S.

S.

There's a multibillion dollar industry dedicated to convincing you to spend a bunch of money to get rid of facts.

有一個價值數十億美元的產業，專門說服你花一堆錢來擺脫事實。

But fat isn't an enemy.

但脂肪不是敵人。

We spend so much time and money trying to eliminate it that we never give that a proper chance to amaze us.

我們花了這麼多時間和金錢去消除它，以至於我們從來沒有給過這個適當的機會讓我們感到驚訝。

Our fat is an evolutionary advantage, allowing us to store a lot of energy and relatively dense packages like we talked about in the last episode, Gram for Gram.

我們的脂肪是一種進化優勢，可以讓我們儲存大量的能量和相對密集的包裹，就像我們在上一集《以克論淨》中談到的那樣。

That is the most efficient way to store energy in our bodies.

這就是我們身體裡最有效的能量儲存方式。

And it's not just a storage center.

而且它不僅僅是一個存儲中心。

It's an ever changing organ that contributes to our well being.

它是一個不斷變化的器官，有助於我們的健康。

In today's episode, we'll learn about what are fat does and hopefully walk away a little more excited that it exists as a quick disclaimer.

在今天的節目中，我們將瞭解什麼是脂肪做，並希望走多一點興奮，它的存在作為一個快速的免責聲明。

We're not talking about dietary fats like the one from oil, butter or meets.

我們說的不是像油、黃油或滿足的膳食脂肪。

This video focuses on fat as adipose tissue, a collection of different cells that we have in different locations in our bodies.

這段視頻主要介紹脂肪作為脂肪組織，是我們身體不同位置的不同細胞的集合。

This type of tissue is made of Endo Feel sells a few immune cells, but mostly a special type of cell called Ad Oppa sites in every gram of adipose tissue you'll find anywhere from 1 to 2 million, Adam recites.

這種類型的組織是由Endo Feel出售一些免疫細胞，但主要是一種特殊類型的細胞，稱為Ad Oppa網站在每克脂肪組織中，你會發現任何地方從1到200萬，亞當背誦。

Here's what I think.

我是這麼想的。

It's so cool that sells aren't passive structures out of the site has site in the name, so we know that it's a living, metabolizing cell, and if we zoom in on it, we can see cell structures like a nucleus with DNA in it.

它太酷了，賣的不是被動結構出來的，網站的名字裡有網站，所以我們知道它是一個活的、代謝的細胞，如果我們把它放大，我們可以看到細胞結構，比如細胞核，裡面有DNA。

But most of its body is a storage site for lipid the energy storage were so interested in.

但它的大部分身體是脂質的儲能場所，對儲能如此感興趣。

We have about 30 billion fat cells, and when we store some excess energy, the cells will grow in size.

我們大約有300億個脂肪細胞，當我們儲存一些多餘的能量時，細胞就會增大。

Then if they can't grow anymore, but you still need to store energy, you'll grow new fat cells so you can store more energy.

然後如果它們不能再生長了，但你仍然需要儲存能量，你就會長出新的脂肪細胞，這樣你就可以儲存更多的能量。

Now, when we see pictures of body fat, it's usually shown is a lumpy yellow tissue, and it's true that is a type of fat that exists.

現在，當我們看到身體脂肪的圖片時，通常顯示的是一種塊狀的黃色組織，確實是一種脂肪的存在。

But that's not the only type of that we have.

但這不是我們唯一的類型。

The type of fat you're used to seeing is probably visceral.

你看慣了的脂肪類型可能是內臟型的。

Fat.

脂肪。

Visceral just means that it's in the abdomen surrounding your internal organs.

內臟只是指在腹部圍繞你的內臟。

This is what's often called belly fats, although there's a little more to it than that.

這就是人們常說的腹部脂肪，不過這裡面的內容還不止這些。

We have another layer of fat underneath our skin called subcutaneous facts sub for under cutaneous for skin.

我們的皮膚下面還有一層脂肪，叫皮下事實皮下為皮膚。

If you have skin, this stuff is under it.

