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CHAPTER 1
It was four o'clock when the ceremony was over and the carriages began to arrive.
There had been a crowd following all the way, owing to the exuberance of Marija
Berczynskas.
The occasion rested heavily upon Marija's broad shoulders--it was her task to see
that all things went in due form, and after the best home traditions; and, flying
wildly hither and thither, bowling every
one out of the way, and scolding and exhorting all day with her tremendous
voice, Marija was too eager to see that others conformed to the proprieties to
consider them herself.
She had left the church last of all, and, desiring to arrive first at the hall, had
issued orders to the coachman to drive faster.
When that personage had developed a will of his own in the matter, Marija had flung up
the window of the carriage, and, leaning out, proceeded to tell him her opinion of
him, first in Lithuanian, which he did not
understand, and then in Polish, which he did.
Having the advantage of her in altitude, the driver had stood his ground and even
ventured to attempt to speak; and the result had been a furious altercation,
which, continuing all the way down Ashland
Avenue, had added a new swarm of urchins to the cortege at each side street for half a
mile. This was unfortunate, for already there was
a throng before the door.
The music had started up, and half a block away you could hear the dull "broom, broom"
of a cello, with the squeaking of two fiddles which vied with each other in
intricate and altitudinous gymnastics.
Seeing the throng, Marija abandoned precipitately the debate concerning the
ancestors of her coachman, and, springing from the moving carriage, plunged in and
proceeded to clear a way to the hall.
Once within, she turned and began to push the other way, roaring, meantime, "Eik!
Eik! Uzdaryk-duris!" in tones which made the orchestral uproar sound like fairy
music.
"Z. Graiczunas, Pasilinksminimams darzas. Vynas.
Sznapsas. Wines and Liquors.
Union Headquarters"--that was the way the signs ran.
The reader, who perhaps has never held much converse in the language of far-off
Lithuania, will be glad of the explanation that the place was the rear room of a
saloon in that part of Chicago known as "back of the yards."
This information is definite and suited to the matter of fact; but how pitifully
inadequate it would have seemed to one who understood that it was also the supreme
hour of ecstasy in the life of one of God's
gentlest creatures, the scene of the wedding feast and the joy-transfiguration
of little Ona Lukoszaite!
She stood in the doorway, shepherded by Cousin Marija, breathless from pushing
through the crowd, and in her happiness painful to look upon.
There was a light of wonder in her eyes and her lids trembled, and her otherwise wan
little face was flushed.
She wore a muslin dress, conspicuously white, and a stiff little veil coming to
her shoulders.
There were five pink paper roses twisted in the veil, and eleven bright green rose
leaves.
There were new white cotton gloves upon her hands, and as she stood staring about her
she twisted them together feverishly.
It was almost too much for her--you could see the pain of too great emotion in her
face, and all the tremor of her form.
She was so young--not quite sixteen--and small for her age, a mere child; and she
had just been married--and married to Jurgis,* (*Pronounced Yoorghis) of all men,
to Jurgis Rudkus, he with the white flower
in the buttonhole of his new black suit, he with the mighty shoulders and the giant
hands.
Ona was blue-eyed and fair, while Jurgis had great black eyes with beetling brows,
and thick black hair that curled in waves about his ears--in short, they were one of
those incongruous and impossible married
couples with which Mother Nature so often wills to confound all prophets, before and
after.
Jurgis could take up a two-hundred-and- fifty-pound quarter of beef and carry it
into a car without a stagger, or even a thought; and now he stood in a far corner,
frightened as a hunted animal, and obliged
to moisten his lips with his tongue each time before he could answer the
congratulations of his friends.
Gradually there was effected a separation between the spectators and the guests--a
separation at least sufficiently complete for working purposes.
There was no time during the festivities which ensued when there were not groups of
onlookers in the doorways and the corners; and if any one of these onlookers came
sufficiently close, or looked sufficiently
hungry, a chair was offered him, and he was invited to the feast.
It was one of the laws of the veselija that no one goes hungry; and, while a rule made
in the forests of Lithuania is hard to apply in the stockyards district of
Chicago, with its quarter of a million
inhabitants, still they did their best, and the children who ran in from the street,
and even the dogs, went out again happier. A charming informality was one of the
characteristics of this celebration.
The men wore their hats, or, if they wished, they took them off, and their coats
with them; they ate when and where they pleased, and moved as often as they
pleased.
There were to be speeches and singing, but no one had to listen who did not care to;
if he wished, meantime, to speak or sing himself, he was perfectly free.
The resulting medley of sound distracted no one, save possibly alone the babies, of
which there were present a number equal to the total possessed by all the guests
invited.
There was no other place for the babies to be, and so part of the preparations for the
evening consisted of a collection of cribs and carriages in one corner.
In these the babies slept, three or four together, or wakened together, as the case
might be.
Those who were still older, and could reach the tables, marched about munching
contentedly at meat bones and bologna sausages.
The room is about thirty feet square, with whitewashed walls, bare save for a
calendar, a picture of a race horse, and a family tree in a gilded frame.
To the right there is a door from the saloon, with a few loafers in the doorway,
and in the corner beyond it a bar, with a presiding genius clad in soiled white, with
waxed black mustaches and a carefully oiled
curl plastered against one side of his forehead.
In the opposite corner are two tables, filling a third of the room and laden with
dishes and cold viands, which a few of the hungrier guests are already munching.
At the head, where sits the bride, is a snow-white cake, with an Eiffel tower of
constructed decoration, with sugar roses and two angels upon it, and a generous
sprinkling of pink and green and yellow candies.
Beyond opens a door into the kitchen, where there is a glimpse to be had of a range
with much steam ascending from it, and many women, old and young, rushing hither and
thither.
In the corner to the left are the three musicians, upon a little platform, toiling
heroically to make some impression upon the hubbub; also the babies, similarly
occupied, and an open window whence the
populace imbibes the sights and sounds and odors.
Suddenly some of the steam begins to advance, and, peering through it, you
discern Aunt Elizabeth, Ona's stepmother-- Teta Elzbieta, as they call her--bearing
aloft a great platter of stewed duck.
Behind her is Kotrina, making her way cautiously, staggering beneath a similar
burden; and half a minute later there appears old Grandmother Majauszkiene, with
a big yellow bowl of smoking potatoes, nearly as big as herself.
So, bit by bit, the feast takes form--there is a ham and a dish of sauerkraut, boiled
rice, macaroni, bologna sausages, great piles of penny buns, bowls of milk, and
foaming pitchers of beer.
There is also, not six feet from your back, the bar, where you may order all you please
and do not have to pay for it. "Eiksz!
Graicziau!" screams Marija Berczynskas, and falls to work herself--for there is more
upon the stove inside that will be spoiled if it be not eaten.
So, with laughter and shouts and endless badinage and merriment, the guests take
their places.
The young men, who for the most part have been huddled near the door, summon their
resolution and advance; and the shrinking Jurgis is poked and scolded by the old
folks until he consents to seat himself at the right hand of the bride.
The two bridesmaids, whose insignia of office are paper wreaths, come next, and
after them the rest of the guests, old and young, boys and girls.
The spirit of the occasion takes hold of the stately bartender, who condescends to a
plate of stewed duck; even the fat policeman--whose duty it will be, later in
the evening, to break up the fights--draws up a chair to the foot of the table.
And the children shout and the babies yell, and every one laughs and sings and
chatters--while above all the deafening clamor Cousin Marija shouts orders to the
musicians.
The musicians--how shall one begin to describe them?
All this time they have been there, playing in a mad frenzy--all of this scene must be
read, or said, or sung, to music.
It is the music which makes it what it is; it is the music which changes the place
from the rear room of a saloon in back of the yards to a fairy place, a wonderland, a
little corner of the high mansions of the sky.
The little person who leads this trio is an inspired man.
His fiddle is out of tune, and there is no rosin on his bow, but still he is an
inspired man--the hands of the muses have been laid upon him.
He plays like one possessed by a demon, by a whole horde of demons.
You can feel them in the air round about him, capering frenetically; with their
invisible feet they set the pace, and the hair of the leader of the orchestra rises
on end, and his eyeballs start from their sockets, as he toils to keep up with them.
Tamoszius Kuszleika is his name, and he has taught himself to play the violin by
practicing all night, after working all day on the "killing beds."
He is in his shirt sleeves, with a vest figured with faded gold horseshoes, and a
pink-striped shirt, suggestive of peppermint candy.
A pair of military trousers, light blue with a yellow stripe, serve to give that
suggestion of authority proper to the leader of a band.
He is only about five feet high, but even so these trousers are about eight inches
short of the ground.
You wonder where he can have gotten them or rather you would wonder, if the excitement
of being in his presence left you time to think of such things.
For he is an inspired man.
Every inch of him is inspired--you might almost say inspired separately.
He stamps with his feet, he tosses his head, he sways and swings to and fro; he
has a wizened-up little face, irresistibly comical; and, when he executes a turn or a
flourish, his brows knit and his lips work
and his eyelids wink--the very ends of his necktie bristle out.
And every now and then he turns upon his companions, nodding, signaling, beckoning
frantically--with every inch of him appealing, imploring, in behalf of the
muses and their call.
For they are hardly worthy of Tamoszius, the other two members of the orchestra.
The second violin is a Slovak, a tall, gaunt man with black-rimmed spectacles and
the mute and patient look of an overdriven mule; he responds to the whip but feebly,
and then always falls back into his old rut.
The third man is very fat, with a round, red, sentimental nose, and he plays with
his eyes turned up to the sky and a look of infinite yearning.
He is playing a bass part upon his cello, and so the excitement is nothing to him; no
matter what happens in the treble, it is his task to saw out one long-drawn and
lugubrious note after another, from four
o'clock in the afternoon until nearly the same hour next morning, for his third of
the total income of one dollar per hour.
