But what if some passports are better than others,

但如果有些護照比其他護照好呢。

giving the holder access to better schools and teachers

讓持有人有機會獲得更好的學校和教師

and, in turn, a more prosperous future?

並進而獲得更加繁榮的未來？

These inequalities have been around long before Covid-19,

這些不等式在科維德-19之前就已經存在了。

and yet, the pandemic has both exacerbated them and made them more visible.

然而，這場大流行既加劇了它們，又使它們更加明顯。

While the standard of education varies greatly globally,

雖然全球的教育水準差異很大。

education inequality happens at the local level in all countries.

所有國家的地方一級都存在教育不平等現象。

For example, only four out of every 100 children in Africa

例如，在非洲，每100名兒童中只有4名。

is expected to enter a graduate and postgraduate institution,

預計將進入研究生院和研究生院。

compared to 14 out of 100 in South and West Asia

而南亞和西亞則為14人

and 36 out of 100 in Latin America.

和拉丁美洲100箇中的36個。

Even in developed countries, the quality of schooling can differ greatly,

即使在發達國家，學校教育的品質也會有很大的差異。

whether rich or poor.

無論貧富。

High national wealth then, is no guarantee of high equality.

那麼，高國民財富並不能保證高平等。

The U.K., Germany and the U.S. are among the richest countries in the world, but all three rank poorly

英國、德國和美國是世界上最富有的國家之一，但這三個國家的排名都很差。

on an educational inequality league table of 41 of the world's richest countries.

在世界最富有的41個國家的教育不平等排行榜上。

By the middle of secondary school, educational inequalities are worse

到了中學階段，教育不平等現象更加嚴重。

than in other countries with much smaller economies such as Latvia, Spain and Estonia.

比拉脫維亞、西班牙和愛沙尼亞等其他經濟規模小得多的國家要好。

However, research has shown that child development is linked with income.

然而，研究表明，兒童的發展與收入有關。

Unsurprisingly, the U.S. and the U.K. have some of the

不足為奇的是，美國和英國有一些。

highest levels of income inequality among OECD countries.

經合組織國家中收入不平等程度最高的國家。

In the U.K., there has been a significant lack of social mobility since 1945.

在英國，自1945年以來，社會流動性嚴重不足。

As wealth inequality has remained high, there hasn't been much change

由於財富不平等程度一直居高不下，所以變化不大

in how well British children are doing at school.

在英國兒童在學校的表現如何。

In a 2019 report by the education coalition Fair Education Alliance,

在教育聯盟公平教育聯盟的2019年報告中。

pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds in the U.K. lag their peers by more than 8 months

在英國，來自弱勢背景的學生比同齡人落後8個月以上。

in reading, writing and maths by age 11.

到11歲時，在閱讀、寫作和數學方面；

Children from persistently disadvantaged backgrounds are 22 months behind,

長期處於不利地位的兒童落後22個月。

by the time they finish their school career. Small progress has been made

在他們完成學業之前。已經取得了一些進展

in helping some children almost beat the odds and overcome the barriers that face them

幫助一些兒童幾乎戰勝了困難，克服了他們面臨的障礙。

but the systemic underlying factors of our education system

但我們的教育制度的系統性的根本因素。

still remain, which mean we're not ever reaching the most persistently disadvantaged.

仍然存在，這意味著我們永遠無法觸及最持續的弱勢群體。

So, what are the contributing factors of education inequality among children?

那麼，造成兒童教育不平等的因素有哪些？

According to Unicef, a child's educational progress is linked to their family background.

據聯合國兒基會介紹，一個孩子的教育進步與他們的家庭背景有關。

What kind of jobs the parents have or whether the child is a first generation immigrant

父母從事什麼工作，孩子是否是第一代移民。

can affect the likelihood of them continuing into higher education.

會影響他們繼續接受高等教育的可能性。

Inequality between genders is also apparent from a young age and tends to grow as children get older.

兩性之間的不平等也是從小就顯現出來的，而且隨著兒童年齡的增長，這種不平等有增加的趨勢。

Reading abilities among girls are generally better than boys by the age of nine

9歲之前，女孩的閱讀能力普遍優於男孩；

and, in turn, that discrepancy is more likely to continue in education beyond secondary school.

而且，這種差異更有可能在中學以後的教育中繼續存在。

And finally, which school you go to can have a significant impact on your academic performance.

最後，你去哪所學校，對你的學習成績有很大影響。

In many countries, the debate on inequality in education is seen

在許多國家，關於教育不平等的辯論被認為是一個很好的例子。

through the prism of private schools versus state schools.

通過私立學校與公立學校的稜鏡。

The U.K. is home to some very famous private schools like Eton College and Harrow School, behind me.