如果你有皮膚，這東西就在皮膚下面。

That means the scan under but chest thighs.

這意味著掃描下但胸部大腿。

And yep, the abdomen subcutaneous that is used mostly for energy storage and some, but not a ton of insulation.

是的，腹部的皮下，主要是用來儲存能量和一些，但不是噸的絕緣。

We keep that in a few other sneaky spots, too.

我們也把它放在其他一些偷偷摸摸的地方。

Some fat has mawr of a mechanical purpose, like the fat that supports the eyes and the fat pads that cushion the heels.

有些脂肪有機械的作用，比如支撐眼睛的脂肪和緩衝腳後跟的脂肪墊。

And we have that between some of our skeletal muscle fibers.

而我們的一些骨骼肌纖維之間也有。

It doesn't matter if you have a lot of body fat or if you're very lean.

如果你的身體脂肪很多，或者你很瘦，都沒有關係。

Everyone has fat in their muscles.

每個人的肌肉裡都有脂肪。

In fact, you can see intra muscular fat as the marble and a cut of steak, along with the visceral and subcutaneous that these locations of fat make up your white adipose tissue that add up a site we showed you earlier was an example of white at opposed issue, but you also have a separate type called brown adipose tissue, which mostly exists so we can create body heat.

事實上，你可以看到肌肉內脂肪作為大理石和牛排，以及內臟和皮下，這些位置的脂肪組成你的白色脂肪組織，加起來的一個網站，我們顯示你早些時候是一個例子，白色在對立的問題，但你也有一個單獨的類型稱為棕色脂肪組織，它主要存在，所以我們可以創造身體的熱量。

It cell looks a little different.

它的細胞看起來有點不同。

Check out how it has multiple lipid droplets compared to white out oppa sites, but it's also got quite a few more mitochondria, and it's surrounded by blood vessels and nerves so it can heat up the blood brown.

看看它與白出oppa網站相比，有多個脂滴，但它的線粒體也多了不少，而且它的周圍有血管和神經，所以可以把血液加熱褐色。

That is especially useful when you're a baby.

當你還是個嬰兒時，這一點特別有用。

Newborns can't shiver for warmth, so they rely on brown fat to stay toasty.

新生兒不能發抖取暖，所以他們依靠棕色脂肪來保持溫暖。

Babies are useless as you get older, though you develop other strategies to stay warm, like shivering or just putting on a hoody.

嬰兒隨著年齡的增長是沒有用的，雖然你會發展出其他的保暖策略，比如發抖或者只是穿上一件連帽衫。

This brown adipose tissue was more useful for our ancestors who were exposed to the elements.

這種褐色的脂肪組織對於我們暴露在風雨中的祖先來說更有用。

Plus, this tissue is only found in mammals, so other animals use it to help them keep warm, too.

另外，這種組織只存在於哺乳動物中，所以其他動物也用它來幫助它們保暖。

Although there are some circumstances where we will use it as adults like before, knocked out during general anesthesia, and our bodies detect low body temperature, you're definitely not putting on a hoody, then, on account of, you know, being knocked out and everything now, for a long time, people thought that was a passive energy storage reservoir.

雖然有一些情況下，我們會像以前的成年人一樣使用它，在全麻的時候打暈了，我們的身體檢測到體溫低，你肯定不會穿上連帽衫，那麼，由於，你知道，現在被打暈了，什麼都有了，在很長一段時間裡，人們認為那是一個被動的儲能庫。

It was a useful source of emergency calories, but otherwise it didn't serve any larger function.

這是一個有用的應急熱量來源，但除此之外，它沒有任何更大的功能。

These days we know that's not true, especially when we consider its role in the endocrine system.

如今我們知道這是不對的，特別是當我們考慮到它在內分泌系統中的作用時。

This is a system that handles hormones, including the sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, but also other hormones that have effects on parts of the body that aren't that.

