Wait. That's the cable?

等等，那是電纜？那是電纜？

I was expecting something so much bigger.

我期待的是更大的東西。

That's the internet.

這就是互聯網。

To get across the ocean, nearly all internet traffic

為了跨越大洋，幾乎所有的互聯網流量。

has to use a cable like that one.

必須使用這樣的電纜。

- It's tiny. I'm so surprised. - You're actually surprised.

- 好小啊 我很驚訝。- 你真的很驚訝。

I know, I could tell. Love it.

我知道，我看得出來。喜歡它。

All right, let's go get some hard hats.

好了，我們去買些硬帽子吧。

Cleo: If you're watching this YouTube video

克萊奧如果你在看這個YouTube視頻

anywhere outside of the United State,

美國以外的任何地方。

this is probably how it's getting to you.

這可能是它是如何讓你。

For most of us, the internet is virtual.

對於我們大多數人來說，網絡是虛擬的。

It's made of Instagram posts and e-mails and YouTube videos.

它是由Instagram的帖子和電子郵件和YouTube視頻組成的。

But it's also a physical thing,

但這也是一種物理現象。

and what it's made of and where it goes matters

以及它的構成和去向都很重要。

for how we use the internet now

對於我們現在使用互聯網的方式

and who will be benefit in the future.

以及未來誰將受益。

So I want to know how does our internet really work

所以我想知道我們的互聯網到底是怎麼運作的？

and what comes next?

接下來呢？

( music playing )

（音樂播放）

( music playing )

（音樂播放）

The decade I was born, people were still learning about the internet,

我出生的那十年，人們還在學習互聯網。

and they didn't exactly consider it crucial.

而他們並不完全認為這是至關重要的。

But, you know, I think about this.

但是，你知道，我想過這個問題。

What about this internet thing?

那網絡這個東西呢？

What the hell is that exactly?

那到底是什麼東西？

And they call it the World Wide Web.

他們稱它為網際網路。

You can e-mail anyone.

你可以給任何人發郵件。

What the hell is e-mail?

電子郵件是什麼鬼？

Man: Can you believe what's possible these days?

男人：你能相信現在的可能性嗎？

Conversations through your computer.

通過電腦進行對話。

Cleo: But now it seems we can't even function without it.

克萊奧但現在看來，我們甚至不能沒有它的功能。

Jobs require online applications.

工作崗位需要網上申請。

Parents around the country know

全國各地的家長都知道

that their kids can't get an adequate education

擔心他們的孩子不能得到適當的教育。

without internet access.

不上網。

I mean, people tweeting that they needed

我的意思是，人們在推特上說他們需要...

to be rescued and a boat came in.

要救人，有船來了。

It's truly been life saving.

真的是救命稻草。

The internet has become essential to us,

互聯網已經成為我們必不可少的。

but a lot of us still don't know how it works.

但我們很多人仍然不知道它是如何工作的。

Okay, I need you to close your eyes.

好吧，我需要你閉上眼睛。

- All of us? - Just trust me. Just close your eyes.

- 我們所有人？- 相信我吧 閉上你的眼睛。

Yeah, for real. I'm serious. Close your eyes.

是的，是真的。我是認真的。閉上你的眼睛。

What's the craziest thing she could show us

她能給我們看的最瘋狂的東西是什麼？

- when we open our eyes? - ( laughs )

- 當我們睜開眼睛的時候？- （笑）

- I hope it's kittens. - Okay, now you can open them.

- 我希望是小貓。- 好了，現在你可以打開它們了。

( screams )

（尖叫聲）

- Joss: Tiny people! - Alex: They're us.

- 喬斯他們就是我們- 他們就是我們。

Christophe: It's tiny us.

克里斯托夫。這是微小的我們。

So I know that there are three major parts of the internet.

所以我知道，互聯網有三大部分。

We are on this outer ring. They call it the last mile,

我們在這個外環上。他們稱之為最後一英里。

but really it's the first and last mile.

但實際上這是第一和最後一英里。

So it's the texts we send,

所以我們發的是簡訊。

the notifications we receive, the apps we use.

我們收到的通知，我們使用的應用程序。

Everything we do to connect or receive information from the internet

我們所做的一切，都是為了連接或接收來自互聯網的資訊。

happens in this first and last mile.

發生在這第一和最後一英里。

And we are inside...

而我們在裡面...

the Vox office.

Vox辦公室。

Also out in this outer ring are houses.

在這個外環裡，還出了房子。

- You guys wanna help me put these down? - Yes.

