as governments take unprecedented measures to control the spread of Covid-19.

各國政府採取前所未有的措施控制Covid-19的蔓延。

These include lockdowns and social distancing measures

這些措施包括封鎖和社會隔離措施。

deemed necessary to contain the virus, affecting businesses across many industries.

認為有必要控制病毒，影響到許多行業的企業。

With unemployment levels soaring, international organizations expect

隨著失業率的飆升，國際組織期望

the income gap between the richest and the poorest to get even wider.

最富和最窮的人之間的收入差距將進一步擴大；

So, what can governments do to tackle income inequality?

那麼，政府可以做些什麼來解決收入不平等的問題呢？

I just took a massive hit, my money just went from

我只是採取了一個巨大的打擊，我的錢只是去從

from making a really, really decent salary every month, basically to zero.

從每個月賺取非常非常體面的工資，基本到零。

Me, it's impacted me massively because I don't have limited companies

我，這對我的影響很大，因為我沒有股份有限公司

to be able to apply for these bounceback loans and whatnot, and even these loans,

以能申請到這些反彈貸款什麼的，甚至這些貸款。

they're basically just steps that you have to pay back with interest.

他們基本上只是步驟，你必須償還與利息。

Mo is a private chef based in London who has worked in the restaurant business for over a decade.

Mo是一位在倫敦的私人廚師，在餐飲業工作了十幾年。

When large catering events were put on hold and much of the wider hospitality industry

當大型餐飲活動被擱置後，廣大餐飲業的很多

went into limbo during lockdown, he found himself out of a job.

在封鎖期間，他發現自己沒有工作了。

The ones that were working full time for hotels or for restaurants,

那些在酒店或餐館全職工作的人。

they were quite lucky because they were able to get furloughed,

他們是相當幸運的，因為他們能夠被解僱。

with 80% of their salary still being paid, but the guys that I have been around

80%的工資還在支付，但我身邊的人

for the last few years specifically, they have all been hit really, really hard.

具體到最近幾年，他們都受到了非常非常大的打擊。

There's been no help coming from anyone really.

一直以來，沒有人真正的幫助。

Self-employed and low skilled workers face the highest risks in the current economic climate.

在當前經濟環境下，自營職業者和低技術工人面臨的風險最大。

While working from home is the norm for many, it is a luxury that some workers cannot afford,

雖然在家工作對很多人來說是常態，但對一些上班族來說卻是一種奢侈，無法承受。

especially if their job involves manual labour.

特別是當他們的工作涉及體力勞動時。

Without universal access to benefits such as healthcare and sick leave,

沒有普及醫療和病假等福利。

the pandemic has left this group of workers in a particularly vulnerable situation.

這種大流行病使這一群體的工人處於特別脆弱的境地。

Essentially, this is because lower skilled workers often don't have the option

從根本上說，這是因為技術含量較低的工人往往沒有選擇的餘地。

of teleworking and of videoconferencing, the way we are doing right now,

遠程辦公和視頻會議的方式，我們現在的做法。

whereas high skilled workers can continue functioning to a relatively high degree from home

而高技術工人則可以在家中繼續發揮相對較高的功能。

through all the software that we have at our disposal right now.

通過我們現在掌握的所有軟件。

So, in that context, we worry that the labor market outcomes, the employment prospects,

所以，在這種情況下，我們擔心勞動力市場的結果，就業前景。

the wage distribution that we see, all of that is going to end up to being more skewed

我們看到的工資分配，所有這些最終都會更加傾斜

towards the high skilled workers, they tend to be benefitting more from this current environment.

向高技術工人傾斜，他們往往會在當前的環境中獲益更多。

Migrant workers are also vulnerable to the current economic shock.

農民工也容易受到當前經濟衝擊。

In some emerging market and developing economies, we have seen that the brunt of this crisis

在一些新興市場和發展中經濟體，我們已經看到，這場危機的主要影響是：

has really fallen quite heavily on migrant workers who often live quite far away

往往居住在很遠的地方的農民工確實受到了很大的影響。

from their traditional support networks, who don't often large pools of savings

他們的傳統支持網絡，他們往往沒有大量的儲蓄池。

that they can dig into to smooth their spending, and they are facing a much larger impact of this crisis

他們可以挖空心思來平滑他們的支出，而他們正面臨著這場危機更大的影響

than even the low skilled formally employed workers within those countries.

