This is the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, and Michael Joseph Jackson.

這就是美國第40任總統羅納德-威爾遜-里根和邁克爾-約瑟夫-傑克遜。

1984 Michael Jackson.

1984年邁克爾-傑克遜。

“For Michael Jackson brings a thrill a minute to his millions of fan.”

"因為邁克爾-傑克遜每分鐘都會給他的百萬粉絲帶來刺激。"

“We have quite a few young folks in the White House who all wanted me to give you

"我們白宮有不少年輕人，他們都希望我給你提供

the same message - they said to tell Michael, please give some TLC to the PYTs.”

同樣的資訊--他們說要告訴邁克爾，請給PYT們一些TLC。"

So this is not just a footnote in history.

所以，這不僅僅是歷史的一個註腳。

It actually connects, in a weird way, to the reason that you have to be 21 in every state

實際上，以一種奇怪的方式，它連接到的原因 你必須在每個州21歲

in the United States to buy alcohol.

在美國買酒。

I'll show you.

我給你看。

States determine their own minimum legal drinking ages, and in 1975, they looked like this.

各州決定自己的最低法定飲酒年齡，在1975年，它們是這樣的。

All these blue states are at 18.

這些藍色狀態都在18。

All these green ones are 19.

這些綠色的都是19。

Delaware's yellow, alone at 20.

特拉華州的黃，單獨的20。

These orange ones are 21, but with allowances for lower alcohol levels in stuff like beer

這些橙色的是21歲，但允許低酒精含量的東西，如啤酒。

and wine.

和酒。

And these red ones are the 21 and older states.

而這些紅色的是21歲以上的州。

It's a complicated map.

這是個複雜的地圖。

Now look at the map today.

現在看看今天的地圖。

It's all 21 How did that change happen?

都是21歲了，怎麼會有這樣的變化？

This story takes you to a political crossroads, and the Supreme Court, and, in a weird way,

這個故事把你帶到一個政治十字路口，和最高法院，而且，以一種奇怪的方式。

to Michael Jackson shaking hands next to the president, while dressed like this.

邁克爾・傑克遜握手旁邊的總統， 而這樣的穿著。

But the drinking age change is ultimately a story...about roads.

但飲酒年齡的改變終究是一個故事......關於道路。

Prohibition, the 18th amendment to the US Constitution, banned alcohol in 1920.

禁酒令，是美國憲法第18條修正案，1920年禁酒。

It was repealed by the 21st amendment — and after that, a lot of states settled on a drinking

它被第21條修正案廢除了--在那之後，很多州都解決了飲用

age of 21 and older.

21歲及以上；

See the red here, in the late 60s?

看到這裡的紅色了嗎，在60年代末？

Those are all 21 and older states.

這些都是21歲以上的州。

In the 70s, the 26th amendment changed the dynamic again.

70年代，26號修正案又改變了這一動態。

“That amendment, as you know, provides for the right to vote of all of our young people

"如你所知，該修正案規定了我們所有年輕人的投票權。

between 18 and 21, 11 million new voters as a result of this amendment.”

18歲至21歲之間，由於這項修正案，新增了1100萬選民。"

18 year olds could be drafted to Vietnam and vote, so a lot of states decided they could

18歲的人可以被徵召到越南去投票，所以很多州都決定他們可以

drink.

喝。

That map was short lived for one reason.

那張地圖曇花一現，原因只有一個。

“And here comes the President.”

"總統來了。"

“Nearly 50,000 people were killed on our highways last year.

"去年我國高速公路上有近5萬人死亡。

Now out of that statistic comes an even more chilling one.

現在，從這個數據中，又出現了一個更令人心寒的數據。

Drunk drivers were involved in 25,000 of those fatalities, in addition to 750,000 injuries

醉酒駕駛涉及其中的25,000起死亡事故，此外還有75萬起受傷事故。

a year.”

一年。"

Drinking age reform advocates quickly attributed drunk driving fatalities in the blue states,

飲酒年齡改革的倡導者很快就把藍州的酒後駕車死亡事件歸結為。

or 18 and older states, to earlier drinking ages.

或18歲及以上的州，改為提前飲酒年齡。

People argued that teens driving across state lines to drink or purchase alcohol increased

人們認為，青少年跨州開車喝酒或買酒，增加了。

drunk driving.

醉酒駕駛。

This 1983 map was still a hodgepodge, but see how more states turned green — for 19

這張1983年的地圖還是個大雜燴，但看看更多的州是如何變成綠色的--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19個

— and yellow — for 20 years old?

- 和黃--20歲的人？

That was driven partly by an awareness campaign.

這在一定程度上是由宣傳活動推動的。

“Thank you very much, Mr. President.”

"非常感謝您，總統先生。"

Michael Jackson?