- 你們想幫我把這些東西放下嗎？- 好啊

- Trees. - So all of the--

- 樹木。- 所以所有的...

all of the trees and all of the houses,

所有的樹和所有的房子。

all Wi-Fi, which uses routers

所有使用路由器的Wi-Fi

somewhere in our office or somewhere in your home,

在我們的辦公室或你家裡的某個地方。

and all cell service,

和所有手機服務。

which means that you're paying a cell tower

這意味著你要支付手機塔的費用。

a little bit further away,

有點遠。

but still pretty close by.

但還是挺近的。

All this wireless technology uses radio waves

所有這些無線技術都使用無線電波

to send signals into and out of the internet.

來發送信號進入和離開互聯網。

I'm gonna show you how this works.

我會告訴你如何工作。

But first, I'm gonna take a selfie.

但首先，我要自拍一張。

Perfect. Okay.

這是完美的。好吧，我知道了

So this is our selfie. I-- ( laughs )

所以這是我們的自拍。我 -- （笑）

- Joss, you've nailed that face. - Yeah, it's my go-to.

- 喬絲，你把那張臉畫得很好- 是啊，這是我的首選

So I'm just gonna send this to you via e-mail.

所以，我只是要通過電子郵件把這個發給你。

- Typical e-mail. - Typical e-mail.

- 典型的電子郵件。- 典型的電子郵件。

- There it is. - Boom.

- 在那裡，它是。- Boom.

- Ta-da. - So my goal is to figure out

- 噠噠。- 所以我的目標是找出

how my e-mail got from my phone to yours.

我的郵件是怎麼從我的手機傳到你的手機上的？

In order for my e-mail to get from here to here,

為了讓我的電子郵件從這裡傳到這裡，

my phone takes that photo

我的手機拍的照片

and cuts it up

並將其切碎

- into more manageable packets. - No!

- 變成更容易管理的數據包。- 不！

- We've been decapitated. - Just--

- 我們已經被斬首了。- 只是...

- Christophe: Just me. - Just you.

- 克里斯托夫只有我。- 只有你。

- So, imagine each packet like a letter in an envelope. - Uh-huh.

- 所以，想象每一個包就像信封裡的信一樣。 So, imagine each packet like a letter in an envelope.- 嗯哼 Uh -huh.

So, each envelope gets a header,

所以，每個信封都有一個頭。

which is a little bit more information that includes--

這是一個有點更多的資訊，包括 -

- Christophe: Where it's from. - Where it's from and where it's going to,

- 克里斯托弗從哪裡來的？- 它從哪裡來，又要到哪裡去。

and a bunch of other things that we're not going to talk about.

以及其他一堆我們不打算談論的事情。

So the format of each header follows a set of rules,

所以每個頭的格式都遵循一套規則。

and you can think about these rules

你可以想想這些規則

like the rules of the online postal system.

像網上郵政系統的規則。

How everything is packaged and sent and received on the internet.

一切都是如何在互聯網上進行包裝和收發。

So you've probably heard people say that everything that happens

所以你可能聽人說過，所有發生的事情

in our computer is ones and zeros.

在我們的電腦裡是1和0。

- Right? Binary. - I have. Yeah.

- 對不對？二進制。- 我有。是的，我有。

Cleo: Which we can think of

克萊奧我們能想到的

as a kind of Morse code your computer understands.

作為一種你的計算機可以理解的摩斯碼。

And everything that you send over the internet

而你在互聯網上發送的一切

- is also binary. - Mm-hmm.

- 也是二進制的。- 嗯哼。

Christophe: ( gasps ) What?

克里斯托夫：( 喘氣 ) 什麼？

- Ta-da! - When did this happen?

- 噠噠！- 什麼時候發生的？

- What? - I do magic now.

- 什麼？- 我現在會變魔術

- Okay. - Incredible.

- 好吧 難以置信

So, each one or zero is a bit

所以，每個1或0都是一個位

and eight bits is a byte.

而八位是一個字節。

So, if this photo was 1.1 megabytes

所以，如果這張照片是1. 1兆字節的。

that's 8,800,000 ones and zeros.

那是880萬個1和0。

So, somehow these binary ones and zeros

所以，不知何故，這些二進制的1和0。

have to get onto radio waves to be transported

要進入無線電波才能傳送。

- to the router, right? - Exactly. Yes.

- 到路由器，對不對？- 沒錯，是的是的，是的

- Okay. - And that's where I got stuck.

- 好吧 這就是我被卡住的地方。

So, I called up Sundeep Rangan,

所以，我打電話給Sundeep Rangan。

who specializes in computer engineering at NYU.

他在紐約大學專攻計算機工程。

How does a wave carry binary information?