英國有一些非常著名的私立學校，比如我身後的伊頓學院和哈羅學校。

Of the 55 British prime ministers, nearly half were educated at just these two schools,

在55位英國首相中，有近一半的首相只在這兩所學校接受過教育。

along with prominent actors, writers, scientists and royalty from across the world.

以及來自世界各地的著名演員、作家、科學家和皇室成員。

To compare, the entire state school education in England of a young person starting from nursery

比較一下，在英國，一個年輕人從幼兒園開始接受的整個公立學校教育。

costs an average of around $96,000. The annual school fees at Harrow, however,

平均花費約9.6萬美元。不過，哈羅每年的學費。

cost around $56,000 for just one year of a child's tuition.

僅僅是孩子一年的學費就需要5.6萬元左右。

But even that is dwarfed by private schools in Switzerland

但即使是這樣，與瑞士的私立學校相比也相形見絀

such as Le Rosey which costs more than $135,000 per year.

如每年花費超過13.5萬美元的Le Rosey。

Many believe that private education is at the root of inequality

很多人認為，私立教育是不平等的根源。

and reduces the chances for those children who attend state schools.

並減少了這些孩子上公立學校的機會。

The statistics tell us that educational privilege provides significant advantages and opens many doors.

統計數據告訴我們，教育特權提供了很大的優勢，打開了許多大門。

In the U.K., nearly a third of members of parliament, two-thirds of the country's top doctors

在英國，近三分之一的國會議員、三分之二的國家頂級醫生。

and 74% of judges were privately educated. The exam results also reflect the disparity.

和74%的法官受過私人教育。考試結果也反映了這種差距。

In 2019, 45.7% of students at private schools in the U.K.

2019年，英國私立學校45.7%的學生。

got A* or As in their final year exams compared to the national average of 25.5%.

在最後一年的考試中獲得A*或As，而全國平均水平為25.5%。

But there are some state funded schools that buck that trend.

但也有一些國家資助的學校逆勢而上。

This is Mulberry School for Girls in east London.

這是位於倫敦東部的桑樹女子學校。

It's located in one of the most disadvantaged areas in the city,

它位於城市中最弱勢的地區之一。

yet the exam performance of students here is well above national average.

但這裡的學生的考試成績卻遠遠高於全國平均水平。

Vanessa Ogden is the headteacher here, and for the last 15 years,

瓦妮莎-奧格登是這裡的校長，在過去的15年裡。

has been instrumental in seeing many of her pupils overturn the odds.

一直以來，她的許多學生在看到她的學生推翻困難的過程中發揮了重要作用。

As a headteacher, how do you, in your role, help to tackle education inequality?

作為一名校長，您在工作中如何幫助解決教育不平等問題？

The first really important way is to have students leave with a really great set of qualifications

第一個真正重要的方法是讓學生帶著一套非常好的資質離開。

and really great destinations to either university or apprenticeships

和真正偉大的目的地，無論是大學還是學徒。

and so that's the driving force, but of course,

所以這就是動力，但當然。

inequality brings with it many structural difficulties in your life.

不平等會給你的生活帶來很多結構性困難。

But while the pupils at Mulberry School have outperformed their peers for many years,

但是，雖然桑梓學校的學生多年來的成績都超過了同齡人。

the Covid-19 pandemic may have undone much of that work.

Covid-19大流行可能使這項工作大打折扣。

We know from the research that Covid-19 has disproportionately affected

我們從研究中得知，Covid-19對以下方面產生了不成比例的影響：

people of Black, Asian and minority ethnic background and those are the families mainly that we serve

黑人、亞裔和少數族裔背景的人，這些是我們主要服務的家庭；

and so not only has there been real difficulty around finance and resources,

所以不僅圍繞著資金和資源出現了實際困難。

but also real difficulty around health. The very first thing that reared its head

但圍繞著健康，也是真正的困難。最先出現的是

was period poverty, female students not being able to get sanitary products.

是期間的貧困，女學生無法獲得衛生用品。

We hadn't realized that really in a way schools are the providers of some of those things.

我們沒有意識到，真的在某種程度上，學校是其中一些東西的提供者。

Stationery as well. So if you don't have money or if the shops are shut

文具也是。所以如果你沒錢或者商店關門了的話

and you don't have stationery in the home.

而你在家裡沒有文具。

And we lent out all the devices that we could, so that they could learn at home.

而且我們把所有能用的設備都借出去了，讓他們在家裡就能學習。

In terms of the reasons why Covid-19 has exacerbated the disadvantage gap,

從Covid-19加劇劣勢差距的原因來看。

one big reason is the digital divide, but it's also a resource divide in general.

其中一個重要原因是數字鴻溝，但這也是一個普遍的資源鴻溝。

So some families might not have access to laptops to access online learning.