Before the feast has been five minutes under way, Tamoszius Kuszleika has risen in
his excitement; a minute or two more and you see that he is beginning to edge over
toward the tables.
His nostrils are dilated and his breath comes fast--his demons are driving him.
He nods and shakes his head at his companions, jerking at them with his
violin, until at last the long form of the second violinist also rises up.
In the end all three of them begin advancing, step by step, upon the
banqueters, Valentinavyczia, the cellist, bumping along with his instrument between
notes.
Finally all three are gathered at the foot of the tables, and there Tamoszius mounts
upon a stool. Now he is in his glory, dominating the
scene.
Some of the people are eating, some are laughing and talking--but you will make a
great mistake if you think there is one of them who does not hear him.
His notes are never true, and his fiddle buzzes on the low ones and squeaks and
scratches on the high; but these things they heed no more than they heed the dirt
and noise and squalor about them--it is out
of this material that they have to build their lives, with it that they have to
utter their souls.
And this is their utterance; merry and boisterous, or mournful and wailing, or
passionate and rebellious, this music is their music, music of home.
It stretches out its arms to them, they have only to give themselves up.
Chicago and its saloons and its slums fade away--there are green meadows and sunlit
rivers, mighty forests and snow-clad hills.
They behold home landscapes and childhood scenes returning; old loves and friendships
begin to waken, old joys and griefs to laugh and weep.
Some fall back and close their eyes, some beat upon the table.
Now and then one leaps up with a cry and calls for this song or that; and then the
fire leaps brighter in Tamoszius' eyes, and he flings up his fiddle and shouts to his
companions, and away they go in mad career.
The company takes up the choruses, and men and women cry out like all possessed; some
leap to their feet and stamp upon the floor, lifting their glasses and pledging
each other.
Before long it occurs to some one to demand an old wedding song, which celebrates the
beauty of the bride and the joys of love.
In the excitement of this masterpiece Tamoszius Kuszleika begins to edge in
between the tables, making his way toward the head, where sits the bride.
There is not a foot of space between the chairs of the guests, and Tamoszius is so
short that he pokes them with his bow whenever he reaches over for the low notes;
but still he presses in, and insists
relentlessly that his companions must follow.
During their progress, needless to say, the sounds of the cello are pretty well
extinguished; but at last the three are at the head, and Tamoszius takes his station
at the right hand of the bride and begins to pour out his soul in melting strains.
Little Ona is too excited to eat.
Once in a while she tastes a little something, when Cousin Marija pinches her
elbow and reminds her; but, for the most part, she sits gazing with the same fearful
eyes of wonder.
Teta Elzbieta is all in a flutter, like a hummingbird; her sisters, too, keep running
up behind her, whispering, breathless.
But Ona seems scarcely to hear them--the music keeps calling, and the far-off look
comes back, and she sits with her hands pressed together over her heart.
Then the tears begin to come into her eyes; and as she is ashamed to wipe them away,
and ashamed to let them run down her cheeks, she turns and shakes her head a
little, and then flushes red when she sees that Jurgis is watching her.
When in the end Tamoszius Kuszleika has reached her side, and is waving his magic
wand above her, Ona's cheeks are scarlet, and she looks as if she would have to get
up and run away.
In this crisis, however, she is saved by Marija Berczynskas, whom the muses suddenly
visit.
Marija is fond of a song, a song of lovers' parting; she wishes to hear it, and, as the
musicians do not know it, she has risen, and is proceeding to teach them.
Marija is short, but powerful in build.
She works in a canning factory, and all day long she handles cans of beef that weigh
fourteen pounds. She has a broad Slavic face, with prominent
red cheeks.
When she opens her mouth, it is tragical, but you cannot help thinking of a horse.
She wears a blue flannel shirt-waist, which is now rolled up at the sleeves, disclosing
her brawny arms; she has a carving fork in her hand, with which she pounds on the
table to mark the time.
As she roars her song, in a voice of which it is enough to say that it leaves no
portion of the room vacant, the three musicians follow her, laboriously and note
by note, but averaging one note behind;
thus they toil through stanza after stanza of a lovesick swain's lamentation:--
"Sudiev' kvietkeli, tu brangiausis; Sudiev' ir laime, man biednam,
Matau--paskyre teip Aukszcziausis, Jog vargt ant svieto reik vienam!"
When the song is over, it is time for the speech, and old Dede Antanas rises to his
feet.
Grandfather Anthony, Jurgis' father, is not more than sixty years of age, but you would
think that he was eighty. He has been only six months in America, and
the change has not done him good.
In his manhood he worked in a cotton mill, but then a coughing fell upon him, and he
had to leave; out in the country the trouble disappeared, but he has been
working in the pickle rooms at Durham's,
and the breathing of the cold, damp air all day has brought it back.
Now as he rises he is seized with a coughing fit, and holds himself by his
chair and turns away his wan and battered face until it passes.
Generally it is the custom for the speech at a veselija to be taken out of one of the
books and learned by heart; but in his youthful days Dede Antanas used to be a
scholar, and really make up all the love letters of his friends.
Now it is understood that he has composed an original speech of congratulation and
benediction, and this is one of the events of the day.
Even the boys, who are romping about the room, draw near and listen, and some of the
women sob and wipe their aprons in their eyes.
It is very solemn, for Antanas Rudkus has become possessed of the idea that he has
not much longer to stay with his children.
His speech leaves them all so tearful that one of the guests, Jokubas Szedvilas, who
keeps a delicatessen store on Halsted Street, and is fat and hearty, is moved to
rise and say that things may not be as bad
as that, and then to go on and make a little speech of his own, in which he
showers congratulations and prophecies of happiness upon the bride and groom,
proceeding to particulars which greatly
delight the young men, but which cause Ona to blush more furiously than ever.
Jokubas possesses what his wife complacently describes as "poetiszka
vaidintuve"--a poetical imagination.
Now a good many of the guests have finished, and, since there is no pretense
of ceremony, the banquet begins to break up.
Some of the men gather about the bar; some wander about, laughing and singing; here
and there will be a little group, chanting merrily, and in sublime indifference to the
others and to the orchestra as well.
Everybody is more or less restless--one would guess that something is on their
minds. And so it proves.
The last tardy diners are scarcely given time to finish, before the tables and the
debris are shoved into the corner, and the chairs and the babies piled out of the way,
and the real celebration of the evening begins.
Then Tamoszius Kuszleika, after replenishing himself with a pot of beer,
returns to his platform, and, standing up, reviews the scene; he taps authoritatively
upon the side of his violin, then tucks it
carefully under his chin, then waves his bow in an elaborate flourish, and finally
smites the sounding strings and closes his eyes, and floats away in spirit upon the
wings of a dreamy waltz.
His companion follows, but with his eyes open, watching where he treads, so to
speak; and finally Valentinavyczia, after waiting for a little and beating with his
foot to get the time, casts up his eyes to
the ceiling and begins to saw--"Broom! broom! broom!"
The company pairs off quickly, and the whole room is soon in motion.
Apparently nobody knows how to waltz, but that is nothing of any consequence--there
is music, and they dance, each as he pleases, just as before they sang.
Most of them prefer the "two-step," especially the young, with whom it is the
fashion.
The older people have dances from home, strange and complicated steps which they
execute with grave solemnity.
Some do not dance anything at all, but simply hold each other's hands and allow
the undisciplined joy of motion to express itself with their feet.
Among these are Jokubas Szedvilas and his wife, Lucija, who together keep the
delicatessen store, and consume nearly as much as they sell; they are too fat to
dance, but they stand in the middle of the
floor, holding each other fast in their arms, rocking slowly from side to side and
grinning seraphically, a picture of toothless and perspiring ecstasy.
Of these older people many wear clothing reminiscent in some detail of home--an
embroidered waistcoat or stomacher, or a gaily colored handkerchief, or a coat with
large cuffs and fancy buttons.
All these things are carefully avoided by the young, most of whom have learned to
speak English and to affect the latest style of clothing.
The girls wear ready-made dresses or shirt waists, and some of them look quite pretty.
Some of the young men you would take to be Americans, of the type of clerks, but for
the fact that they wear their hats in the room.
Each of these younger couples affects a style of its own in dancing.
Some hold each other tightly, some at a cautious distance.
Some hold their hands out stiffly, some drop them loosely at their sides.
Some dance springily, some glide softly, some move with grave dignity.
There are boisterous couples, who tear wildly about the room, knocking every one
out of their way. There are nervous couples, whom these
frighten, and who cry, "Nusfok!
Kas yra?" at them as they pass. Each couple is paired for the evening--you
will never see them change about.
There is Alena Jasaityte, for instance, who has danced unending hours with Juozas
Raczius, to whom she is engaged.
Alena is the beauty of the evening, and she would be really beautiful if she were not
so proud.
She wears a white shirtwaist, which represents, perhaps, half a week's labor
painting cans.
She holds her skirt with her hand as she dances, with stately precision, after the
manner of the grandes dames. Juozas is driving one of Durham's wagons,
and is making big wages.
He affects a "tough" aspect, wearing his hat on one side and keeping a cigarette in
his mouth all the evening. Then there is Jadvyga Marcinkus, who is
also beautiful, but humble.
Jadvyga likewise paints cans, but then she has an invalid mother and three little
sisters to support by it, and so she does not spend her wages for shirtwaists.
Jadvyga is small and delicate, with jet- black eyes and hair, the latter twisted
into a little knot and tied on the top of her head.
She wears an old white dress which she has made herself and worn to parties for the
past five years; it is high-waisted--almost under her arms, and not very becoming,--but
that does not trouble Jadvyga, who is dancing with her Mikolas.
She is small, while he is big and powerful; she nestles in his arms as if she would
hide herself from view, and leans her head upon his shoulder.