甚至比這些國家的低技能正規就業工人還要多。

To better understand the widening gap between the rich and the poor,

為了更好地理解貧富差距的擴大。

it is useful to look at income inequality trends, unemployment expectations and poverty levels.

研究收入不平等趨勢、失業預期和貧困水準是有益的。

Among OECD countries, the unemployment rate is expected to top 9% in 2020, from 5.4% in 2019.

在經合組織國家中，預計2020年失業率將從2019年的5.4%突破9%。

And this figure could rise further in the event of a second wave of infections among the 37 OECD nations.

而如果37個經合組織國家出現第二波感染，這個數字可能會進一步上升。

However, the outlook is gloomier when looking at individual countries.

不過，從個別國家來看，前景比較黯淡。

For example, Spain is expected to see its unemployment rate increase to 19.2% this year.

例如，預計西班牙今年的失業率將上升到19.2%。

And in Brazil, which is not a member of the OECD, the jobless number could jump to 14.4%.

而在不是經合組織成員的巴西，失業人數可能躍升至14.4%。

To put things into perspective, unemployment rates worldwide have gone through the roof

說句題外話，全世界的失業率已經到了頂點了

since the start of the pandemic, surpassing the levels seen during the global financial crisis.

疫開始以來，超過了全球金融危機期間的水準。

In addition, the OECD does not expect an improvement in the labor market until after 2021,

此外，經合組織預計在2021年之後，勞動力市場才會有所改善。

and many economists foresee unemployment rates increasing in coming months.

和許多經濟學家預測未來幾個月失業率會上升。

Although a popular target for criticism, globalization hasn't led to rising income inequality in all countries.

儘管全球化是一個熱門的責備目標，但並沒有導致所有國家的收入不平等加劇。

In 1990, the countries on the right-hand side of this chart had a wider gap

1990年，該圖右側的國家差距較大。

between the richest and the poorest than those on the left.

最富和最窮的人之間的差距比左邊的人要大。

The nations above the line saw income inequality increase between 1990 and 2015,

在1990年至2015年期間，線以上國家的收入不平等現象有所增加。

while the countries below saw a decrease.

而下面的國家則有所減少。

Although inequality has fallen in some parts of the world,

雖然世界上一些地方的不平等現象已經減少。

the income gap has widened over the years in some of the world's most populous countries

多年來，世界上一些人口最多的國家的收入差距擴大了。

such as the U.S., India, China and Indonesia. And while income inequality remains high in

如美國、印度、中國和印度尼西亞。雖然收入不平等仍然很嚴重，但在

Latin America and the Caribbean, the gap has narrowed. Conversely, the gulf has widened in most

拉丁美洲和加勒比地區的差距已經縮小。相反，在大多數國家，差距有所擴大。

advanced industrial economies, even though the levels of income inequality remain low.

先進的工業經濟體，儘管收入不平等程度仍然很低。

This suggests that employing the right policies can make a difference in narrowing the divide.

這表明，採取正確的政策可以在縮小差距方面有所作為。

While it's too early to precisely predict the impact of the pandemic on income distribution,

雖然現在要準確預測這場大流行對收入分配的影響還為時過早。

recent estimates from the World Bank suggest that increased income inequality and higher rates of poverty

世界銀行最近的估計表明，收入不平等的加劇和貧困率的上升是一個重要因素。

will set the course for the future after the pandemic.

將為未來大流行後的發展確定方向。

For the first time since 1998, the World Bank expects poverty rates to rise

世界銀行預計，自1998年以來，貧困率將首次上升。

because of the coronavirus. According to their estimates, Covid-19 could push

因為冠狀病毒。根據他們的估計，Covid-19可能會推。

71 million people into extreme poverty, which is defined as living with $1.90 or less per day.

7100萬人陷入極端貧困，其定義是每天生活費為1.9美元或更少；

In the worst-case scenario, Covid-19 could push as many as 100 million into extreme poverty.

在最壞的情況下，Covid-19可能會使多達1億人陷入極端貧困。

These estimates suggest that South Asia is likely to see the sharpest increase in poverty,

這些估計表明，南亞的貧困人口可能會急劇增加。

closely followed by Sub-Saharan Africa.