這是一個處理荷爾蒙的系統，包括性激素，如雌激素和睪丸激素，但也有其他激素，對身體部分的影響不是這樣的。

Before scientists name any of the specific hormones they suspected, there might be something floating around the blood that signaled energy levels to the central nervous system.

在科學家們說出他們懷疑的任何一種特定激素之前，可能有一些東西漂浮在血液中，向中樞神經系統發出能量水準的信號。

One of the first big moments in this concept was back in the early seventies.

這個概念的第一個大時刻是在七十年代初。

Within an experiment on obese and diabetic mice.

在對肥胖和糖尿病小鼠的實驗內。

See, scientists can breed mice with different genetic profiles or Gina types that results in predictably physically different mice or FINA types of mice.

你看，科學家可以培育出具有不同遺傳特徵或吉娜類型的小鼠，結果是可預見的物理不同的小鼠或FINA類型的小鼠。

In this case, a tweak in the O.

在這種情況下，對O的調整。

B.

B.

Gene.

基因。

Part of the mouse's genotype results in an obese mouse.

小鼠的部分基因型導致小鼠肥胖。

It's Phoenix hype.

這是鳳凰衛視的炒作。

This makes sure that the test subjects are as consistent as possible.

這樣才能保證測試對象儘可能的一致。

During the experiment, mice were stitched together in an experimental condition called Pera Bio sis, meaning certain aspects of their anatomy, including their circulatory systems, were connected.

在實驗過程中，小鼠被縫合在一個名為Pera Bio sis的實驗條件下，這意味著它們的某些方面的解剖結構，包括它們的循環系統，都被連接起來。

This style of experiment used to be more common in the sixties and seventies, and it led to some big breakthroughs in our understanding of hormones and in the immune system.

這種風格的實驗在六七十年代曾經比較常見，它使我們對激素和免疫系統的認識有了一些大的突破。

The experimenters at the time set up four para biotic scenarios, and obese mouse joins to a normal, healthy mouse.

當時實驗人員設置了4個對生物方案，肥胖的小鼠加入到正常、健康的小鼠。

A diabetic mouse joins to an obese mouse, no beast with an obese and finally normal with normal as controls.

糖尿病小鼠加入到肥胖小鼠，無獸與肥胖，最後正常與正常作為對照。

It was common for some of the mice to die during the experiment, and in the diabetic obese combo.

實驗過程中，部分小鼠死亡是很常見的，在糖尿病肥胖組合中。

The obese mouse tended to get hyperglycemia and die.

肥胖的小鼠容易得高血糖症而死亡。

But most of the mice in the other condition survived, meaning almost all of the obese, obese combinations made.

但另一種情況下的大部分小鼠都存活了下來，也就是說幾乎所有的肥胖、肥胖組合都做了。

Its and both partners gained weight quickly.

其和兩個夥伴的體重迅速增加。

On the other hand, the obese normal combinations also survived and gained weight, but to a lesser degree than the obese, obese mice, the researchers.

另一方面，研究人員表示，肥胖的正常組合也能存活並增重，但增重程度低於肥胖、肥胖的小鼠。

That meant that the normal mice were secreting some kind of hormone that regulates food consumption into the bloodstream of their obese partner.

這意味著正常的小鼠正在分泌某種調節食物消耗的激素到肥胖夥伴的血液中。

Now every hormone needs a receptor, and this hormones main source of receptors was in the hypothalamus, a portion of the brain that signals the release of a bunch of other hormones to now.

現在每一種激素都需要一個受體，而這種激素的主要受體來源是在下丘腦，大腦的一部分，它是釋放一堆其他激素的信號，到現在。

Here's the big payoff that para biotic mouse study gay researchers, a substance to look for what they called a satiety factor that O.

這裡的大酬賓，para生物小鼠研究同志研究人員，一種物質來尋找他們所謂的飽食因子，O。

B.

B.

Gene that resulted in obese mice had also been shown to make a specific protein.