He in turn has clasped his arms tightly around her, as if he would carry her away;
and so she dances, and will dance the entire evening, and would dance forever, in
ecstasy of bliss.
You would smile, perhaps, to see them--but you would not smile if you knew all the
story.
This is the fifth year, now, that Jadvyga has been engaged to Mikolas, and her heart
is sick.
They would have been married in the beginning, only Mikolas has a father who is
drunk all day, and he is the only other man in a large family.
Even so they might have managed it (for Mikolas is a skilled man) but for cruel
accidents which have almost taken the heart out of them.
He is a beef-boner, and that is a dangerous trade, especially when you are on piecework
and trying to earn a bride.
Your hands are slippery, and your knife is slippery, and you are toiling like mad,
when somebody happens to speak to you, or you strike a bone.
Then your hand slips up on the blade, and there is a fearful gash.
And that would not be so bad, only for the deadly contagion.
The cut may heal, but you never can tell.
Twice now; within the last three years, Mikolas has been lying at home with blood
poisoning--once for three months and once for nearly seven.
The last time, too, he lost his job, and that meant six weeks more of standing at
the doors of the packing houses, at six o'clock on bitter winter mornings, with a
foot of snow on the ground and more in the air.
There are learned people who can tell you out of the statistics that beef-boners make
forty cents an hour, but, perhaps, these people have never looked into a beef-
boner's hands.
When Tamoszius and his companions stop for a rest, as perforce they must, now and
then, the dancers halt where they are and wait patiently.
They never seem to tire; and there is no place for them to sit down if they did.
It is only for a minute, anyway, for the leader starts up again, in spite of all the
protests of the other two.
This time it is another sort of a dance, a Lithuanian dance.
Those who prefer to, go on with the two- step, but the majority go through an
intricate series of motions, resembling more fancy skating than a dance.
The climax of it is a furious prestissimo, at which the couples seize hands and begin
a mad whirling.
This is quite irresistible, and every one in the room joins in, until the place
becomes a maze of flying skirts and bodies quite dazzling to look upon.
But the sight of sights at this moment is Tamoszius Kuszleika.
The old fiddle squeaks and shrieks in protest, but Tamoszius has no mercy.
The sweat starts out on his forehead, and he bends over like a cyclist on the last
lap of a race.
His body shakes and throbs like a runaway steam engine, and the ear cannot follow the
flying showers of notes--there is a pale blue mist where you look to see his bowing
arm.
With a most wonderful rush he comes to the end of the tune, and flings up his hands
and staggers back exhausted; and with a final shout of delight the dancers fly
apart, reeling here and there, bringing up against the walls of the room.
After this there is beer for every one, the musicians included, and the revelers take a
long breath and prepare for the great event of the evening, which is the acziavimas.
The acziavimas is a ceremony which, once begun, will continue for three or four
hours, and it involves one uninterrupted dance.
The guests form a great ring, locking hands, and, when the music starts up, begin
to move around in a circle.
In the center stands the bride, and, one by one, the men step into the enclosure and
dance with her.
Each dances for several minutes--as long as he pleases; it is a very merry proceeding,
with laughter and singing, and when the guest has finished, he finds himself face
to face with Teta Elzbieta, who holds the hat.
Into it he drops a sum of money--a dollar, or perhaps five dollars, according to his
power, and his estimate of the value of the privilege.
The guests are expected to pay for this entertainment; if they be proper guests,
they will see that there is a neat sum left over for the bride and bridegroom to start
life upon.
Most fearful they are to contemplate, the expenses of this entertainment.
They will certainly be over two hundred dollars and maybe three hundred; and three
hundred dollars is more than the year's income of many a person in this room.
There are able-bodied men here who work from early morning until late at night, in
ice-cold cellars with a quarter of an inch of water on the floor--men who for six or
seven months in the year never see the
sunlight from Sunday afternoon till the next Sunday morning--and who cannot earn
three hundred dollars in a year.
There are little children here, scarce in their teens, who can hardly see the top of
the work benches--whose parents have lied to get them their places--and who do not
make the half of three hundred dollars a year, and perhaps not even the third of it.
And then to spend such a sum, all in a single day of your life, at a wedding
feast!
(For obviously it is the same thing, whether you spend it at once for your own
wedding, or in a long time, at the weddings of all your friends.)
It is very imprudent, it is tragic--but, ah, it is so beautiful!
Bit by bit these poor people have given up everything else; but to this they cling
with all the power of their souls--they cannot give up the veselija!
To do that would mean, not merely to be defeated, but to acknowledge defeat--and
the difference between these two things is what keeps the world going.
The veselija has come down to them from a far-off time; and the meaning of it was
that one might dwell within the cave and gaze upon shadows, provided only that once
in his lifetime he could break his chains,
and feel his wings, and behold the sun; provided that once in his lifetime he might
testify to the fact that life, with all its cares and its terrors, is no such great
thing after all, but merely a bubble upon
the surface of a river, a thing that one may toss about and play with as a juggler
tosses his golden balls, a thing that one may quaff, like a goblet of rare red wine.
Thus having known himself for the master of things, a man could go back to his toil and
live upon the memory all his days.
Endlessly the dancers swung round and round--when they were dizzy they swung the
other way.
Hour after hour this had continued--the darkness had fallen and the room was dim
from the light of two smoky oil lamps.
The musicians had spent all their fine frenzy by now, and played only one tune,
wearily, ploddingly. There were twenty bars or so of it, and
when they came to the end they began again.
Once every ten minutes or so they would fail to begin again, but instead would sink
back exhausted; a circumstance which invariably brought on a painful and
terrifying scene, that made the fat
policeman stir uneasily in his sleeping place behind the door.
It was all Marija Berczynskas.
Marija was one of those hungry souls who cling with desperation to the skirts of the
retreating muse.
All day long she had been in a state of wonderful exaltation; and now it was
leaving--and she would not let it go. Her soul cried out in the words of Faust,
"Stay, thou art fair!"
Whether it was by beer, or by shouting, or by music, or by motion, she meant that it
should not go.
And she would go back to the chase of it-- and no sooner be fairly started than her
chariot would be thrown off the track, so to speak, by the stupidity of those thrice
accursed musicians.
Each time, Marija would emit a howl and fly at them, shaking her fists in their faces,
stamping upon the floor, purple and incoherent with rage.
In vain the frightened Tamoszius would attempt to speak, to plead the limitations
of the flesh; in vain would the puffing and breathless ponas Jokubas insist, in vain
would Teta Elzbieta implore.
"Szalin!" Marija would scream.
"Palauk! isz kelio! What are you paid for, children of hell?"
And so, in sheer terror, the orchestra would strike up again, and Marija would
return to her place and take up her task. She bore all the burden of the festivities
now.
Ona was kept up by her excitement, but all of the women and most of the men were
tired--the soul of Marija was alone unconquered.
She drove on the dancers--what had once been the ring had now the shape of a pear,
with Marija at the stem, pulling one way and pushing the other, shouting, stamping,
singing, a very volcano of energy.
Now and then some one coming in or out would leave the door open, and the night
air was chill; Marija as she passed would stretch out her foot and kick the doorknob,
and slam would go the door!
Once this procedure was the cause of a calamity of which Sebastijonas Szedvilas
was the hapless victim.
Little Sebastijonas, aged three, had been wandering about oblivious to all things,
holding turned up over his mouth a bottle of liquid known as "pop," pink-colored,
ice-cold, and delicious.
Passing through the doorway the door smote him full, and the shriek which followed
brought the dancing to a halt.
Marija, who threatened horrid murder a hundred times a day, and would weep over
the injury of a fly, seized little Sebastijonas in her arms and bid fair to
smother him with kisses.
There was a long rest for the orchestra, and plenty of refreshments, while Marija
was making her peace with her victim, seating him upon the bar, and standing
beside him and holding to his lips a foaming schooner of beer.
In the meantime there was going on in another corner of the room an anxious
conference between Teta Elzbieta and Dede Antanas, and a few of the more intimate
friends of the family.
A trouble was come upon them. The veselija is a compact, a compact not
expressed, but therefore only the more binding upon all.
Every one's share was different--and yet every one knew perfectly well what his
share was, and strove to give a little more.
Now, however, since they had come to the new country, all this was changing; it
seemed as if there must be some subtle poison in the air that one breathed here--
it was affecting all the young men at once.
They would come in crowds and fill themselves with a fine dinner, and then
sneak off.
One would throw another's hat out of the window, and both would go out to get it,
and neither could be seen again.
Or now and then half a dozen of them would get together and march out openly, staring
at you, and making fun of you to your face.
Still others, worse yet, would crowd about the bar, and at the expense of the host
drink themselves sodden, paying not the least attention to any one, and leaving it
to be thought that either they had danced
with the bride already, or meant to later on.
All these things were going on now, and the family was helpless with dismay.
So long they had toiled, and such an outlay they had made!
Ona stood by, her eyes wide with terror.
Those frightful bills--how they had haunted her, each item gnawing at her soul all day
and spoiling her rest at night.
How often she had named them over one by one and figured on them as she went to
work--fifteen dollars for the hall, twenty- two dollars and a quarter for the ducks,
twelve dollars for the musicians, five
dollars at the church, and a blessing of the Virgin besides--and so on without an
end!
Worst of all was the frightful bill that was still to come from Graiczunas for the
beer and liquor that might be consumed.
One could never get in advance more than a guess as to this from a saloon-keeper--and
then, when the time came he always came to you scratching his head and saying that he
had guessed too low, but that he had done
his best--your guests had gotten so very drunk.
By him you were sure to be cheated unmercifully, and that even though you
thought yourself the dearest of the hundreds of friends he had.
He would begin to serve your guests out of a keg that was half full, and finish with
one that was half empty, and then you would be charged for two kegs of beer.