邁克爾-傑克遜？

He was being honored for letting his music be used in anti-drunk driving PSAs.

他因為讓自己的音樂被用於反酒駕公益廣告而受到表彰。

“You're as good as dead.”

"你就像死了一樣。"

But tactics weren't limited to PR.

但戰術並不限於公關。

President Reagan is famous for saying: “The nine most terrifying words in the English

里根總統有句名言"英語中最可怕的九個詞

language are 'I'm from the government and I'm here to help.'”

語言都是'我是政府的人，我是來幫忙的'。"

That made his strategy kind of surprising.

這讓他的策略有點出人意料。

“For even though drunk driving is a problem nation-wide, it can only be solved at the

"因為儘管酒後駕車是全國性的問題，但只有在解決了

state and local level.

州和地方一級。

Yet the Federal Government also has a role to play.”

然而，聯邦政府也要發揮作用。"

His thinking was influenced by two main groups.

他的思想主要受到兩個群體的影響。

“Much of the credit for focusing public attention goes to the grassroots campaign

"能集中公眾的注意力，很大程度上要歸功於草根運動。

of organizations like MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, and RID, Remove Intoxicated

MADD、母親反對酒後駕車和RID、Remove Intoxicated等組織的。

Drivers.”

司機。"

Candace “Candy” Lightner founded MADD in 1980 after her daughter Cari was killed

坎迪斯 "Candy "Lightner在其女兒Cari遇害後於1980年創立了MADD。

by a drunk driver.

被酒後駕車的人。

MADD's goals at the time included making it easier to obtain DUI convictions... and

MADD當時的目標包括讓酒後駕車更容易被定罪... ...以及

raising the drinking age.

提高飲酒年齡；

This direction was clear at River Dell High School in Oradell, New Jersey, where President

這個方向在新澤西州奧拉德爾的裡弗戴爾高中是很明確的，在那裡，總統。

Reagan explained his unpredictable political evolution.

里根解釋了他不可預知的政治演變。

The problem: “I appointed a Presidential Commission on

問題是："我任命了一個總統委員會，就。

Drunk Driving.

醉酒駕駛。

They told us that alcohol related automobile accidents are the leading cause of teenage

他們告訴我們，與酒精有關的車禍是青少年的主要原因。

deaths in this country.”

在這個國家死亡。"

The theory: “In states in which the drinking age has

理論上："在飲酒年齡已經達到一定程度的州里。

been raised, teenage drinking fatalities have gone down significantly.

被提高，青少年飲酒死亡事件已明顯下降。

Here in New Jersey, you raised the drinking age to 21 in 1983, and you know what happened:

在新澤西州，你在1983年將飲酒年齡提高到21歲，你知道發生了什麼。

you had a 26% reduction in nighttime single vehicle fatalities among 19 and 20 year olds

你們在19歲和20歲的年輕人中，夜間單車死亡人數減少了26%。

in the first year alone.”

僅僅在第一年"。

The dilemma: “I was delighted again because I hoped that

困境："我又很高興，因為我希望。

the states would, as they should, take this action themselves without federal orders or

各州將，因為他們應該，自己採取這一行動，而不需要聯邦命令或。

interference.”

干擾。"

“It's led to a kind of crazy quilt of different state drinking laws, and that's

"這導致了一種瘋狂的絎縫 不同的州的飲酒法，這是

led to what's been called blood borders, with teenagers leaving their home to go the

導致了所謂的血緣關係，青少年離家出走，走的是

nearest state with a lower drinking age.”

飲酒年齡較低的最近的州"。

And here?

這裡呢？

This is where the roads come in.

這就是道路的作用。

The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 created a network of roads largely funded by Federal

1956年的《州際公路法》建立了一個主要由聯邦資助的公路網。

dollars.

美元。

Those roads quickly became crucial to state economies.

這些道路迅速成為國家經濟的關鍵。

That money also became a way to bend the states to Federal priorities, even if it meant Reagan

這筆錢也成了讓各州屈服於聯邦優先事項的一種方式，即使這意味著里根

had to change his typical political positions.

不得不改變他典型的政治立場。

“I've decided to support legislation to withhold 5% of a state's highway funds if

"我決定支持立法，扣留一個州5%的公路資金，如果...

it does not enact the 21-year-old drinking age.

它沒有頒佈21歲的飲酒年齡；

Some may feel that my decision is at odds with my philosophical viewpoint that state

有些人可能會覺得我的決定與我的哲學觀點不一致，我認為國家

problems should involve state solutions, and it isn't up to a big and overwhelming government

問題要由國家來解決，而不是由大國政府來解決

in Washington to tell the states what to do.

在華盛頓告訴各州該怎麼做。

And you're partly right.

你說對了一部分

Beyond that, there are some special cases in which overwhelming need can be dealt with

除此之外，在一些特殊情況下，可以處理壓倒性的需求。

by prudent and limited federal action.”

