勵現在或更大

reward later."  So, what did the children chose?

後面的獎勵。"  那麼，孩子們選擇了什麼呢？

Some children broke down and ate the marshmallow. In contrast, others were able to delay gratification

有些孩子崩潰了，吃了棉花糖。相比之下，其他孩子則能夠延遲滿足。

and earn the promised two marshmallows.  Mischel found that children were able to wait

並獲得承諾的兩顆棉花糖。  Mischel發現，孩子們能夠等待。

longer if they used certain "cool" distraction techniques, covering their eyes, hiding under

如果他們使用某些 "酷 "的分心技巧，捂住眼睛，躲在下面，那麼他們的時間就會更長。

the desk, singing songs, or imagining pretzels instead of the marshmallow in front of them,

桌子上，唱著歌，或者想象著椒鹽捲餅而不是面前的棉花糖。

or if they changed the way they thought about the marshmallow, focusing on its similarity

或者說，如果他們改變了對棉花糖的思考方式，關注它的相似性。

to a cotton ball, rather than on its delectable taste).

Here is where the exciting part starts. After

下面就是激動人心的部分開始了。在

many years, 1981, Mischel decided to check out on these kids to find out how they are

多年來，1981年，Mischel決定對這些孩子進行檢查，看看他們是如何的

doing in their lives, and if the experiment he conducted can tell us something about these

在他們的生活中，如果他所做的實驗能告訴我們一些關於這些的東西

The children who waited longer, demonstrated a striking array of advantages over their

等待時間較長的孩子，表現出比他們更多的優勢。

peers. As teenagers, they had higher SAT scores, social competence, self-confidence, and self-worth,

同齡人。在青少年時期，他們的SAT成績、社交能力、自信心和自我價值都較高。

and were rated by their parents as more mature, better able to cope with stress, more likely

並被父母評價為更成熟、更能夠應對壓力、更有可能成為一個成熟的人。

to plan ahead, and more likely to use reason. They were less likely to have conduct disorders or

更有可能使用理性。他們不太可能有行為障礙或

high levels of impulsivity and aggressiveness. As adults, the high delayers were less likely

衝動性和攻擊性都很強。成年後，高拖延症患者不太會

to have drug problems or other addictive behaviors or get divorced. The experiment went as far

有毒品問題或其他成癮行為或離婚。實驗進行到了

as showing influence over their body mass. Each minute that a preschooler was able to

作為顯示對其體質的影響。學齡前兒童每分鐘能夠

delay gratification translated to a .2% reduction in Body Mass Index 30 years later.

延遲滿足感在30年後轉化為0.2%的身體品質指數降低。

On the other side, kids who couldn't wait long enough for the second marshmallow, as

在另一邊，那些等不及吃第二顆棉花糖的孩子們，因為。

teenagers, struggled to make friends, had a difficult time handling stress and struggled

十幾歲的孩子，難以交到朋友，難以處理壓力，難以

Does that mean that if, as a kid, you couldn't wait for a second candy, you are not going

這是否意味著，如果作為一個孩子，你不能等待第二個糖果，你是不是會

to be successful later in your life? Well, the answer isn't straight forward. It is a

才能在以後的生活中取得成功？嗯，答案並不直接。它是一個

little bit more complicated.  Base on Walter Mischel's research, self-control

有點複雜。  根據Walter Mischel的研究，自控力...

or being able to delay gratification is a muscle. You can train it like any other muscle

或能夠延遲滿足是一種肌肉。你可以像訓練其他肌肉一樣訓練它

on your body, you might not achieve a huge success instantly, but over the long run,

在你的身體上，你可能不會立即取得巨大的成功，但從長遠來看。

Remember, the reward must have some value to you. Without a reward that is meaningful,

記住，獎勵一定要對你有一定的價值。如果沒有一個有意義的獎勵。

providing delayed or immediate gratification serves little purpose, as the reward is not

緩兵之計，急功近利，得不償失。

a strong reinforcer of the desired behavior. In other words, if you want to delay gratification,

所需行為的強力強化劑。換句話說，如果你想延遲滿足。

make sure you pick a significantly bigger reward.

確保你選擇一個明顯更大的獎勵。

Let's say you have decided to save money to invest. But then Apple releases a new iPhone

比方說，你已經決定存錢投資。但是，蘋果公司發佈了一款新的iPhone

that you eagerly want to buy. To avoid the temptation to buy the new iPhone you have

你急切想要購買的。為了避免購買新的iPhone的誘惑，你有

to make it crystally clear to your brain why saving that money is going to result in a

讓你的大腦清楚地知道，為什麼省下的錢會導致一個

bigger gratification later such as financial freedom.