He would agree to serve a certain quality at a certain price, and when the time came
you and your friends would be drinking some horrible poison that could not be
described.
You might complain, but you would get nothing for your pains but a ruined
evening; while, as for going to law about it, you might as well go to heaven at once.
The saloon-keeper stood in with all the big politics men in the district; and when you
had once found out what it meant to get into trouble with such people, you would
know enough to pay what you were told to pay and shut up.
What made all this the more painful was that it was so hard on the few that had
really done their best.
There was poor old ponas Jokubas, for instance--he had already given five
dollars, and did not every one know that Jokubas Szedvilas had just mortgaged his
delicatessen store for two hundred dollars to meet several months' overdue rent?
And then there was withered old poni Aniele--who was a widow, and had three
children, and the rheumatism besides, and did washing for the tradespeople on Halsted
Street at prices it would break your heart to hear named.
Aniele had given the entire profit of her chickens for several months.
Eight of them she owned, and she kept them in a little place fenced around on her
backstairs.
All day long the children of Aniele were raking in the dump for food for these
chickens; and sometimes, when the competition there was too fierce, you might
see them on Halsted Street walking close to
the gutters, and with their mother following to see that no one robbed them of
their finds.
Money could not tell the value of these chickens to old Mrs. Jukniene--she valued
them differently, for she had a feeling that she was getting something for nothing
by means of them--that with them she was
getting the better of a world that was getting the better of her in so many other
ways.
So she watched them every hour of the day, and had learned to see like an owl at night
to watch them then.
One of them had been stolen long ago, and not a month passed that some one did not
try to steal another.
As the frustrating of this one attempt involved a score of false alarms, it will
be understood what a tribute old Mrs. Jukniene brought, just because Teta
Elzbieta had once loaned her some money for
a few days and saved her from being turned out of her house.
More and more friends gathered round while the lamentation about these things was
going on.
Some drew nearer, hoping to overhear the conversation, who were themselves among the
guilty--and surely that was a thing to try the patience of a saint.
Finally there came Jurgis, urged by some one, and the story was retold to him.
Jurgis listened in silence, with his great black eyebrows knitted.
Now and then there would come a gleam underneath them and he would glance about
the room.
Perhaps he would have liked to go at some of those fellows with his big clenched
fists; but then, doubtless, he realized how little good it would do him.
No bill would be any less for turning out any one at this time; and then there would
be the scandal--and Jurgis wanted nothing except to get away with Ona and to let the
world go its own way.
So his hands relaxed and he merely said quietly: "It is done, and there is no use
in weeping, Teta Elzbieta."
Then his look turned toward Ona, who stood close to his side, and he saw the wide look
of terror in her eyes. "Little one," he said, in a low voice, "do
not worry--it will not matter to us.
We will pay them all somehow. I will work harder."
That was always what Jurgis said. Ona had grown used to it as the solution of
all difficulties--"I will work harder!"
He had said that in Lithuania when one official had taken his passport from him,
and another had arrested him for being without it, and the two had divided a third
of his belongings.
He had said it again in New York, when the smooth-spoken agent had taken them in hand
and made them pay such high prices, and almost prevented their leaving his place,
in spite of their paying.
Now he said it a third time, and Ona drew a deep breath; it was so wonderful to have a
husband, just like a grown woman--and a husband who could solve all problems, and
who was so big and strong!
The last sob of little Sebastijonas has been stifled, and the orchestra has once
more been reminded of its duty.
The ceremony begins again--but there are few now left to dance with, and so very
soon the collection is over and promiscuous dances once more begin.
It is now after midnight, however, and things are not as they were before.
The dancers are dull and heavy--most of them have been drinking hard, and have long
ago passed the stage of exhilaration.
They dance in monotonous measure, round after round, hour after hour, with eyes
fixed upon vacancy, as if they were only half conscious, in a constantly growing
stupor.
The men grasp the women very tightly, but there will be half an hour together when
neither will see the other's face.
Some couples do not care to dance, and have retired to the corners, where they sit with
their arms enlaced.
Others, who have been drinking still more, wander about the room, bumping into
everything; some are in groups of two or three, singing, each group its own song.
As time goes on there is a variety of drunkenness, among the younger men
especially.
Some stagger about in each other's arms, whispering maudlin words--others start
quarrels upon the slightest pretext, and come to blows and have to be pulled apart.
Now the fat policeman wakens definitely, and feels of his club to see that it is
ready for business.
He has to be prompt--for these two-o'clock- in-the-morning fights, if they once get out
of hand, are like a forest fire, and may mean the whole reserves at the station.
The thing to do is to crack every fighting head that you see, before there are so many
fighting heads that you cannot crack any of them.
There is but scant account kept of cracked heads in back of the yards, for men who
have to crack the heads of animals all day seem to get into the habit, and to practice
on their friends, and even on their families, between times.
This makes it a cause for congratulation that by modern methods a very few men can
do the painfully necessary work of head- cracking for the whole of the cultured
world.
There is no fight that night--perhaps because Jurgis, too, is watchful--even more
so than the policeman.
Jurgis has drunk a great deal, as any one naturally would on an occasion when it all
has to be paid for, whether it is drunk or not; but he is a very steady man, and does
not easily lose his temper.
Only once there is a tight shave--and that is the fault of Marija Berczynskas.
Marija has apparently concluded about two hours ago that if the altar in the corner,
with the deity in soiled white, be not the true home of the muses, it is, at any rate,
the nearest substitute on earth attainable.
And Marija is just fighting drunk when there come to her ears the facts about the
villains who have not paid that night.
Marija goes on the warpath straight off, without even the preliminary of a good
cursing, and when she is pulled off it is with the coat collars of two villains in
her hands.
Fortunately, the policeman is disposed to be reasonable, and so it is not Marija who
is flung out of the place. All this interrupts the music for not more
than a minute or two.
Then again the merciless tune begins--the tune that has been played for the last
half-hour without one single change.
It is an American tune this time, one which they have picked up on the streets; all
seem to know the words of it--or, at any rate, the first line of it, which they hum
to themselves, over and over again without
rest: "In the good old summertime--in the good old summertime!
In the good old summertime--in the good old summertime!"
There seems to be something hypnotic about this, with its endlessly recurring
dominant.
It has put a stupor upon every one who hears it, as well as upon the men who are
playing it.
No one can get away from it, or even think of getting away from it; it is three
o'clock in the morning, and they have danced out all their joy, and danced out
all their strength, and all the strength
that unlimited drink can lend them--and still there is no one among them who has
the power to think of stopping.
Promptly at seven o'clock this same Monday morning they will every one of them have to
be in their places at Durham's or Brown's or Jones's, each in his working clothes.
If one of them be a minute late, he will be docked an hour's pay, and if he be many
minutes late, he will be apt to find his brass check turned to the wall, which will
send him out to join the hungry mob that
waits every morning at the gates of the packing houses, from six o'clock until
nearly half-past eight.
There is no exception to this rule, not even little Ona--who has asked for a
holiday the day after her wedding day, a holiday without pay, and been refused.
While there are so many who are anxious to work as you wish, there is no occasion for
incommoding yourself with those who must work otherwise.
Little Ona is nearly ready to faint--and half in a stupor herself, because of the
heavy scent in the room.
She has not taken a drop, but every one else there is literally burning alcohol, as
the lamps are burning oil; some of the men who are sound asleep in their chairs or on
the floor are reeking of it so that you cannot go near them.
Now and then Jurgis gazes at her hungrily-- he has long since forgotten his shyness;
but then the crowd is there, and he still waits and watches the door, where a
carriage is supposed to come.
It does not, and finally he will wait no longer, but comes up to Ona, who turns
white and trembles. He puts her shawl about her and then his
own coat.
They live only two blocks away, and Jurgis does not care about the carriage.
There is almost no farewell--the dancers do not notice them, and all of the children
and many of the old folks have fallen asleep of sheer exhaustion.
Dede Antanas is asleep, and so are the Szedvilases, husband and wife, the former
snoring in octaves.
There is Teta Elzbieta, and Marija, sobbing loudly; and then there is only the silent
night, with the stars beginning to pale a little in the east.
Jurgis, without a word, lifts Ona in his arms, and strides out with her, and she
sinks her head upon his shoulder with a moan.
When he reaches home he is not sure whether she has fainted or is asleep, but when he
has to hold her with one hand while he unlocks the door, he sees that she has
opened her eyes.
"You shall not go to Brown's today, little one," he whispers, as he climbs the stairs;
and she catches his arm in terror, gasping: "No! No! I dare not!
It will ruin us!"
But he answers her again: "Leave it to me; leave it to me.
I will earn more money--I will work harder."
>
CHAPTER 2
Jurgis talked lightly about work, because he was young.
They told him stories about the breaking down of men, there in the stockyards of
Chicago, and of what had happened to them afterward--stories to make your flesh
creep, but Jurgis would only laugh.
He had only been there four months, and he was young, and a giant besides.
There was too much health in him. He could not even imagine how it would feel
to be beaten.
"That is well enough for men like you," he would say, "silpnas, puny fellows--but my
back is broad." Jurgis was like a boy, a boy from the
country.
He was the sort of man the bosses like to get hold of, the sort they make it a
grievance they cannot get hold of. When he was told to go to a certain place,
he would go there on the run.
When he had nothing to do for the moment, he would stand round fidgeting, dancing,
with the overflow of energy that was in him.
If he were working in a line of men, the line always moved too slowly for him, and
you could pick him out by his impatience and restlessness.
That was why he had been picked out on one important occasion; for Jurgis had stood
outside of Brown and Company's "Central Time Station" not more than half an hour,
the second day of his arrival in Chicago,
before he had been beckoned by one of the bosses.
Of this he was very proud, and it made him more disposed than ever to laugh at the
pessimists.
