Name: 美國如何在一張圖中拋開化石燃料？ (How America can leave fossil fuels behind, in one chart)
Uploaded: 2020-09-10T18:05:38.000Z
Duration: 11 min 11 s

For more than 10,000 years, the average global temperature

didn't change by more than 1 degree Celsius.

But then humans started burning fossil fuels,

但後來人類開始燃燒化石燃料。

Today, global temperatures have risen about 1 degree Celsius since pre-industrial times.

如今，自工業化前時代以來，全球氣溫已經上升了約1攝氏度。

and ancient glaciers are melting faster and faster.

而古冰川的融化速度越來越快。

Without global action, the world is on track to warm at least 3 degrees Celsius by 2100.

如果不採取全球行動，到2100年，世界將至少升高3攝氏度。

That's why most scientists agree that we need to limit global warming to this range,

所以大多數科學家都認為，我們需要將全球變暖限制在這個範圍內。

Carbon dioxide, which is emitted when we burn fossil fuels,

二氧化碳，是我們燃燒化石燃料時排放的。

accounts for most of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.

佔世界溫室氣體排放的大部分。

It's the main culprit behind climate change.

And to limit global warming to the degree that scientists are calling for,

並將全球變暖限制在科學家呼籲的程度。

The US doesn't currently emit the most carbon dioxide of any country.

美國目前並不是所有國家中二氧化碳排放量最多的國家。

But as one of the oldest industrial powers, it's emitted more carbon dioxide in total

但作為最古老的工業大國之一，它排放的二氧化碳總量更多。

So America has a big role to play in decarbonizing.

所以美國在低碳化方面有很大的作用。

If you want to get halfway there by 2030, you have to start now.

如果你想在2030年達到一半的目標，你必須現在就開始。

There is literally zero more time to waste.

Dave writes about energy and climate for Vox.

戴夫為Vox撰寫關於能源和氣候的文章。

And he says the 2020 US election comes with fairly clear stakes.

而他表示，2020年美國大選的利害關係相當明確。

If Trump is reelected, that's it. Like there's no chance for 1.5.

如果特朗普連任，那就。就像1.5的機會都沒有。

And probably all chances for 2 degrees are gone.

“The United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord.”

“...new offshore oil and gas leasing program.”

"...新的近海石油和天然氣租賃計劃。"

President Trump doesn't have a climate policy.

And his reelection will most likely continue policies designed to boost the fossil fuel industry.

而他的連任很可能會延續旨在促進化石燃料產業發展的政策。

They'd increase carbon emissions instead of decreasing them.

他們會增加碳排放而不是減少碳排放。

而且會在全球範圍內產生影響。

You just can't have the world's second biggest economy opting out,

你就是不能讓世界第二大經濟體選擇退出。

moving kin the opposite direction, and expect the world to get there.

向著相反的方向前進，並期望世界能到達那裡。

The other major candidate in the election does have a plan to address climate change.

選舉中的另一位主要候選人確實有應對氣候變化的計劃。

And this part of it in particular is ambitious:

Biden has been convinced and pushed to the point that he's got a great climate plan.

拜登已經被說服了，被推到了他有一個偉大的氣候計劃的地步。

What Biden's plan doesn't get into are the details on exactly how the US would actually do that.

拜登的計劃沒有涉及到的是美國究竟會如何做的細節。

But there are people who have thought about what it might look like to decarbonize by 2050.

但也有人思考過到2050年實現低碳化會是什麼樣子。

And to understand that, it helps to get a picture of where America's energy comes from,

而要了解這一點，有助於瞭解美國能源的來源。

對不起，我兒子差點踩到一條蛇。

This is Saul Griffith. He's a physicist, and an engineer, but this is how Dave describes him:

這是索爾-格里菲斯，他是個物理學家，也是個工程師。他是個物理學家，也是個工程師，但戴夫是這樣描述他的。

Probably the person who knows more about energy as it's used in the United States

可能是對美國的能源使用情況比較瞭解的人吧

A few years ago, Saul decided to make a model of America's energy use.