But, in 2018, Tyler Watts, who was inspired

但是，在2018年，泰勒-沃茨，他受到了啟發。

by Mischel's experiment, decided to redo the experiment and found out that delaying gratification

由Mischel的實驗，決定重新做實驗，發現延遲滿足感

has more to do with the income of your parents. If your parents are rich, you are more likely

與你父母的收入有較大關係。如果你的父母很有錢，你就更有可能... ...

to wait for the second marshmallow and end up successful later in life, while if you

來等待第二顆棉花糖，並在以後的生活中獲得成功，而如果你

are born to a poor family, you are more likely to ring the bell and eat the marshmallow.

是出生在一個貧窮的家庭，你更容易敲鐘吃棉花糖。

There is a fantastic article on it by The Atlantic ( https://bit.ly/3b0mh9o ), but

大西洋》有一篇關於它的精彩文章( https://bit.ly/3b0mh9o )，但。

Watts used a much larger sample, 900 kids compared to 90 kids that Mischel used. And

瓦特使用了更大的樣本，900個孩子，而米歇爾使用的是90個孩子。而且

also more representative of the general population in terms of race, ethnicity, and parents'

在種族、民族和父母方面，也更能代表一般人口。

education.  They included factors such as the income

of a child's household to explain children's ability to delay gratification and their long-term

的家庭，以解釋兒童延遲滿足的能力及其長期的

He found little evidence for the idea that being able to delay gratification leads to

他發現幾乎沒有證據表明，能夠延遲滿足會導致

better outcomes. But rather, the ability to wait for the second marshmallow has to do

更好的結果。但相反，能不能等來第二顆棉花糖，與以下幾點有關。

more with Childs social and economic background. Therefore that background, not the ability

更多的是與Childs的社會和經濟背景有關。是以，這種背景，而不是能力

to delay gratification, is what's behind kids' long-term success.

延遲滿足，是孩子們長期成功的背後。

Here is the experiment. The kids whose mothers had a college degree and waited for a second

下面是實驗。那些母親有大學文憑的孩子們，等來的是第二個

marshmallow did no better in the long run, they didn't do better in school or in tests

棉花糖從長遠來看並沒有做得更好，他們在學校和考試中都沒有做得更好。

or even in their behavior. The same thing was found among kids whose mothers did not

甚至在他們的行為中。同樣的事情在那些母親沒有的孩子中也發現了

have college degrees. But when these two groups were compared together. Kids from wealthier

有大學學歷。但當這兩個群體一起比較時。來自較富裕的孩子

households waited for the second marshmallow did significantly better, compare to the kids

家庭等待的第二個棉花糖做的顯著更好，相比之下，孩子們

So the researchers came to the conclusion that for poor kids, daily life holds fewer

所以研究人員得出的結論是，對於貧困的孩子來說，日常生活中擁有較少。

guarantees: There might be food in the fridge today, but there might not be tomorrow, so

保證。今天冰箱裡可能有食物，但明天可能就沒有了，所以... ...

there is a risk that comes with waiting. And even if their parents promise to buy more

等待是有風險的。即使他們的父母承諾會買更多的

sweets tomorrow, often that promise gets broken out of financial necessity.

糖果的明天，往往這個承諾會因為經濟的需要而被打破。

Meanwhile, for kids who come from families with parents who are better educated and earn

同時，對於那些來自父母受教育程度較高、收入較高的家庭的孩子們來說

more money, it's typically easier to delay gratification because Experience tends to

更多的錢，它通常更容易延遲滿足，因為經驗傾向於。

tell them that adults have the resources and financial stability to keep their promise.

告訴他們，成年人有資源和經濟上的穩定性來履行自己的承諾。

And even if they don't end up getting the marshmallow, their parents will get them different

即使他們最終沒有得到棉花糖，他們的父母也會得到不同的棉花糖

There are plenty of other research that proves this, one of them is this book Scarcity:

還有很多其他研究證明了這一點，其中之一就是這本《稀缺》。

Why Having Too Little Means So Much. How poverty can push people to settle for short-term rather

為什麼擁有太少意味著太多。貧窮是如何促使人們滿足於短期而非長期的需求的？

For poor kids, the second marshmallow seems unreal when a child has reason to believe

對於可憐的孩子來說，當孩子有理由相信第二顆棉花糖時，似乎是不真實的。

that the first one might vanish right under his nose.

第一個人可能會在他的眼皮底下消失。

Many Teenagers often growing up in poverty chose to work long hours in poorly paid jobs

許多青少年往往在貧困中成長，選擇長時間從事低薪工作。

to support themselves and their families somehow. Despite barely covering the bills, the teenagers

以某種方式養活自己和家人。儘管只能勉強維持生計，但這些少年們

still splurge on payday, buying things like McDonald's or new clothes.

發工資的時候還是會大肆揮霍，買麥當勞或者新衣服等東西。