通過審慎和有限的聯邦行動"。

The law passed.

法律通過。

That's Candy Lightner, celebrating.

那是Candy Lightner，在慶祝。

“I'd like to make you an honorary mother against drunk drivers.”

"我想讓你成為反對酒後駕車的榮譽母親。"

It wasn't technically a nationwide drinking age law, but in effect — it was.

嚴格來說，這不是一個全國性的飲酒年齡法，但實際上--它是。

“We have no misgiving about this judicious use of Federal power.”

"我們對聯邦權力的這種明智使用沒有任何疑慮。"

States quickly adopted the 21-year-old drinking age.

各國很快採用了21歲的飲酒年齡。

Most couldn't afford to lose federal funding for their highways.

大多數人無法承受失去聯邦資金的高速公路。

Louisiana was the only state that held out at age 18 (due to a loophole, which it closed

路易斯安那州是唯一一個堅持到18歲的州(由於一個漏洞，它關閉了。

in the mid 90s).

在90年代中期）。)

South Dakota challenged the law to preserve sale of low alcohol beer for 19 year olds

南達科他州挑戰法律，保留向19歲青少年銷售低酒精啤酒的權利。

and up, and it reached the Supreme Court.

和了，而且到了最高法院。

“You may proceed whenever you're ready.”

"只要你準備好了，就可以進行。"

“Mr. Chief Justice and may it please the court, the issue in this case is whether or

"首席大法官先生，請法庭注意，本案的問題是：

not Congress may condition the receipt of highway funds upon a state having in effect

國會不得以州的實際情況作為接受公路資金的條件。

21-year-old drinking age.”

21歲的飲酒年齡。"

The court ruled 7-2, stating it was within Congress's powers to control spending that

法院以7:2的比分作出裁決，指出控制支出是國會的權力範圍內的。

promoted “general welfare,” argued as the reduction of youth drinking and driving

促進了 "一般福利"，被認為是減少青少年酒後駕車的措施

via the 21-year-old drinking age.

通過21歲的飲酒年齡。

Did it work?

有用嗎？

Most studies of studies declare “case closed” — that the higher drinking age saves lives,

大多數研究報告都宣佈 "結案"--飲酒年齡越高越能救人。

and “reduces alcohol consumption.”

並 "減少酒精消費"。

Skeptics, like people from the libertarian Cato Institute, claim a broader cultural change,

懷疑論者，比如自由主義的卡託研究所的人，聲稱要進行更廣泛的文化變革。

not a law, should be credited with saving lives.

而不是法律，應該把救命之恩記在心裡。

Reagan himself kind of argued both sides, saying that, “the new minimum drinking age

里根自己也算是兩面三刀，他說："新的最低飲酒年齡。

is working,” but that “my friends, there's so much more to do, and it's not government

是工作，"但 "我的朋友們，還有很多事情要做，而且不是政府的事情

that can do it.”

能做到這一點的。"

Politically, Ronald Reagan using Federal purse strings to strong arm states is…a strange

在政治上，羅納德-里根用聯邦的錢袋子來強硬地武裝各州是......一個奇怪的現象。

pairing.

搭配。

But beyond the politics, there's a bigger message.

但在政治之外，還有一個更大的資訊。

The Federal government has used other levers to push states, but to change the drinking

聯邦政府曾用其他槓桿來推動各州，但為了改變飲用

age there was one big tool.

年代有一個大工具。

The thing that changed the country wasn't just the lines on states' edges.

改變國家的不僅僅是各州邊緣的線條。

It was the ones that run through them.

是那些貫穿其中的。

Alright, that's it for this road trip edition of Almanac.

好了，本期的《年鑑》公路旅行版就到這裡了。

I'm about to reveal what the theme for the next edition is gonna be, but first I want

我馬上就要揭曉下一期的主題是什麼了，但首先我想知道

to read some comments from the last video all about Route 66.

閱讀一些評論從最後的視頻所有關於66號公路。

“People born in the 20th century: the reasons in this video.

"20世紀出生的人：這個視頻中的原因。

2000s kids: Ka-Chow!”

2000年代的孩子。咔嚓！"

“Kachow!”

"卡喬夫！"

So many Cars comments.

這麼多汽車評論。

“That warning at 1:00 is basically TLDR; hey tourists, wild donkeys kick.”

"1點的那個警告基本就是TLDR，嘿，遊客，野驢踢。"

Alright, that's it for this edition of Almanac.

好了，這一期的年鑑就到這裡了。

In the next one, I'm gonna be looking at the big ideas that completely changed movies

在下一篇中，我將探討那些徹底改變電影的大創意。

— and had nothing to do with Hollywood.

- 並與好萊塢無關。