In vain would they all tell him that there were men in that crowd from which he had
been chosen who had stood there a month-- yes, many months--and not been chosen yet.
"Yes," he would say, "but what sort of men?
Broken-down tramps and good-for-nothings, fellows who have spent all their money
drinking, and want to get more for it.
Do you want me to believe that with these arms"--and he would clench his fists and
hold them up in the air, so that you might see the rolling muscles--"that with these
arms people will ever let me starve?"
"It is plain," they would answer to this, "that you have come from the country, and
from very far in the country."
And this was the fact, for Jurgis had never seen a city, and scarcely even a fair-sized
town, until he had set out to make his fortune in the world and earn his right to
Ona.
His father, and his father's father before him, and as many ancestors back as legend
could go, had lived in that part of Lithuania known as Brelovicz, the Imperial
Forest.
This is a great tract of a hundred thousand acres, which from time immemorial has been
a hunting preserve of the nobility.
There are a very few peasants settled in it, holding title from ancient times; and
one of these was Antanas Rudkus, who had been reared himself, and had reared his
children in turn, upon half a dozen acres
of cleared land in the midst of a wilderness.
There had been one son besides Jurgis, and one sister.
The former had been drafted into the army; that had been over ten years ago, but since
that day nothing had ever been heard of him.
The sister was married, and her husband had bought the place when old Antanas had
decided to go with his son.
It was nearly a year and a half ago that Jurgis had met Ona, at a horse fair a
hundred miles from home.
Jurgis had never expected to get married-- he had laughed at it as a foolish trap for
a man to walk into; but here, without ever having spoken a word to her, with no more
than the exchange of half a dozen smiles,
he found himself, purple in the face with embarrassment and terror, asking her
parents to sell her to him for his wife-- and offering his father's two horses he had
been sent to the fair to sell.
But Ona's father proved as a rock--the girl was yet a child, and he was a rich man, and
his daughter was not to be had in that way.
So Jurgis went home with a heavy heart, and that spring and summer toiled and tried
hard to forget.
In the fall, after the harvest was over, he saw that it would not do, and tramped the
full fortnight's journey that lay between him and Ona.
He found an unexpected state of affairs-- for the girl's father had died, and his
estate was tied up with creditors; Jurgis' heart leaped as he realized that now the
prize was within his reach.
There was Elzbieta Lukoszaite, Teta, or Aunt, as they called her, Ona's stepmother,
and there were her six children, of all ages.
There was also her brother Jonas, a dried- up little man who had worked upon the farm.
They were people of great consequence, as it seemed to Jurgis, fresh out of the
woods; Ona knew how to read, and knew many other things that he did not know, and now
the farm had been sold, and the whole
family was adrift--all they owned in the world being about seven hundred rubles
which is half as many dollars.
They would have had three times that, but it had gone to court, and the judge had
decided against them, and it had cost the balance to get him to change his decision.
Ona might have married and left them, but she would not, for she loved Teta Elzbieta.
It was Jonas who suggested that they all go to America, where a friend of his had
gotten rich.
He would work, for his part, and the women would work, and some of the children,
doubtless--they would live somehow. Jurgis, too, had heard of America.
That was a country where, they said, a man might earn three rubles a day; and Jurgis
figured what three rubles a day would mean, with prices as they were where he lived,
and decided forthwith that he would go to
America and marry, and be a rich man in the bargain.
In that country, rich or poor, a man was free, it was said; he did not have to go
into the army, he did not have to pay out his money to rascally officials--he might
do as he pleased, and count himself as good as any other man.
So America was a place of which lovers and young people dreamed.
If one could only manage to get the price of a passage, he could count his troubles
at an end.
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring, and meantime Jurgis sold
himself to a contractor for a certain time, and tramped nearly four hundred miles from
home with a gang of men to work upon a railroad in Smolensk.
This was a fearful experience, with filth and bad food and cruelty and overwork; but
Jurgis stood it and came out in fine trim, and with eighty rubles sewed up in his
coat.
He did not drink or fight, because he was thinking all the time of Ona; and for the
rest, he was a quiet, steady man, who did what he was told to, did not lose his
temper often, and when he did lose it made
the offender anxious that he should not lose it again.
When they paid him off he dodged the company gamblers and dramshops, and so they
tried to kill him; but he escaped, and tramped it home, working at odd jobs, and
sleeping always with one eye open.
So in the summer time they had all set out for America.
At the last moment there joined them Marija Berczynskas, who was a cousin of Ona's.
Marija was an orphan, and had worked since childhood for a rich farmer of Vilna, who
beat her regularly.
It was only at the age of twenty that it had occurred to Marija to try her strength,
when she had risen up and nearly murdered the man, and then come away.
There were twelve in all in the party, five adults and six children--and Ona, who was a
little of both.
They had a hard time on the passage; there was an agent who helped them, but he proved
a scoundrel, and got them into a trap with some officials, and cost them a good deal
of their precious money, which they clung to with such horrible fear.
This happened to them again in New York-- for, of course, they knew nothing about the
country, and had no one to tell them, and it was easy for a man in a blue uniform to
lead them away, and to take them to a hotel
and keep them there, and make them pay enormous charges to get away.
The law says that the rate card shall be on the door of a hotel, but it does not say
that it shall be in Lithuanian.
It was in the stockyards that Jonas' friend had gotten rich, and so to Chicago the
party was bound.
They knew that one word, Chicago and that was all they needed to know, at least,
until they reached the city.
Then, tumbled out of the cars without ceremony, they were no better off than
before; they stood staring down the vista of Dearborn Street, with its big black
buildings towering in the distance, unable
to realize that they had arrived, and why, when they said "Chicago," people no longer
pointed in some direction, but instead looked perplexed, or laughed, or went on
without paying any attention.
They were pitiable in their helplessness; above all things they stood in deadly
terror of any sort of person in official uniform, and so whenever they saw a
policeman they would cross the street and hurry by.
For the whole of the first day they wandered about in the midst of deafening
confusion, utterly lost; and it was only at night that, cowering in the doorway of a
house, they were finally discovered and taken by a policeman to the station.
In the morning an interpreter was found, and they were taken and put upon a car, and
taught a new word--"stockyards."
Their delight at discovering that they were to get out of this adventure without losing
another share of their possessions it would not be possible to describe.
They sat and stared out of the window.
They were on a street which seemed to run on forever, mile after mile--thirty-four of
them, if they had known it--and each side of it one uninterrupted row of wretched
little two-story frame buildings.
Down every side street they could see, it was the same--never a hill and never a
hollow, but always the same endless vista of ugly and dirty little wooden buildings.
Here and there would be a bridge crossing a filthy creek, with hard-baked mud shores
and dingy sheds and docks along it; here and there would be a railroad crossing,
with a tangle of switches, and locomotives
puffing, and rattling freight cars filing by; here and there would be a great
factory, a dingy building with innumerable windows in it, and immense volumes of smoke
pouring from the chimneys, darkening the
air above and making filthy the earth beneath.
But after each of these interruptions, the desolate procession would begin again--the
procession of dreary little buildings.
A full hour before the party reached the city they had begun to note the perplexing
changes in the atmosphere. It grew darker all the time, and upon the
earth the grass seemed to grow less green.
Every minute, as the train sped on, the colors of things became dingier; the fields
were grown parched and yellow, the landscape hideous and bare.
And along with the thickening smoke they began to notice another circumstance, a
strange, pungent odor.
They were not sure that it was unpleasant, this odor; some might have called it
sickening, but their taste in odors was not developed, and they were only sure that it
was curious.
Now, sitting in the trolley car, they realized that they were on their way to the
home of it--that they had traveled all the way from Lithuania to it.
It was now no longer something far off and faint, that you caught in whiffs; you could
literally taste it, as well as smell it-- you could take hold of it, almost, and
examine it at your leisure.
They were divided in their opinions about it.
It was an elemental odor, raw and crude; it was rich, almost rancid, sensual, and
strong.
There were some who drank it in as if it were an intoxicant; there were others who
put their handkerchiefs to their faces.
The new emigrants were still tasting it, lost in wonder, when suddenly the car came
to a halt, and the door was flung open, and a voice shouted--"Stockyards!"
They were left standing upon the corner, staring; down a side street there were two
rows of brick houses, and between them a vista: half a dozen chimneys, tall as the
tallest of buildings, touching the very
sky--and leaping from them half a dozen columns of smoke, thick, oily, and black as
night.
It might have come from the center of the world, this smoke, where the fires of the
ages still smolder. It came as if self-impelled, driving all
before it, a perpetual explosion.
It was inexhaustible; one stared, waiting to see it stop, but still the great streams
rolled out.
They spread in vast clouds overhead, writhing, curling; then, uniting in one
giant river, they streamed away down the sky, stretching a black pall as far as the
eye could reach.
Then the party became aware of another strange thing.
This, too, like the color, was a thing elemental; it was a sound, a sound made up
of ten thousand little sounds.
You scarcely noticed it at first--it sunk into your consciousness, a vague
disturbance, a trouble.
It was like the murmuring of the bees in the spring, the whisperings of the forest;
it suggested endless activity, the rumblings of a world in motion.
It was only by an effort that one could realize that it was made by animals, that
it was the distant lowing of ten thousand cattle, the distant grunting of ten
thousand swine.
They would have liked to follow it up, but, alas, they had no time for adventures just
then.
The policeman on the corner was beginning to watch them; and so, as usual, they
started up the street.
Scarcely had they gone a block, however, before Jonas was heard to give a cry, and
began pointing excitedly across the street.
Before they could gather the meaning of his breathless ejaculations he had bounded
away, and they saw him enter a shop, over which was a sign: "J. Szedvilas,
Delicatessen."
When he came out again it was in company with a very stout gentleman in shirt
sleeves and an apron, clasping Jonas by both hands and laughing hilariously.