幾年前，索爾決定做一個美國能源使用的模型。

He ended up reading basically every available piece of data, from...

他最後閱讀了所有可用的數據，從... ...

...the Energy Information Administration,

And so we pulled all of those together to build a very comprehensive picture of the US energy economy.

所以我們把所有的這些東西整合在一起，建立了一個非常全面的美國能源經濟的圖景。

If you're just looking at the whole thing at once, it just looks like a big pile of spaghetti.

如果你一下子就看完了，就像一大堆麵條。

It's hard to make sense of, but it just traces energy, every unit of energy.

這很難理解，但它只是追蹤能量，每一個組織、部門的能量。

How does it enter the economy? How is it used throughout the economy?

它是如何進入經濟領域的？它在整個經濟中是如何使用的？

This kind of chart is called a Sankey diagram. And it's easier to understand in 3 sections.

這種圖叫桑基圖。而且分為3個部分，比較容易理解。

These columns here on the left are the sources of all the energy used in the US,

左邊這幾欄是美國所有能源的來源。

like natural gas, coal, solar, wind, nuclear, and oil.

如天然氣、煤炭、太陽能、風能、核能和石油。

This column in the middle is what those energy sources get converted into.

中間這一列就是這些能源的轉化。

So a lot of it becomes electricity. Most oil becomes the fuel we use for transportation.

所以很多都變成了電。大部分的石油變成了我們用來運輸的燃料。

And here, you can see how much natural gas energy is being used to generate electricity,

而在這裡，你可以看到有多少天然氣能源被用於發電。

versus being used directly to power things like cooking stoves.

與直接用來給灶具等東西供電。

And over here on the right? This is where all the energy is used,

右邊這裡呢？這裡是所有能源的使用地。

Like how much energy is used to light shopping malls in the US.

比如美國的商場照明用了多少能源。

Or how much energy is used by vehicles driven for work.

或者說工作所開的車輛消耗了多少能源。

So you start to get this incredibly detailed picture of all of the interconnections,

所以，你開始得到這個令人難以置信的詳細的圖片 所有的相互連接。

which is really, really important when you do the next exercise:

這是真的，真的很重要，當你做下一個練習。

Remember that carbon emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels. This stuff.

記住，碳排放來自於化石燃料的燃燒。這個東西。

And Saul says that means that to decarbonize, we just need to follow their path.

而索爾說，這就意味著，要想實現低碳化，我們只需要沿著他們的道路走下去。

The first place that leads you is here, with electricity and the energy we use to generate it —

第一個引導你的地方就是這裡，有了電和我們用來發電的能源--。

the majority of which, in the US, comes from two kinds of fossil fuel: natural gas and coal.

在美國，其中大部分來自兩種化石燃料：天然氣和煤炭。

If the US wants to decarbonize, it needs to stop getting electricity this way,

如果美國想實現低碳化，就需要停止通過這種方式獲取電力。

and replace it with other decarbonized energy sources.

並以其他低碳化能源取而代之。

All electricity would come from renewable sources —

所有電力將來自可再生資源--------。

wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, and biomass. Or, nuclear energy.

風能、太陽能、地熱能、水能和生物質能。或者，核能。

Decarbonizing the way we get electricity would be a huge investment.

使我們獲取電力的方式脫碳將是一項巨大的投資。

But it would also only eliminate 20% of emissions.

And that's because electricity and energy are not exactly the same thing.

而這是因為電和能源並不是完全一樣的東西。

這並不能解決車輛的排放問題。

It doesn't solve your heating emissions from using natural gas or fuel oil in your basement.

它不能解決您在地下室使用天然氣或燃油的供暖排放問題。

All these other parts of the economy draw their energy directly from fossil fuels.

所有這些經濟的其他部分都直接從化石燃料中獲取能源。

Like transportation: We use oil for fuel.

就像交通。我們用石油做燃料。

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美國如何在一張圖中拋開化石燃料？ (How America can leave fossil fuels behind, in one chart)

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