導致小鼠肥胖的基因也曾被證明能製造一種特殊的蛋白質。

And in 1994 that hormone was discovered and named left in its a hormone released from Adipose sites.

而在1994年，激素被發現，並命名為左在其從脂肪部位釋放的激素。

That tells our bodies we have enough energy and we're not starving.

這就告訴我們的身體，我們有足夠的能量，我們不會餓死。

Out of the sites will give off different amounts of lepton, depending on how much fat mass we have.

出站點會根據我們的脂肪品質的多少，發出不同數量的樂普頓。

Our nutritional status, plus a few other factors left Inn's main job is to signal that you have enough energy stores, not excess energy stores.

我們的營養狀況，再加上其他一些因素，留下Inn的主要工作是提示你有足夠的能量儲存，而不是多餘的能量儲存。

So when you don't eat enough or you're losing weight, lowered leptin levels are a signal to your brain that it should eat more.

所以當你吃得不夠或體重下降時，瘦素水準降低是給大腦的一個信號，它應該吃得更多。

That's one of the reasons that diets are largely pointless.

這也是飲食基本沒有意義的原因之一。

Your body will literally adjust to tell you to eat more.

你的身體會從字面上調整，告訴你多吃點。

Left in is involved in a few other things, too, like immune function regulation and bone development.

左在還參與了其他一些事情，比如免疫功能調節和骨骼發育。

And lepton isn't the only hormone that fat tissue makes.

而lepton並不是脂肪組織製造的唯一激素。

It also makes a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar called at a connection, and a bunch of enzymes that can modify steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

它還能製造一種有助於調節血糖的激素，稱為在連接，和一堆酶，可以修改類固醇激素，如雌激素和睪酮。

that's especially useful if you're a person with ovaries.

這是特別有用的，如果你是一個人與卵巢。

End in menopause.

在更年期結束。

Up to 100% of circulating estrogen comes from adipose tissue for postmenopausal women, as if the energy storage and hormone production wasn't enough, fat is also a useful source for stem cells.

對於絕經後的女性來說，高達100%的循環雌激素來自脂肪組織，如果儲能和激素分泌還不夠，脂肪也是幹細胞的有用來源。

Stem cells can become other types of cells and show promises treatments in the future.

幹細胞可以成為其他類型的細胞，並在未來顯示出治療的前景。

And in the last few years, scientists around the world have figured out ways to take that tissue and turn them into stem cells.

而在過去的幾年裡，世界各地的科學家們已經找到了將這些組織轉化為幹細胞的方法。

This is called induced pluripotent.

這就是所謂的誘導多能。

See, we take a mature cell and transform it into a cell that can become other cell types.

你看，我們把一個成熟的細胞轉化為一個可以成為其他細胞類型的細胞。

That's great, since we have plenty of adipose tissue on our bodies, and it's easily accessible with a little bit of liposuction.

那就好辦了，因為我們身上的脂肪組織很多，只要做一下吸脂手術就能輕鬆搞定。

This also make sure that stem cells are compatible with the recipients immune system, since they came from the recipient's body in the first place.

這也確保幹細胞與受者的免疫系統相容，因為它們首先來自受者的身體。

But this is all relatively new science, and there's ongoing research to figure out best practices for fat derived themselves.

但這都是比較新的科學，而且還在不斷的研究，以找出脂肪衍生自己的最佳做法。

Plus, there's still more to learn about that's role in the endocrine system to my goal with this episode was to show you that fat is incredibly valuable to our body's fat is part of what makes us human, and it's worth celebrating.

另外，還有更多的瞭解，在內分泌系統中的作用，我的目標與這一集是要告訴你脂肪是令人難以置信的寶貴的我們身體的脂肪是什麼讓我們人類的一部分，它值得慶祝。

How cool this organise.

這個機關多酷啊。

Thanks for watching this episode of seeker human and depreciating the body with us.

感謝您收看本期《看客人類》，和我們一起欣賞身體。

I'm Patrick Kelly.

我是Patrick Kelly.