Then Teta Elzbieta recollected suddenly that Szedvilas had been the name of the
mythical friend who had made his fortune in America.
To find that he had been making it in the delicatessen business was an extraordinary
piece of good fortune at this juncture; though it was well on in the morning, they
had not breakfasted, and the children were beginning to whimper.
Thus was the happy ending to a woeful voyage.
The two families literally fell upon each other's necks--for it had been years since
Jokubas Szedvilas had met a man from his part of Lithuania.
Before half the day they were lifelong friends.
Jokubas understood all the pitfalls of this new world, and could explain all of its
mysteries; he could tell them the things they ought to have done in the different
emergencies--and what was still more to the point, he could tell them what to do now.
He would take them to poni Aniele, who kept a boardinghouse the other side of the
yards; old Mrs. Jukniene, he explained, had not what one would call choice
accommodations, but they might do for the moment.
To this Teta Elzbieta hastened to respond that nothing could be too cheap to suit
them just then; for they were quite terrified over the sums they had had to
expend.
A very few days of practical experience in this land of high wages had been sufficient
to make clear to them the cruel fact that it was also a land of high prices, and that
in it the poor man was almost as poor as in
any other corner of the earth; and so there vanished in a night all the wonderful
dreams of wealth that had been haunting Jurgis.
What had made the discovery all the more painful was that they were spending, at
American prices, money which they had earned at home rates of wages--and so were
really being cheated by the world!
The last two days they had all but starved themselves--it made them quite sick to pay
the prices that the railroad people asked them for food.
Yet, when they saw the home of the Widow Jukniene they could not but recoil, even
so, in all their journey they had seen nothing so bad as this.
Poni Aniele had a four-room flat in one of that wilderness of two-story frame
tenements that lie "back of the yards."
There were four such flats in each building, and each of the four was a
"boardinghouse" for the occupancy of foreigners--Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, or
Bohemians.
Some of these places were kept by private persons, some were cooperative.
There would be an average of half a dozen boarders to each room--sometimes there were
thirteen or fourteen to one room, fifty or sixty to a flat.
Each one of the occupants furnished his own accommodations--that is, a mattress and
some bedding.
The mattresses would be spread upon the floor in rows--and there would be nothing
else in the place except a stove.
It was by no means unusual for two men to own the same mattress in common, one
working by day and using it by night, and the other working at night and using it in
the daytime.
Very frequently a lodging house keeper would rent the same beds to double shifts
of men. Mrs. Jukniene was a wizened-up little
woman, with a wrinkled face.
Her home was unthinkably filthy; you could not enter by the front door at all, owing
to the mattresses, and when you tried to go up the backstairs you found that she had
walled up most of the porch with old boards to make a place to keep her chickens.
It was a standing jest of the boarders that Aniele cleaned house by letting the
chickens loose in the rooms.
Undoubtedly this did keep down the vermin, but it seemed probable, in view of all the
circumstances, that the old lady regarded it rather as feeding the chickens than as
cleaning the rooms.
The truth was that she had definitely given up the idea of cleaning anything, under
pressure of an attack of rheumatism, which had kept her doubled up in one corner of
her room for over a week; during which time
eleven of her boarders, heavily in her debt, had concluded to try their chances of
employment in Kansas City. This was July, and the fields were green.
One never saw the fields, nor any green thing whatever, in Packingtown; but one
could go out on the road and "hobo it," as the men phrased it, and see the country,
and have a long rest, and an easy time riding on the freight cars.
Such was the home to which the new arrivals were welcomed.
There was nothing better to be had--they might not do so well by looking further,
for Mrs. Jukniene had at least kept one room for herself and her three little
children, and now offered to share this with the women and the girls of the party.
They could get bedding at a secondhand store, she explained; and they would not
need any, while the weather was so hot-- doubtless they would all sleep on the
sidewalk such nights as this, as did nearly all of her guests.
"Tomorrow," Jurgis said, when they were left alone, "tomorrow I will get a job, and
perhaps Jonas will get one also; and then we can get a place of our own."
Later that afternoon he and Ona went out to take a walk and look about them, to see
more of this district which was to be their home.
In back of the yards the dreary two-story frame houses were scattered farther apart,
and there were great spaces bare--that seemingly had been overlooked by the great
sore of a city as it spread itself over the surface of the prairie.
These bare places were grown up with dingy, yellow weeds, hiding innumerable tomato
cans; innumerable children played upon them, chasing one another here and there,
screaming and fighting.
The most uncanny thing about this neighborhood was the number of the
children; you thought there must be a school just out, and it was only after long
acquaintance that you were able to realize
that there was no school, but that these were the children of the neighborhood--that
there were so many children to the block in Packingtown that nowhere on its streets
could a horse and buggy move faster than a walk!
It could not move faster anyhow, on account of the state of the streets.
Those through which Jurgis and Ona were walking resembled streets less than they
did a miniature topographical map.
The roadway was commonly several feet lower than the level of the houses, which were
sometimes joined by high board walks; there were no pavements--there were mountains and
valleys and rivers, gullies and ditches,
and great hollows full of stinking green water.
In these pools the children played, and rolled about in the mud of the streets;
here and there one noticed them digging in it, after trophies which they had stumbled
on.
One wondered about this, as also about the swarms of flies which hung about the scene,
literally blackening the air, and the strange, fetid odor which assailed one's
nostrils, a ghastly odor, of all the dead things of the universe.
It impelled the visitor to questions and then the residents would explain, quietly,
that all this was "made" land, and that it had been "made" by using it as a dumping
ground for the city garbage.
After a few years the unpleasant effect of this would pass away, it was said; but
meantime, in hot weather--and especially when it rained--the flies were apt to be
annoying.
Was it not unhealthful? the stranger would ask, and the residents would answer,
"Perhaps; but there is no telling."
A little way farther on, and Jurgis and Ona, staring open-eyed and wondering, came
to the place where this "made" ground was in process of making.
Here was a great hole, perhaps two city blocks square, and with long files of
garbage wagons creeping into it.
The place had an odor for which there are no polite words; and it was sprinkled over
with children, who raked in it from dawn till dark.
Sometimes visitors from the packing houses would wander out to see this "dump," and
they would stand by and debate as to whether the children were eating the food
they got, or merely collecting it for the chickens at home.
Apparently none of them ever went down to find out.
Beyond this dump there stood a great brickyard, with smoking chimneys.
First they took out the soil to make bricks, and then they filled it up again
with garbage, which seemed to Jurgis and Ona a felicitous arrangement,
characteristic of an enterprising country like America.
A little way beyond was another great hole, which they had emptied and not yet filled
up.
This held water, and all summer it stood there, with the near-by soil draining into
it, festering and stewing in the sun; and then, when winter came, somebody cut the
ice on it, and sold it to the people of the city.
This, too, seemed to the newcomers an economical arrangement; for they did not
read the newspapers, and their heads were not full of troublesome thoughts about
"germs."
They stood there while the sun went down upon this scene, and the sky in the west
turned blood-red, and the tops of the houses shone like fire.
Jurgis and Ona were not thinking of the sunset, however--their backs were turned to
it, and all their thoughts were of Packingtown, which they could see so
plainly in the distance.
The line of the buildings stood clear-cut and black against the sky; here and there
out of the mass rose the great chimneys, with the river of smoke streaming away to
the end of the world.
It was a study in colors now, this smoke; in the sunset light it was black and brown
and gray and purple.
All the sordid suggestions of the place were gone--in the twilight it was a vision
of power.
To the two who stood watching while the darkness swallowed it up, it seemed a dream
of wonder, with its talc of human energy, of things being done, of employment for
thousands upon thousands of men, of
opportunity and freedom, of life and love and joy.
When they came away, arm in arm, Jurgis was saying, "Tomorrow I shall go there and get
a job!"
>
CHAPTER 3
In his capacity as delicatessen vender, Jokubas Szedvilas had many acquaintances.
Among these was one of the special policemen employed by Durham, whose duty it
frequently was to pick out men for employment.
Jokubas had never tried it, but he expressed a certainty that he could get
some of his friends a job through this man.
It was agreed, after consultation, that he should make the effort with old Antanas and
with Jonas. Jurgis was confident of his ability to get
work for himself, unassisted by any one.
As we have said before, he was not mistaken in this.
He had gone to Brown's and stood there not more than half an hour before one of the
bosses noticed his form towering above the rest, and signaled to him.
The colloquy which followed was brief and to the point:
"Speak English?" "No; Lit-uanian."
(Jurgis had studied this word carefully.)
"Job?" "Je."
(A nod.) "Worked here before?"
"No 'stand."
(Signals and gesticulations on the part of the boss.
Vigorous shakes of the head by Jurgis.) "Shovel guts?"
"No 'stand."
(More shakes of the head.) "Zarnos.
Pagaiksztis. Szluofa!"
(Imitative motions.)
"Je." "See door.
Durys?" (Pointing.)
"Je."
"To-morrow, seven o'clock. Understand?
Rytoj! Prieszpietys!
Septyni!"
"Dekui, tamistai!" (Thank you, sir.)
And that was all.
Jurgis turned away, and then in a sudden rush the full realization of his triumph
swept over him, and he gave a yell and a jump, and started off on a run.
He had a job!
He had a job!
And he went all the way home as if upon wings, and burst into the house like a
cyclone, to the rage of the numerous lodgers who had just turned in for their
daily sleep.
Meantime Jokubas had been to see his friend the policeman, and received encouragement,
so it was a happy party.
There being no more to be done that day, the shop was left under the care of Lucija,
and her husband sallied forth to show his friends the sights of Packingtown.
Jokubas did this with the air of a country gentleman escorting a party of visitors
over his estate; he was an old-time resident, and all these wonders had grown
up under his eyes, and he had a personal pride in them.
The packers might own the land, but he claimed the landscape, and there was no one
to say nay to this.