緊隨其後的是撒哈拉以南非洲。

So what can governments do to address these economic challenges?

那麼，政府可以做些什麼來應對這些經濟挑戰呢？

Leaders are being urged to keep providing assistance to the most vulnerable for the foreseeable future,

敦促領導人在可預見的未來繼續向最脆弱的群體提供援助。

whilst carefully lifting some of the most stringent lockdown measures.

同時小心翼翼地解除一些最嚴格的封鎖措施。

If these measures are removed too soon, then some of the problems that they have

如果過早地取消這些措施，那麼它們所存在的一些問題

been basically minimizing in the first phase would become much more evident.

基本上在第一階段已經最小化，會變得更加明顯。

If they are kept for too long and for everyone, then, of course,

如果保存時間過長，對大家來說，那麼，當然。

there would some more disincentive for workers or companies to regain full activity.

對工人或公司來說，會有更多的抑制因素，使其恢復全面活動。

It is also not just about individuals, but employers too.

這也不僅僅是個人的事，也是僱主的事。

Governments may also need to provide increased support

政府可能還需要提供更多的支持

to some of the hardest-hit industries so they can keep their employees.

到一些受衝擊最嚴重的行業，以便他們能夠留住員工。

If a government has in mind implementing new policies and using this additional money

如果政府有心實施新政策，並使用這些額外的錢

to reduce income inequality, where should that money go?

為了減少收入不平等，這些錢應該去哪裡？

It's very important to channel the resources and the support to those who need it the most.

把資源和支持引導到最需要的人身上，這是非常重要的。

Think about, I don't know, restaurants, tourism activities, entertainment and so on and so forth.

想想，不知道，餐廳、旅遊活動、娛樂活動等等等等。

These are sectors that still need to be supported, while other activities:

這些都是仍然需要支持的部門，而其他活動。

manufacturing, agricultural and other things are actually reopening

製造業、農業等其實都在重新開闢。

and therefore they actually need less support. I think perhaps it is even more important within sectors,

是以，他們其實需要的支持也比較少。我想，在部門內部可能更重要。

there are groups of individuals, households, and companies that need more support than others.

有一些個人、家庭和公司群體比其他群體需要更多的支持。

But this can be a challenge without the right infrastructure.

但如果沒有合適的基礎設施，這可能是一個挑戰。

While most people in advanced economies have bank accounts and governments have existing systems

雖然發達經濟體的大多數人都有銀行賬戶，政府也有現有的系統。

to distribute benefits, it is not the case everywhere.

來分配利益，並非各地都是如此。

There are other economies where a lot of people may not have a formal presence on the tax registers,

還有其他一些經濟體，很多人可能在稅務登記處沒有正式的存在。

they don't have these IDs or they don't have bank accounts, and that's a big challenge.

他們沒有這些身份證，或者他們沒有銀行賬戶，這是一個很大的挑戰。

And those newly unemployed workers will need assistance with finding new jobs.

而這些新失業的工人在尋找新的工作時需要得到幫助。

An important piece in the jigsaw puzzle is having the right tools

拼圖中很重要的一環是擁有合適的工具。

to stay relevant in the digital age, be it through learning new abilities

為了在數字時代保持相關性，無論是通過學習新的能力。

or upgrading existing skillsets.

或升級現有的技能組合。

Here it will be important to have in place retraining and reskilling programs

在這裡，重要的是要制定再培訓和再技能計劃。

to facilitate workers' acquisition of new skills so they can get employment in different sectors.

幫助工人掌握新的技能，以便他們在不同行業就業。

Aside from the public health emergency, Covid-19 threatens to undo

除了公共衛生方面的緊急情況外，Covid-19還可能會破壞。

years of economic progress across the world.

年來世界各地的經濟進步。

Without effective and decisive governance, it could take many years before income inequality

如果沒有有效和果斷的治理，可能需要許多年才能實現收入不平等。

and poverty rates can be reduced to the levels seen before the pandemic.

和貧困率可以降低到大流行之前的水準。

Hi everyone. Thank you so much for watching.

嗨，大家好。非常感謝大家的觀看。

What do you think governments should do to reduce income inequality?

你認為政府應該怎樣做才能減少收入不平等？

Let us know in the comments section and don't forget to subscribe.

請在評論區告訴我們，別忘了訂閱。

I will see you soon.

我很快就會見到你。