波是如何承載二進制資訊的？

Ah, that is a very good question.

啊，這是一個非常好的問題。

So, the simplest thing you could do

所以，最簡單的事情，你可以做

is every time you want to transmit, say, a zero,

是每次你想傳輸，比如說，一個零。

you could transmit one frequency.

你可以傳輸一個頻率。

And every time you want to transmit a one,

而每當你想傳送一個。

you transmit a different frequency.

你發射不同的頻率。

And then as long as the receiver can detect

然後只要接收器能檢測到

which frequency it is, it can know it's a one or zero.

是哪個頻率，它就能知道是一還是零。

That's actually called frequency modulation.

這其實就是所謂的頻率調製。

Is it also fair then to say

那麼，是否也可以說

that at its most basic, a cell phone is a radio?

最基本的，手機就是一個收音機？

Sundeep: It is a radio.

Sundeep：這是一臺收音機。

It is absolutely a radio.

這絕對是一臺收音機。

Okay, so waves with binary information

好吧，所以波與二進制資訊

have to get from my phone to the router.

必須從我的手機到路由器。

But then at the router, they have to be turned into something else

但是在路由器上，它們必須變成別的東西。

that can go out the back of that device

可以從該設備的後面出去

along cables to get to their next location.

沿著電纜到達下一個地點。

Depending on what the wire is made of,

要看電線是什麼材質的。

it's either gonna be pulses of electricity

它要麼會是脈衝的電

if the wire is copper, or pulses of laser light.

如果電線是銅線，或脈衝光脈衝。

Sundeep: So, it's a laser and it just turns on

Sundeep。所以，這是一個脈衝光 它只是打開

when there's a one, it turns off when it's zero.

當有一的時候，當有零的時候，它就會關閉。

So, faster than this.

所以，比這個快。

- A little bit faster than that. - Faster than this?

- 比這快一點。- 比這個快？

So our photo went from binary to radio waves

所以我們的照片從二進制變成了無線電波。

- to little flashes of laser light, right? - Yes.

- 到脈衝光的小閃光，對不對？- 是的 Yes.

Where does it go after that?

之後又會去哪裡呢？

We're about to find out,

我們就要知道了。

but I'm gonna take Alex.

但我要帶亞歷克斯。

- You're not taking me? - No.

- 你不帶我去嗎？

It's his turn. I gotta go.

輪到他了我得走了

Ooh.

哦。

So, the wires out of the back of our router

所以，我們的路由器後面的線就出來了

connect to other wires inside out office,

連接到辦公室內的其他電線。

which are owned by our internet service provider

屬於我們的互聯網服務提供商

- or ISP. - Alex: Okay.

- 或ISP。- Alex：好的。

And they're responsible for looking at the header

而他們負責看頭頂

of each of those envelopes

這些信封的每一個

and figuring out the most efficient route

並找出最有效的路線

to get to its next location, which is an internet hub.

以達到其下一個位置，也就是互聯網中心。

- Alex: And where would that be? - Cleo: Right there.

- 亞歷克斯：那會是哪裡呢？- 克萊奧：就在那裡。

That's an internet hub.

那是一個互聯網中心。

- Alex: This old building? - Cleo: Yeah.

- 亞歷克斯：這棟老樓？- 克萊奧：Cleo: Yeah.

- All right, let's go. - It looks just like every other

- 好了，我們走吧- 它看起來就像其他的

office building I've ever seen.

我所見過的辦公大樓。

Greg Sisk: Well, it started as Western Union's headquarters.

Greg Sisk:它最初是西聯公司的總部.

So, it supported telegraph operators back in the day,

所以，當年它支持電報員。

and it's migrated to today

並遷移到今天

where it's supporting the internet

在這裡，它支持互聯網

- here in lower Manhattan. - That's poetic.

- 這裡在曼哈頓下城。- 那是詩意的。

So all those wires all need to come to a place like this

所以所有的線都要到這樣的地方來。

to connect between networks.

來連接網絡之間。

So, for our example, our ISP in the office has a network.

所以，以我們為例，我們辦公室的ISP有一個網絡。

And AT&T, which is Christophe's cell provider, has a network.

而AT&T，是Christophe的手機供應商，有一個網絡。

And in order for my e-mail to get from my phone

為了讓我的電子郵件從我的手機上傳過來

into Christophe's phone,

到Christophe的手機裡。

all of those networks have to send those ones and zeros

所有這些網絡都必須發送這些1和0。

across those wire pathways.

穿過這些電線通道。

There's so much that happens

有這麼多的事情發生

in that split second that you connect.

