And connected.

並連接。

On the left, you've got the world through Yul Brynner's eyes in Westworld, the 1973

左邊是1973年的《西部世界》中尤爾-布林納眼中的世界。

movie where he plays a robot cowboy.

電影中，他扮演一個機器人牛仔。

This is not a spoiler.

這不是一個破壞者。

I mean, he's a robot on the poster, and if you've seen the HBO series,

我的意思是，他在海報上是一個機器人， 如果你看過HBO系列。

you know that everything is a robot.

你知道所有東西都是機器人

It's this pixelated robot's-eye-view that gave birth to CGI: computer generated imagery.

正是這種像素化的機器人視角，催生了CGI：計算機生成影像。

But the technique and idea did not come from Hollywood.

但這種技術和理念並非來自好萊塢。

It came from a bit further away.

它來自更遠的地方。

This is a picture of Mars.

這是一張火星的照片。

The CGI was groundbreaking, so now we're gonna see if we can get our computer graphics

CGI是突破性的，所以現在我們要看看我們的電腦圖形能不能夠用

team to replicate it.

團隊來複制它。

Oh yeah.

哦，是的。

I'm done.

我不幹了

It takes, like, two clicks.

這需要，像，兩個點擊。

But in the early 1970s, computers this powerful were non-existent, and digital images were

但在上世紀70年代初，這麼強大的電腦是不存在的，數字圖像是

rare.

罕見的。

These title swirls in 1958's Vertigo were sort of computer generated imagery — the

1958年的《迷魂記》中的這些標題漩渦是一種電腦生成的影像------。

designer repurposed an M5 anti-aircraft gun's mechanical computer — to help draw these

設計師重新利用M5高射炮的機械電腦--幫助繪製這些。

intricate patterns.

錯綜複雜的圖案。

Other experiments were digital, but they were basically art films.

其他的實驗都是數碼的，但基本都是藝術片。

After all, non-CGI effects could generate stunning results.

畢竟，非CGI效果可以產生驚人的效果。

Still, Westworld creator Michael Crichton wanted to create a robot's point of view.

不過，《西部世界》的創作者邁克爾-克賴頓還是想創造一個機器人的視角。

Hollywood hadn't done it yet.

好萊塢還沒有做到這一點。

But NASA had.

但美國宇航局曾。

“Liftoff.”

"起飛"

When NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory launched Mariner 4, it was the first flyby of Mars,

當美國宇航局噴氣推進實驗室發射 "水手4號 "時，這是第一次飛越火星。

and it transmitted back the first up-close photographs of the planet.

並傳回了第一張地球的近距離照片。

The method it used to get those images to Earth was important for two reasons: it shaped

它用來將這些影像傳送到地球的方法很重要，原因有二：它塑造了地球。

what a “digital picture” was should look like — and it gave technical guidance for

數字化圖片 "應該是什麼樣子的-----------------------------------它為

the Westworld CGI.

西遊記》的CGI。

The pictures were sent back as numbers.

照片是以號碼發回來的。

“240,000 bits of binary code, representing the shading of 40,000 dots that will finally

"24萬比特的二進制代碼，代表著4萬個點的陰影，最終將被

make up the first picture.”

組成了第一幅畫。"

“A complex system of computers is required to convert these numbers into pictures.

"要把這些數字轉換成圖片，需要一套複雜的計算機系統。

Some workers decide to handmake their own picture of Mars by shading the numbers.”

有的工人決定用手工製作自己的火星圖片，用陰影的數字"。

Yes, our first up close picture of Mars — it was a paint by numbers.

是的，我們第一次近距離拍攝火星的照片--那是一張數字畫。

Ultimately, the computer generated images ended up looking like these.

最終，電腦生成的影像最終變成了這些樣子。

In the 1973 cover story of American Cinematographer, Westworld designer John Whitney Jr. wrote

在1973年《美國電影攝影師》的封面故事中，《西部世界》的設計師小約翰-惠特尼寫道。

that “the scanning digitizing methods employed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory on their Mariner

噴氣推進實驗室對其 "水手 "項目採用的掃描數字化方法。

Mars flybys could be used here.”

這裡可以使用火星飛航。"

But using the rare computer at the lab would have cost 100 grand.

但使用實驗室裡難得一見的電腦，就得花十萬塊錢。

They found a private company to basically copy the Jet Propulsion Lab's methods to

他們找到了一傢俬人公司，基本複製了噴氣推進實驗室的方法，以達到

“scan production footage, frame by frame, and convert it to numerical information,”

"逐幀掃描生產鏡頭，並將其轉換為數字信息，"

which would then be played back on a special machine and re-recorded.

然後在一臺特殊的機器上回放並重新錄製。

To make the perfect robot vision, the designers used data that created an image with 3,600

為了做出完美的機器人視覺，設計者們利用數據創建了一個具有3600

squares.

方塊。

And they had to get creative to make sure the CGI action came through clearly.

而他們必鬚髮揮創意，確保CGI動作清晰地表現出來。

Actors wore clothing to contrast with the background - here's one wearing white clothing

演員穿的衣服與背景形成對比--這裡有一個穿白色衣服的。

and makeup.

和化妝。

They also increased the contrast in post-production.

他們還在後期製作中增加了對比度。

And though it took a full minute to scan each frame — or about eight hours for a ten-second

雖然掃描每一幀畫面需要整整一分鐘--或者說掃描一幀十秒鐘的畫面需要八小時。

sequence — the CGI worked.

序--CGI工作了。

Hollywood couldn't have — sorry, can you just...

好萊塢不可能--對不起，你能不能... ...

Hollywood couldn't have come up with this idea alone.

好萊塢不可能獨自想出這個主意。

It took the R&D from the $550 million Mariner program to inspire something as fanciful as

價值5.5億美元的 "水手 "計劃的研發，才激發出了像 "水手 "這樣奇特的東西。

CGI, especially when practical effects could have gotten the job done.

CGI，尤其是在實際效果可以完成工作的情況下。

But it was the future.

但這是未來。

Whitney finished that article for American Cinematographer by saying,

惠特尼在為《美國電影攝影師》寫完那篇文章後說："我是說。

“My work on Westworld suggested many more possibilities than we were able to explore,

"我在《西部世界》中的工作提出了許多我們無法探索的可能性。

and there are certainly many others yet to be imagined.”

當然還有很多其他的人還沒有想象到。"

OK, so this edition of Almanac's all about big changes to the movies that came from outside

好了，這一期的年鑑都是關於電影的大變化，來自於外邊的電影

of Hollywood, so if you know of any sciencey type innovations like what you just saw that

好萊塢的，所以如果你知道任何科學類型的創新 像你剛才看到的那樣

changed movies, let me know in the comments.

換了電影，請在評論中告訴我。

There's a lot out there.

外面有很多。

However, I cannot end this video without letting you know about Futureworld.

然而，在結束這段視頻時，我不能不讓你知道 "未來世界"。

It is the sort of forgotten sequel to Westworld, but the CGI is actually still influential,

這是《西部世界》的那種被遺忘的續集，但其實CGI還是很有影響力的。

and that's because it's likely the source of the first 3D CGI face.

而這是因為它很可能是第一張3D CGI臉的來源。