They passed down the busy street that led to the yards.
It was still early morning, and everything was at its high tide of activity.
A steady stream of employees was pouring through the gate--employees of the higher
sort, at this hour, clerks and stenographers and such.
For the women there were waiting big two- horse wagons, which set off at a gallop as
fast as they were filled.
In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle, a sound as of a far-
off ocean calling.
They followed it, this time, as eager as children in sight of a circus menagerie--
which, indeed, the scene a good deal resembled.
They crossed the railroad tracks, and then on each side of the street were the pens
full of cattle; they would have stopped to look, but Jokubas hurried them on, to where
there was a stairway and a raised gallery, from which everything could be seen.
Here they stood, staring, breathless with wonder.
There is over a square mile of space in the yards, and more than half of it is occupied
by cattle pens; north and south as far as the eye can reach there stretches a sea of
pens.
And they were all filled--so many cattle no one had ever dreamed existed in the world.
Red cattle, black, white, and yellow cattle; old cattle and young cattle; great
bellowing bulls and little calves not an hour born; meek-eyed milch cows and fierce,
long-horned Texas steers.
The sound of them here was as of all the barnyards of the universe; and as for
counting them--it would have taken all day simply to count the pens.
Here and there ran long alleys, blocked at intervals by gates; and Jokubas told them
that the number of these gates was twenty- five thousand.
Jokubas had recently been reading a newspaper article which was full of
statistics such as that, and he was very proud as he repeated them and made his
guests cry out with wonder.
Jurgis too had a little of this sense of pride.
Had he not just gotten a job, and become a sharer in all this activity, a cog in this
marvelous machine?
Here and there about the alleys galloped men upon horseback, booted, and carrying
long whips; they were very busy, calling to each other, and to those who were driving
the cattle.
They were drovers and stock raisers, who had come from far states, and brokers and
commission merchants, and buyers for all the big packing houses.
Here and there they would stop to inspect a bunch of cattle, and there would be a
parley, brief and businesslike.
The buyer would nod or drop his whip, and that would mean a bargain; and he would
note it in his little book, along with hundreds of others he had made that
morning.
Then Jokubas pointed out the place where the cattle were driven to be weighed, upon
a great scale that would weigh a hundred thousand pounds at once and record it
automatically.
It was near to the east entrance that they stood, and all along this east side of the
yards ran the railroad tracks, into which the cars were run, loaded with cattle.
All night long this had been going on, and now the pens were full; by tonight they
would all be empty, and the same thing would be done again.
"And what will become of all these creatures?" cried Teta Elzbieta.
"By tonight," Jokubas answered, "they will all be killed and cut up; and over there on
the other side of the packing houses are more railroad tracks, where the cars come
to take them away."
There were two hundred and fifty miles of track within the yards, their guide went on
to tell them.
They brought about ten thousand head of cattle every day, and as many hogs, and
half as many sheep--which meant some eight or ten million live creatures turned into
food every year.
One stood and watched, and little by little caught the drift of the tide, as it set in
the direction of the packing houses.
There were groups of cattle being driven to the chutes, which were roadways about
fifteen feet wide, raised high above the pens.
In these chutes the stream of animals was continuous; it was quite uncanny to watch
them, pressing on to their fate, all unsuspicious a very river of death.
Our friends were not poetical, and the sight suggested to them no metaphors of
human destiny; they thought only of the wonderful efficiency of it all.
The chutes into which the hogs went climbed high up--to the very top of the distant
buildings; and Jokubas explained that the hogs went up by the power of their own
legs, and then their weight carried them
back through all the processes necessary to make them into pork.
"They don't waste anything here," said the guide, and then he laughed and added a
witticism, which he was pleased that his unsophisticated friends should take to be
his own: "They use everything about the hog except the squeal."
In front of Brown's General Office building there grows a tiny plot of grass, and this,
you may learn, is the only bit of green thing in Packingtown; likewise this jest
about the hog and his squeal, the stock in
trade of all the guides, is the one gleam of humor that you will find there.
After they had seen enough of the pens, the party went up the street, to the mass of
buildings which occupy the center of the yards.
These buildings, made of brick and stained with innumerable layers of Packingtown
smoke, were painted all over with advertising signs, from which the visitor
realized suddenly that he had come to the home of many of the torments of his life.
It was here that they made those products with the wonders of which they pestered him
so--by placards that defaced the landscape when he traveled, and by staring
advertisements in the newspapers and
magazines--by silly little jingles that he could not get out of his mind, and gaudy
pictures that lurked for him around every street corner.
Here was where they made Brown's Imperial Hams and Bacon, Brown's Dressed Beef,
Brown's Excelsior Sausages!
Here was the headquarters of Durham's Pure Leaf Lard, of Durham's Breakfast Bacon,
Durham's Canned Beef, Potted Ham, Deviled Chicken, Peerless Fertilizer!
Entering one of the Durham buildings, they found a number of other visitors waiting;
and before long there came a guide, to escort them through the place.
They make a great feature of showing strangers through the packing plants, for
it is a good advertisement.
But Ponas Jokubas whispered maliciously that the visitors did not see any more than
the packers wanted them to.
They climbed a long series of stairways outside of the building, to the top of its
five or six stories.
Here was the chute, with its river of hogs, all patiently toiling upward; there was a
place for them to rest to cool off, and then through another passageway they went
into a room from which there is no returning for hogs.
It was a long, narrow room, with a gallery along it for visitors.
At the head there was a great iron wheel, about twenty feet in circumference, with
rings here and there along its edge.
Upon both sides of this wheel there was a narrow space, into which came the hogs at
the end of their journey; in the midst of them stood a great burly Negro, bare-armed
and bare-chested.
He was resting for the moment, for the wheel had stopped while men were cleaning
up.
In a minute or two, however, it began slowly to revolve, and then the men upon
each side of it sprang to work.
They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other
end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel.
So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet and borne aloft.
At the same instant the car was assailed by a most terrifying shriek; the visitors
started in alarm, the women turned pale and shrank back.
The shriek was followed by another, louder and yet more agonizing--for once started
upon that journey, the hog never came back; at the top of the wheel he was shunted off
upon a trolley, and went sailing down the room.
And meantime another was swung up, and then another, and another, until there was a
double line of them, each dangling by a foot and kicking in frenzy--and squealing.
The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared there was too much
sound for the room to hold--that the walls must give way or the ceiling crack.
There were high squeals and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony; there would
come a momentary lull, and then a fresh outburst, louder than ever, surging up to a
deafening climax.
It was too much for some of the visitors-- the men would look at each other, laughing
nervously, and the women would stand with hands clenched, and the blood rushing to
their faces, and the tears starting in their eyes.
Meantime, heedless of all these things, the men upon the floor were going about their
work.
Neither squeals of hogs nor tears of visitors made any difference to them; one
by one they hooked up the hogs, and one by one with a swift stroke they slit their
throats.
There was a long line of hogs, with squeals and lifeblood ebbing away together; until
at last each started again, and vanished with a splash into a huge vat of boiling
water.
It was all so very businesslike that one watched it fascinated.
It was porkmaking by machinery, porkmaking by applied mathematics.
And yet somehow the most matter-of-fact person could not help thinking of the hogs;
they were so innocent, they came so very trustingly; and they were so very human in
their protests--and so perfectly within their rights!
They had done nothing to deserve it; and it was adding insult to injury, as the thing
was done here, swinging them up in this cold-blooded, impersonal way, without a
pretense of apology, without the homage of a tear.
Now and then a visitor wept, to be sure; but this slaughtering machine ran on,
visitors or no visitors.
It was like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded,
buried out of sight and of memory.
One could not stand and watch very long without becoming philosophical, without
beginning to deal in symbols and similes, and to hear the hog squeal of the universe.
Was it permitted to believe that there was nowhere upon the earth, or above the earth,
a heaven for hogs, where they were requited for all this suffering?
Each one of these hogs was a separate creature.
Some were white hogs, some were black; some were brown, some were spotted; some were
old, some young; some were long and lean, some were monstrous.
And each of them had an individuality of his own, a will of his own, a hope and a
heart's desire; each was full of self- confidence, of self-importance, and a sense
of dignity.
And trusting and strong in faith he had gone about his business, the while a black
shadow hung over him and a horrid Fate waited in his pathway.
Now suddenly it had swooped upon him, and had seized him by the leg.
Relentless, remorseless, it was; all his protests, his screams, were nothing to it--
it did its cruel will with him, as if his wishes, his feelings, had simply no
existence at all; it cut his throat and watched him gasp out his life.
And now was one to believe that there was nowhere a god of hogs, to whom this hog
personality was precious, to whom these hog squeals and agonies had a meaning?
Who would take this hog into his arms and comfort him, reward him for his work well
done, and show him the meaning of his sacrifice?
Perhaps some glimpse of all this was in the thoughts of our humble-minded Jurgis, as he
turned to go on with the rest of the party, and muttered: "Dieve--but I'm glad I'm not
a hog!"
The carcass hog was scooped out of the vat by machinery, and then it fell to the
second floor, passing on the way through a wonderful machine with numerous scrapers,
which adjusted themselves to the size and
shape of the animal, and sent it out at the other end with nearly all of its bristles
removed.
It was then again strung up by machinery, and sent upon another trolley ride; this
time passing between two lines of men, who sat upon a raised platform, each doing a
certain single thing to the carcass as it came to him.
One scraped the outside of a leg; another scraped the inside of the same leg.
One with a swift stroke cut the throat; another with two swift strokes severed the
head, which fell to the floor and vanished through a hole.
Another made a slit down the body; a second opened the body wider; a third with a saw
cut the breastbone; a fourth loosened the entrails; a fifth pulled them out--and they
also slid through a hole in the floor.