在你連接的那一瞬間。

So there's really no such thing as a cloud

所以說，真的沒有什麼云云的事情

or any type of magnanimous--

或任何類型的寬宏大量的 -

- The cloud is a marketing term. - Yeah.

- 雲是一個營銷術語。- 是啊 Yeah.

Cleo: The thing that I find really amazing is that,

克萊奧我覺得很神奇的事情是，

like, my e-mail is one of the millions of messages

就像，我的電子郵件是數以百萬計的資訊之一。

flowing through these cables.

流過這些電纜。

That feels really abstract, but it's actually--

這感覺真的很抽象，但它實際上 --

there's a message to somebody's mom

有一個消息給某人的母親。

and there's a college application

還有一個大學申請

and there's a job offer.

並且有一個工作機會。

And there's a dank meme in here somewhere.

而且這裡還有一個骯髒的備忘錄在某處。

( music playing )

（音樂播放）

Okay, so my e-mail became a series of waves of light

好吧 我的郵件變成了一連串的光波 Okay, so my e-mail became a series of wave of light.

that travels over the tubes of the internet.

在互聯網的管道上傳播的。

But what if I wanted to send it somewhere really far away?

但如果我想把它送到很遠的地方呢？

Somewhere on the other side of the world?

在世界另一端的某個地方？

We're in Newington, New Hampshire, to go to a factory

我們在新罕布什爾州的紐賓頓，要去一家工廠。

that's gonna show us how the internet works at long distances.

這將向我們展示互聯網如何在長距離工作。

We're headed into the third layer, the internet backbone.

我們要進入第三層，互聯網骨幹網。

Oh, that's the cable highway.

哦，那是電纜公路。

What's the cable highway?

電纜公路是什麼？

Cleo: That's where the cables go

克萊奧 這就是電纜去

from the factory down to the dock.

從工廠到碼頭。

The company we're gonna go see,

我們要去看的公司。

SubCom, is one of the top four submarine cable providers

亞通，是四大海底電纜供應商之一。

in the world.

在世界上。

There's the ship.

那是船

- All right. - Hi.

- 好吧，我知道了- 晦。

- Hi. I'm Alysia. - Hi. I'm Cleo.

- 嗨，我是艾莉西亞。我是Alysia。- 嗨，我是克萊奧。我是克萊奧

- So nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you.

- 很高興見到你。- 很高興見到你。

Alysia: This is the SubCom Decisive.

Alysia:這是小組委員會決定性的。

She is a custom-built cable installation

她是一個定製的電纜安裝

and maintenance vessel.

和維修船。

She's 139 meters long,

她有139米長。

which is about 450 feet.

這大約是450英尺。

- Wow. - Yeah.

- 哇哦- 是啊。

Cleo: The engineering and material science at work here

克萊奧工程和材料科學在這裡工作

are incredibly complex.

是非常複雜的。

But the basic process is actually really simple.

但其實基本流程真的很簡單。

Light goes in on one side of the ocean

光線從海洋的一側進入

and comes out on the other.

並在另一邊出來。

So, as the Decisive moves across the ocean,

所以，隨著 "決勝號 "在大洋彼岸的移動。

the internet cable is gonna come out the back

網線要從後面出來了

and be laid down behind it.

並在其身後偃旗息鼓。

And sometimes it's gonna be buried in the ocean floor

有時它會被埋在海底。

by that machine right there.

由那臺機器就在那裡。

But most of the time it's just gonna lay there

但大多數時候，它只是會躺在那裡。

on the bottom of the ocean.

在海底。

So, these are the two types of cable that we have, the two basic types.

所以，這就是我們的兩種類型的電纜，兩種基本類型。

So this one, this is called lightweight cable.

所以這個，這個叫輕質電纜。

So that's the one that we would use in the middle of the ocean.

所以，這就是我們在海洋中會用到的那個。

And then this piece is the stuff that we use

然後這塊是我們用的東西。

the plow to install and actually bury.

犁安裝和實際埋設。

And the cable is engineered to be super strong in a lot of ways,

而且電纜的設計在很多方面都是超強的。

but it is also very delicate in a lot of other ways.

但它在很多其他方面也是非常精緻的。

Cleo: The wires that carry the light waves themselves

克萊奧攜帶光波的電線本身

are typically made of fiberglass,

通常是由玻璃纖維製成。

literally just a continuous strand of glass

鏡花水月

about the size of a human hair.

和人的頭髮差不多大。

Why is it that there are so few fibers?

為什麼會有這麼少的纖維？

We're working on trying to put more fibers inside the cable

我們正在努力嘗試在電纜內加裝更多的光纖。

to get more data into each fiber to make it