For its supporters, Zionism is the national liberation movement

對其支持者來說，猶太復國主義就是民族解放運動。

of the Jewish people.

猶太民族的。

For its opponents, it is a means to establish a settler-colonial state

對其反對者來說，它是建立定居者-殖民國家的一種手段。

in the developing world.

開發中國家的發展：

Theodor Herzl, a Viennese journalist and playwright,

西奧多-赫茲爾，維也納的記者和劇作家。

founded the modern Zionist movement in 1897.

1897年創立了現代猶太復國主義運動。

Yet many orthodox Jews strongly opposed the rise of Zionism.

然而，許多正統猶太人強烈反對猶太復國主義的興起。

They believed that the Jews would only return to Zion,

他們認為，猶太人只會回到錫安。

the land promised by God to the Jews in the Hebrew Bible,

希伯來聖經中上帝應許給猶太人的土地。

with the eventual coming of the Messiah.

隨著彌賽亞的最終降臨。

Jews should therefore not force God's hand.

是以，猶太人不應該強求上帝的手。

There were many types of Zionist - Marxist, religious and nationalist,

猶太復國主義者有很多類型--馬克思主義者、宗教主義者和民族主義者。

Liberal, Social Democrat - the forerunners of today's

自由黨、社會民主黨--今天的先驅。

political parties in Israel. But Zionism and Arab nationalism

以色列的政黨。但猶太復國主義和阿拉伯民族主義

arose during the same period of history,

產生於同一歷史時期。

with claims over the same piece of land -

對同一塊土地擁有所有權的人

a geographical area, known for centuries to Jews as

一個地理區域，幾個世紀以來，猶太人都把它稱為 "一個地理區域"。

the Land of Israel. This is the ideological basis

色列土地。這是其思想基礎。

of the seemingly intractable Israel-Palestinian conflict.

以巴衝突似乎難以解決的問題。

While there's been a Jewish presence in the Holy Land

雖然聖地一直有猶太人的存在。

since biblical times, at the beginning of the 20th Century

自古至今

the Jews were few in number compared to Christian and Muslim Arabs.

與基督教和穆斯林阿拉伯人相比，猶太人的數量很少。

Unlike other national liberation movements whose supporters

與其他民族解放運動不同的是，這些運動的支持者

were actually living on the territory that they wished to free,

實際上生活在他們希望解放的領土上。

Zionist Jews had first to emigrate from a far-flung diaspora,

猶太復國主義猶太人首先要從遙遠的散居地移民。

build an infrastructure, and only then initiate a liberation struggle.

建設基礎設施，然後才發動解放鬥爭。

Zionism therefore does not fit into conventional theory.

是以，猶太復國主義不符合傳統理論。

So, is Zionism wrong or just different?

那麼，猶太復國主義是錯的，還是隻是不同？

In the aftermath of the French Revolution, many 19th Century Jews

在法國大革命之後，許多19世紀的猶太人

began to regard themselves as a people

開始把自己當作一個民族

with a history, literature, culture and language -

具有歷史、文學、文化和語言的--------。

and not just followers of an ancient religion, Judaism.

而不僅僅是猶太教這一古老宗教的信徒。

Many were highly influenced by progressive national movements

許多人受到民族進步運動的高度影響。

in Europe, such as the Risorgimento of Mazzini and Garibaldi

在歐洲，如馬志尼和加里波第的Risorgimento。

for a united Italy,

為了一個統一的意大利。

and Irish Republican efforts to throw off the yoke of British domination.

和愛爾蘭共和黨為擺脫英國統治的枷鎖所做的努力。

The example of Russian revolutionary Lenin

俄國革命家列寧的例子

influenced the socialist Zionist leader

影響了社會主義猶太復國主義領袖

and first prime minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion.

和以色列第一任總理大衛-本-古裡安。

Lenin demonstrated what could be achieved

列寧展示了可以實現的目標

with a handful of supporters.

與少數支持者。

Many East European Jews wanted to escape the heavy hand

許多東歐猶太人想逃離這隻沉重的手。

of Russian anti-Semitism,

俄羅斯反猶太主義的。

so the early Zionists were often revolutionary socialists

所以早期的猶太復國主義者往往是革命的社會主義者。

who not only wished to build a new country,

誰不僅希望建立一個新的國家。

but also to construct a new society, unlike the ones they had just left.

但也要構建一個新的社會，不同於他們剛剛離開的社會。

One of the building blocks of this new society was the kibbutz,

這個新社會的基石之一就是基布茲。

a self-sufficient, self-governing collective.

一個自給自足、自我管理的集體。

There were many possible territorial solutions where a Jewish state

有許多可能的領土解決方案，其中一個猶太國家。

could be built. They ranged from the Portuguese colony of Angola

可以建造。它們的範圍從葡萄牙的殖民地安哥拉開始

to the Jewish Autonomous Region in the USSR, Birobidzhan

蘇聯猶太自治州，比羅比詹。

on the border of China.

在中國的邊境上。

Herzl even approached the British with the idea that Uganda might be

赫茲爾甚至與英國人接觸，認為烏干達可能會成為他們的目標。

"a night shelter" on the road to the Land of Israel.

通往以色列地的路上的 "夜間避難所"。

Some supporters believe that Zionism completed its task

一些支持者認為，猶太復國主義已經完成了它的任務。

when the state of Israel was established in 1948.

1948年以色列國成立時。

Others believe that the Zionist project cannot be considered complete

另一些人則認為，猶太復國主義項目不能被認為是完整的。

until Israel is at peace, secure within its boundaries

直到以色列實現和平，在其邊界內獲得安全。

and within the wider region,

和更廣泛的區域內。

and creates a fairer society for all its inhabitants.

併為其所有居民創造一個更公平的社會。

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謝謝你的觀看!:)

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