There were men to scrape each side and men to scrape the back; there were men to clean
the carcass inside, to trim it and wash it.
Looking down this room, one saw, creeping slowly, a line of dangling hogs a hundred
yards in length; and for every yard there was a man, working as if a demon were after
him.
At the end of this hog's progress every inch of the carcass had been gone over
several times; and then it was rolled into the chilling room, where it stayed for
twenty-four hours, and where a stranger
might lose himself in a forest of freezing hogs.
Before the carcass was admitted here, however, it had to pass a government
inspector, who sat in the doorway and felt of the glands in the neck for tuberculosis.
This government inspector did not have the manner of a man who was worked to death; he
was apparently not haunted by a fear that the hog might get by him before he had
finished his testing.
If you were a sociable person, he was quite willing to enter into conversation with
you, and to explain to you the deadly nature of the ptomaines which are found in
tubercular pork; and while he was talking
with you you could hardly be so ungrateful as to notice that a dozen carcasses were
passing him untouched.
This inspector wore a blue uniform, with brass buttons, and he gave an atmosphere of
authority to the scene, and, as it were, put the stamp of official approval upon the
things which were done in Durham's.
Jurgis went down the line with the rest of the visitors, staring open-mouthed, lost in
wonder.
He had dressed hogs himself in the forest of Lithuania; but he had never expected to
live to see one hog dressed by several hundred men.
It was like a wonderful poem to him, and he took it all in guilelessly--even to the
conspicuous signs demanding immaculate cleanliness of the employees.
Jurgis was vexed when the cynical Jokubas translated these signs with sarcastic
comments, offering to take them to the secret rooms where the spoiled meats went
to be doctored.
The party descended to the next floor, where the various waste materials were
treated.
Here came the entrails, to be scraped and washed clean for sausage casings; men and
women worked here in the midst of a sickening stench, which caused the visitors
to hasten by, gasping.
To another room came all the scraps to be "tanked," which meant boiling and pumping
off the grease to make soap and lard; below they took out the refuse, and this, too,
was a region in which the visitors did not linger.
In still other places men were engaged in cutting up the carcasses that had been
through the chilling rooms.
First there were the "splitters," the most expert workmen in the plant, who earned as
high as fifty cents an hour, and did not a thing all day except chop hogs down the
middle.
Then there were "cleaver men," great giants with muscles of iron; each had two men to
attend him--to slide the half carcass in front of him on the table, and hold it
while he chopped it, and then turn each piece so that he might chop it once more.
His cleaver had a blade about two feet long, and he never made but one cut; he
made it so neatly, too, that his implement did not smite through and dull itself--
there was just enough force for a perfect cut, and no more.
So through various yawning holes there slipped to the floor below--to one room
hams, to another forequarters, to another sides of pork.
One might go down to this floor and see the pickling rooms, where the hams were put
into vats, and the great smoke rooms, with their airtight iron doors.
In other rooms they prepared salt pork-- there were whole cellars full of it, built
up in great towers to the ceiling.
In yet other rooms they were putting up meats in boxes and barrels, and wrapping
hams and bacon in oiled paper, sealing and labeling and sewing them.
From the doors of these rooms went men with loaded trucks, to the platform where
freight cars were waiting to be filled; and one went out there and realized with a
start that he had come at last to the ground floor of this enormous building.
Then the party went across the street to where they did the killing of beef--where
every hour they turned four or five hundred cattle into meat.
Unlike the place they had left, all this work was done on one floor; and instead of
there being one line of carcasses which moved to the workmen, there were fifteen or
twenty lines, and the men moved from one to another of these.
This made a scene of intense activity, a picture of human power wonderful to watch.
It was all in one great room, like a circus amphitheater, with a gallery for visitors
running over the center.
Along one side of the room ran a narrow gallery, a few feet from the floor; into
which gallery the cattle were driven by men with goads which gave them electric shocks.
Once crowded in here, the creatures were prisoned, each in a separate pen, by gates
that shut, leaving them no room to turn around; and while they stood bellowing and
plunging, over the top of the pen there
leaned one of the "knockers," armed with a sledge hammer, and watching for a chance to
deal a blow.
The room echoed with the thuds in quick succession, and the stamping and kicking of
the steers.
The instant the animal had fallen, the "knocker" passed on to another; while a
second man raised a lever, and the side of the pen was raised, and the animal, still
kicking and struggling, slid out to the "killing bed."
Here a man put shackles about one leg, and pressed another lever, and the body was
jerked up into the air.
There were fifteen or twenty such pens, and it was a matter of only a couple of minutes
to knock fifteen or twenty cattle and roll them out.
Then once more the gates were opened, and another lot rushed in; and so out of each
pen there rolled a steady stream of carcasses, which the men upon the killing
beds had to get out of the way.
The manner in which they did this was something to be seen and never forgotten.
They worked with furious intensity, literally upon the run--at a pace with
which there is nothing to be compared except a football game.
It was all highly specialized labor, each man having his task to do; generally this
would consist of only two or three specific cuts, and he would pass down the line of
fifteen or twenty carcasses, making these cuts upon each.
First there came the "butcher," to bleed them; this meant one swift stroke, so swift
that you could not see it--only the flash of the knife; and before you could realize
it, the man had darted on to the next line,
and a stream of bright red was pouring out upon the floor.
This floor was half an inch deep with blood, in spite of the best efforts of men
who kept shoveling it through holes; it must have made the floor slippery, but no
one could have guessed this by watching the men at work.
The carcass hung for a few minutes to bleed; there was no time lost, however, for
there were several hanging in each line, and one was always ready.
It was let down to the ground, and there came the "headsman," whose task it was to
sever the head, with two or three swift strokes.
Then came the "floorsman," to make the first cut in the skin; and then another to
finish ripping the skin down the center; and then half a dozen more in swift
succession, to finish the skinning.
After they were through, the carcass was again swung up; and while a man with a
stick examined the skin, to make sure that it had not been cut, and another rolled it
up and tumbled it through one of the
inevitable holes in the floor, the beef proceeded on its journey.
There were men to cut it, and men to split it, and men to gut it and scrape it clean
inside.
There were some with hose which threw jets of boiling water upon it, and others who
removed the feet and added the final touches.
In the end, as with the hogs, the finished beef was run into the chilling room, to
hang its appointed time.
The visitors were taken there and shown them, all neatly hung in rows, labeled
conspicuously with the tags of the government inspectors--and some, which had
been killed by a special process, marked
with the sign of the kosher rabbi, certifying that it was fit for sale to the
orthodox.
And then the visitors were taken to the other parts of the building, to see what
became of each particle of the waste material that had vanished through the
floor; and to the pickling rooms, and the
salting rooms, the canning rooms, and the packing rooms, where choice meat was
prepared for shipping in refrigerator cars, destined to be eaten in all the four
corners of civilization.
Afterward they went outside, wandering about among the mazes of buildings in which
was done the work auxiliary to this great industry.
There was scarcely a thing needed in the business that Durham and Company did not
make for themselves. There was a great steam power plant and an
electricity plant.
There was a barrel factory, and a boiler- repair shop.
There was a building to which the grease was piped, and made into soap and lard; and
then there was a factory for making lard cans, and another for making soap boxes.
There was a building in which the bristles were cleaned and dried, for the making of
hair cushions and such things; there was a building where the skins were dried and
tanned, there was another where heads and
feet were made into glue, and another where bones were made into fertilizer.
No tiniest particle of organic matter was wasted in Durham's.
Out of the horns of the cattle they made combs, buttons, hairpins, and imitation
ivory; out of the shinbones and other big bones they cut knife and toothbrush
handles, and mouthpieces for pipes; out of
the hoofs they cut hairpins and buttons, before they made the rest into glue.
From such things as feet, knuckles, hide clippings, and sinews came such strange and
unlikely products as gelatin, isinglass, and phosphorus, bone black, shoe blacking,
and bone oil.
They had curled-hair works for the cattle tails, and a "wool pullery" for the
sheepskins; they made pepsin from the stomachs of the pigs, and albumen from the
blood, and violin strings from the ill- smelling entrails.
When there was nothing else to be done with a thing, they first put it into a tank and
got out of it all the tallow and grease, and then they made it into fertilizer.
All these industries were gathered into buildings near by, connected by galleries
and railroads with the main establishment; and it was estimated that they had handled
nearly a quarter of a billion of animals
since the founding of the plant by the elder Durham a generation and more ago.
If you counted with it the other big plants--and they were now really all one--
it was, so Jokubas informed them, the greatest aggregation of labor and capital
ever gathered in one place.
It employed thirty thousand men; it supported directly two hundred and fifty
thousand people in its neighborhood, and indirectly it supported half a million.
It sent its products to every country in the civilized world, and it furnished the
food for no less than thirty million people!
To all of these things our friends would listen open-mouthed--it seemed to them
impossible of belief that anything so stupendous could have been devised by
mortal man.
That was why to Jurgis it seemed almost profanity to speak about the place as did
Jokubas, skeptically; it was a thing as tremendous as the universe--the laws and
ways of its working no more than the universe to be questioned or understood.
All that a mere man could do, it seemed to Jurgis, was to take a thing like this as he
found it, and do as he was told; to be given a place in it and a share in its
wonderful activities was a blessing to be
grateful for, as one was grateful for the sunshine and the rain.
Jurgis was even glad that he had not seen the place before meeting with his triumph,
for he felt that the size of it would have overwhelmed him.
But now he had been admitted--he was a part of it all!
He had the feeling that this whole huge establishment had taken him under its
protection, and had become responsible for his welfare.
So guileless was he, and ignorant of the nature of business, that he did not even
realize that he had become an employee of Brown's, and that Brown and Durham were
supposed by all the world to be deadly
rivals--were even required to be deadly rivals by the law of the land, and ordered
to try to ruin each other under penalty of fine and imprisonment!
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