build the perfect marshmallow launching machine. This is a catapult model, and it would be

打造完美的棉花糖發射機。這是一個彈射器模型，它將是

extremely dangerous if you were...this tall or like an angry squirrel.

如果你是......這麼高，或者像一隻憤怒的松鼠一樣，非常危險。

And this model is inspired by the drawings of this genius. Leonardo da Vinci.

而這個模型的靈感來自這位天才的畫作。達文西

The same guy who painted the super famous Mona Lisa.

就是那個畫了超級著名的蒙娜麗莎的人。

It's overrated, but still, pretty good. A catapult launches something in the air using

雖然被高估了，但還是很不錯的。彈射器在空中發射一些東西，使用的是

power from tension or gravity instead of using gunpowder.

從張力或重力中獲得動力，而不是使用火藥；

There are different types — this one's called a mangonel. It's what you usually

有不同的類型--這個叫芒果。這是你通常

think of. There's also a ballista — think of a crossbow.

想到的。還有一個球星--想想弩。

And a trebuchet. This part is super heavy and the cow — I

還有一個高音喇叭。這部分超級重，而牛----我。

mean the stone — you throw goes here. Then the stone gets released and the heavy stuff

意思是說石頭--你扔到這裡。然後石頭被釋放，重物

helps shoot the stone up and out, like a big slingshot.

有助於把石頭射上去，像大彈弓一樣射出去。

Catapults were invented in China and Europe around the 4th century BC. And it was actually

彈射器大約在公元前4世紀被中國和歐洲發明。而實際上

a breakthrough. They could launch big heavy stones at walls and enemies.

突破。他們可以向牆壁和敵人發射大塊重石。

You could break through a wall with it. Did I mention we have cicadas here? Can you

你可以用它打破一堵牆。我有沒有說過我們這裡有蟬？你能...

hear the cicadas? In the 1300s, people said catapults were even

聽見蟬聲了嗎？在1300年的時候，人們說彈射器甚至是。

used to launch dead bodies over walls, because people wanted to spread the plague to their

因為人們想把瘟疫傳染給他們的家人，所以習慣於把屍體從牆上扔下去。

enemies on their corpses. But Leonardo's catapult? It was as elegant

敵人的屍體上。但萊昂納多的彈射器呢？它是如此優雅

as one of his paintings. Bah.

作為他的畫作之一。呸。

Oh the first thing is to assemble the drum, let's go do that.

哦，第一件事是組裝鼓，我們去做吧。

Today, Leonardo has a reputation for inventing things.

今天，萊昂納多以發明東西而聞名。

But when we look back, a lot of his inventions were just improvements on things that already

但當我們回過頭來看，他的很多發明都是對已經存在的東西的改進

existed, like this drawing of a ladder to scale castle walls

梯子

He even made a few things that just didn't work. This helicopter looks awesome, but it

他甚至還做了幾樣東西，只是沒有用。這架直升機看起來很厲害，但它

probably wouldn't fly. His catapults weren't some totally new thing.

可能不會飛。他的彈射器並不是什麼新東西。

He took tried-and-true elements from other catapults and made the design his own.

他從其他彈射器中提取了嘗試過的元素，並進行了自己的設計。

Our catapult is actually a mash up of these two drawings Leonardo made.

我們的彈射器其實是由萊昂納多的這兩幅畫混搭而成。

Let's switch to something that makes it easier to see exactly what Leonardo was thinking…

讓我們換一個更容易看出萊昂納多到底在想什麼的東西... ...

That's better. OK, so the drum and ratchet are gonna be how

好多了好了，所以，鼓和棘輪是要去如何

we wind up the catapult. They're kinda like the charger to the battery that gives us all

我們上了彈射器的發條。他們有點像電池的充電器，給我們所有的人

the power. For this one, you turned the handle here to

的力量。對於這一個，你把這裡的手柄轉為

wind up this drum, That winds up and pulls the rope, which pulls back the wood pieces

繞起這面鼓，繞起繩子，繩子拉回木頭碎片

here. Now they hold a lot of energy that you used winding up the drum.

這裡。現在，他們擁有大量的能量，你用來繞鼓。

And that is pretty much how this catapult works too. See how when I pull this back,

這個彈射器也差不多是這樣工作的。看我把這個拉回來的時候。

the drum turns and pulls back these rods. All that tension lets it launch payload.