所以有些家庭可能無法使用筆記本電腦進行在線學習。

They might not have a lot of space. The little progress we have made over the last ten years

他們可能沒有很大的空間。我們在過去十年中取得的一點進展。

is likely to have been reversed by lockdown. So what was already a dire situation

很可能已經被封鎖逆轉。所以，本來就很嚴峻的形勢

has been turned into quite a crisis.

已經變成了相當大的危機。

The pandemic also highlighted another aspect of education inequality: private tuition.

這種大流行病還突出了教育不平等的另一個方面：私立學校的學費。

By mid-April, there were nationwide school closures in more than 190 countries,

到4月中旬，全國有190多個國家的學校停課。

affecting more than 1.5 billion learners.

影響到15億以上的學習者。

This led to an unprecedented demand for online teaching.

這導致了對在線教學的需求空前高漲。

Some online tutoring platforms saw the number of daily users increase by 1,125% in two weeks.

一些在線輔導平臺的日用戶數在兩週內增加了1125%。

In Singapore, there have even been calls to ban the private tuition industry

在新加坡，甚至有人呼籲取締私人補習行業。

in an attempt to close the achievement gap.

以期縮小成績差距。

The Covid-19 pandemic also impacted students in the U.K. progressing to university.

科維德-19大流行也影響了英國的學生升入大學。

Due to exams being canceled during the lockdown, results were given based on an algorithm,

由於禁考期間考試被取消，成績是根據算法給出的。

that critics claimed dragged dow high-achieving pupils in low-achieving schools,

批評者稱，這拖累了低成績學校的高分學生。

compounding the inequalities they face.

加重了他們面臨的不平等。

The Department of Education and the exam boards initially responded by claiming there was no bias,

教育部和考試委員會最初的迴應是聲稱不存在偏見。

whether on the grounds of deprivation, gender or ethnicity.

無論是基於剝奪、性別還是種族的原因；

However, they eventually reversed their decision, with grades instead estimated by the students'teachers.

不過，他們最終還是改變了決定，改由學生老師估算成績。

So, what can be done to reduce educational inequalities both here and around the world?

那麼，如何才能減少這裡和世界各地的教育不平等現象呢？

A former Singaporean education minister said in 2018 that there should be

一位新加坡前教育部長在2018年表示，應該有。

a broader definition of merit to recognize a wider range of skills.

更廣泛的優點定義，以承認更廣泛的技能；

We should double up on meritocracy, broaden its definition

我們應該加倍努力，擴大任人唯賢的定義。

to embrace various talents and skills. We should not cap achievement at the top,

以包容各種人才和技能。我們不應該將成就的上限設定為最高。

but try harder, work harder, to lift the bottom.

但要更加努力，更加努力，才能抬高底線。

The Fair Education Alliance also believes there is too much reliance on exams

公平教育聯盟也認為過於依賴考試。

and that education should be more holistic to include building aptitude and values.

以及教育應該更加全面，包括培養能力和價值觀。

We want an education system which develops skills

我們希望有一個培養技能的教育體系

and social and emotional competencies alongside academic attainment,

以及社會和情感能力與學業成績；

we want teachers and leaders to be rewarded for serving the most disadvantaged students,

我們希望教師和上司能因服務最弱勢的學生而得到獎勵。

we want to engage parents and communities from all backgrounds in the education system

我們希望讓各種背景的家長和社區參與到教育體系中來。

and we want to prepare young people for what comes after school.

我們想讓年輕人為畢業後的生活做好準備。

Education is a way out of difficult situations. It's also a means of moving yourself up the tree

教育是擺脫困境的途徑。也是讓自己更上一層樓的一種手段。

in terms of prosperity, and not just financial prosperity

繁榮，而不僅僅是經濟上的繁榮。

but also your kind of spiritual and cultural prosperity as well.

但也是你那種精神文化的繁榮。

It's also the case that a policy that works in one country or region may not work in another.

在一個國家或地區行之有效的政策，在另一個國家或地區也可能行不通。

Economic inequality, however, is likely to grow due to the Covid 19 pandemic.

然而，由於科維德19大流行病，經濟不平等可能會增加。

This means that creating better education systems is increasingly important

這意味著，建立更好的教育體系越來越重要。

so that a child's starting point in life doesn't determine their future.

以免孩子的人生起點決定了他們的未來。

You have to be an optimist,

你必須是一個樂觀主義者。

otherwise you'd pack up and go home in education, you know, you have to believe there is hope.

否則你就會收拾東西回家做教育，你知道，你必須相信有希望。

Hi guys. Thanks for watching our video.

大家好，感謝觀看我們的視頻。感謝觀看我們的視頻。

I'd like to know how your schooling has affected your future.

我想知道你的學校教育對你的未來有什麼影響。

What are the education systems like in the country you live in?

你生活的國家的教育體系是怎樣的？

Comment below the video to let us know, and remember, subscribe.

在視頻下方評論，讓我們知道，記得，訂閱。