滾筒轉動並拉回這些杆子。所有這些張力讓它發射有效載荷。

In our case, that's a marshmallow. In Leonardo's it would have been a large stone or some other

在我們這裡，那是一個棉花糖。在萊昂納多的作品中，它應該是一塊大石頭或者其他的東西。

projectile that could just bash into castle walls.

炮彈，可以直接砸進城牆。

In Leonardo's you probably wacked this thing here with a hammer to set the gear loose and

在萊昂納多的作品中，你可能會在這裡用錘子敲打這個東西，讓齒輪鬆動，然後就可以了

fire. In ours, you lock it by hooking this bar right

火。在我們這裡，你可以通過鉤住這根杆子來鎖定它，就像我們一樣

here to this gear. It stops it in place. That's taken from Leonardo's second design.

這裡的齒輪。它能讓它停在原地這是萊昂納多的第二個設計。

You wound the gear by sticking a bar in one of these holes and pulling everything more

你把一根棒子插進這些孔裡，然後把所有的東西拉得更緊，就把齒輪繞起來了。

taut over and over again. Then, see the bar that locks to a gear? It

一次又一次的繃緊。然後，看到那個鎖在齒輪上的杆子了嗎？它是

holds the gear in place. That is what ours does too.

將齒輪固定在原地。我們的也是這樣做的。

When we pull this release rope, the bar comes loose, the drum unwinds, and the catapult

當我們拉動這個釋放繩時，杆子鬆開了，鼓也鬆開了，彈弓也鬆開了。

fires. It's pretty easy. A good catapult can hold that tension for

火。這很容易。一個好的彈射器可以保持這種緊張的狀態

as long as it has to. It requires all those elements to work in

只要它不得不這樣做。它需要所有這些元素在

tandem, and the person firing it to have the right touch. Which I do.

串聯，和發射它的人 有正確的觸摸。我就是這麼做的。

If one thing goes wrong — like right here, where the bar is out of place, the energy

如果有一件事出了問題--就像這裡，酒吧的位置不對，能量就會消失。

is lost. And after a few tries, I believe that I will

是失落的。而經過幾次的嘗試，我相信我會

be able to get this catapult to do something amazing — to fire the perfect marshmallow.

能夠讓這個彈弓做一些驚人的事情--發射完美的棉花糖。

This is a crossbow Leonardo designed. See that dude there? That's how big this thing

這是萊昂納多設計的十字弓看到那個傢伙了嗎？這東西有多大？

was. And here's Leonardo's trebuchet and his

是。這是萊昂納多的高音喇叭和他的...

ideas for sweet shields to protect soldiers. He was a genius — he drew a baby in the

為保護阿兵哥的甜蜜盾牌出謀劃策。他是個天才--他畫了一個嬰兒，他的名字是 "嬰兒"。

womb, and imagined a parachute, and made a crazy accurate overhead map.

子宮，並想象了一個降落傘，並做了一個瘋狂的精確的高空地圖。

But he was also a guy doodling in a bunch of different notebooks.

但他也是一個在一堆不同的筆記本上塗鴉的傢伙。

His catapult was probably never used in war. But his designs mashed together some really

他的彈射器可能從未在戰爭中使用過。但他的設計將一些真正的

clever ideas. People are still tinkering with the design

聰明的想法。人們還在修修補補的設計

of catapults - this is being launched off a carrier by a kind of catapult.

的彈射器--這是由一種彈射器從航母上發射。

And from looking at them, we can still be inspired to create a replica.

而從看著它們，我們還是可以受到啟發，去創造一個副本。

And I am no Leonardo, but that is something we can do too. We can adapt stuff. I'm gonna

我不是萊昂納多，但這也是我們能做到的。我們可以適應的東西。我要去

attach this to the ground and make the release rope a little longer so that I can launch

把這個連接到地面上，並使釋放繩長一點，這樣我就可以發射。

it myself and get that sweet marshmallow arcing in the air.

自己，讓那甜蜜的棉花糖在空中劃出一道道弧線。

That's something we all can do. We can't all draw, or instantly understand

這是我們都能做到的。我們不可能都能畫出來，也不可能都能瞬間明白。

physics, or get people to build weapons. But we can all imagine something amazing.

物理學，或者讓人們去製造武器。但我們都可以想象一些驚人的事情。

3! 2! 1!

3!2!1!

You're 22 years old, Phil. Get it together! 3, 2, 1. Ow!

你已經22歲了，菲爾。團結起來！3, 2, 1.