on how nobody knew how to prevent cholera. You might suspend acorus over your masked

沒有人知道如何預防霍亂。你可以在你的面具上掛上菖蒲。

mouth, or wear a copper breastplate, and tie pitchers of water behind your calves.

口，或戴上銅質胸牌，在小腿後面綁上水壺。

Anything to keep the disease away. Starting in the 1830s, cholera pandemics swept

任何能讓疾病遠離的東西。從19世紀30年代開始，霍亂大流行席捲全球

the United Kingdom. Nobody knew how the disease was transmitted.

聯合王國。沒有人知道這種疾病是如何傳播的。

Germs weren't an established idea. One London doctor — John Snow — tried

細菌還不是一個既定的概念。一位倫敦醫生--約翰-斯諾--嘗試

to find out how the diseases spread, and today, one of his investigations is iconic in the

以瞭解疾病是如何傳播的，今天，他的一項調查在《世界日報》中具有標誌性意義。

field of epidemiology. And it all centered on a pump.

流行病學領域。而這一切都集中在一個泵上。

This is a map John Snow made to prove his solution to the cholera mystery in London.

這是約翰-斯諾為了證明他解決倫敦霍亂之謎而繪製的地圖。

It also shows the confusion and the problems he was up against.

這也說明了他所面臨的困惑和問題。

Each of these bars represents a death from cholera.

每一條都代表著死於霍亂。

The disease often killed half the people who got it — it caused vomiting and diarrhea.

這種病往往會讓一半得病的人死亡--它引起嘔吐和腹瀉。

The rapid loss of fluids was fatal. At the time, a lot of people believed cholera

迅速流失的體液是致命的。當時，很多人認為霍亂...

was transmitted in a “miasma” — imagine an evil cholera cloud.

是在 "瘴氣 "中傳播的--想象一下邪惡的霍亂雲。

This typical map from the 1840s shows a cholera “mist” that was blamed for transmission.

這張19世紀40年代的典型地圖顯示了霍亂 "霧"，被歸咎於傳播。

Snow suspected a different source. At the time, people usually didn't get water

小雪懷疑來源不同。當時，人們通常不喝水。

directly in their homes. It came from a neighborhood pump connected

直接在他們家裡。它來自附近的一個水泵連接

to one of the few water companies in the city. John Snow mapped different water company's

到該市為數不多的自來水公司之一。約翰-斯諾繪製了不同的自來水公司的

service areas in London. You can see how they are occasionally separate,

倫敦的服務區。你可以看到它們是如何偶爾分開的。

and occasionally overlap. If a common pump was contaminated at any point

並偶爾會有重疊。如果一個共同的泵在任何時候受到了汙染

— at the source or near the pump — Snow believed the water could kill.

In 1849, he wrote that his study of symptoms and specific cases had led him to suspect

在1849年，他寫道，他對症狀和具體案例的研究使他懷疑是

'the emptying of sewers into the drinking water of the community," caused outbreaks

'將下水道排入社區的飲用水中，"引起了爆發。

— not a miasma. Five years later, he had a chance to prove

- 而不是瘴氣。五年後，他有機會證明。

it — and stop a fresh outbreak in the process. In August 1854, 20 people lived here at 40

並在此過程中阻止新的疫情爆發。1854年8月，20人住在這裡，在40

Broad Street, including an infant who died of cholera. After her death, Snow started

寬街，包括一個死於霍亂的嬰兒。她死後，斯諾開始

to investigate the outbreak. He didn't think the original water source

來調查疫情。他認為原來的水源

was the problem, but he thought something might be wrong down the line, at the pump.

是問題，但他認為可能是什麼問題 下線，在泵。

He took samples of the water. They seemed clean.

他取了水的樣本。他們似乎很乾淨。

But he wasn't satisfied, because more people were getting sick.

但他並不滿足，因為生病的人越來越多。

He asked questions up and down the street, where one man had noticed a bad smell from

他在大街上問東問西，有一個人發現了一股難聞的氣味，來自於

his water. Snow asked the registrar for a list of people

他的水。斯諾向登記員要了一份人員名單。

who'd died. He started going house by house to interview

誰死了。他開始挨家挨戶去採訪

the survivors - and many of the dead had taken water from the pump.

He became convinced the Broad Street Pump was the common link among the dead.

他開始相信寬街泵是死者之間的共同聯繫。

He wrote, “I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St. James's Parish on the

他寫道："我曾與聖詹姆斯教區監護人委員會進行過一次採訪，就

evening of Thursday, 7th September, and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence

9月7日星期四晚上，並向他們陳述了上述情況。是以

of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day.”

的，第二天就把泵的手柄拆掉了"。

People stopped using the water. But Snow had not won yet. Newspapers reported

人們停止使用水。但斯諾還沒有贏。報紙報道

the streets were covered in lime — the city was using it as “a powerful disinfectant”

街道上佈滿了石灰--城市將其作為 "強力消毒劑"

on the streets. That showed they weren't fully convinced

在街上。這說明他們還沒有完全相信

the pump was the problem. They still suspected miasma.

是泵的問題。他們還是懷疑是瘴氣。

So Snow bolstered his case through investigation and recording.

於是，白雪通過調查和錄音來支撐自己的案子。

He learned the 18 workers who died at this factory had drunk from big barrels of water

他了解到在這個工廠死去的18名工人 是喝了大桶的水

drawn from the pump. At the same time, unlikely survivors could

從泵中抽取。同時，不可能的倖存者可以。

serve as proof of Snow's theory. According to the miasma theory, this place

作為斯諾理論的證明。根據瘴氣理論，這個地方

would've been covered in cholera clouds, affecting all workers.

會被霍亂的雲層覆蓋，影響所有的工人。

But Snow learned the workhouse had its own well — no bad water got in.

但小雪知道了工棚有自己的井--沒有壞水進來。

The same went for this brewery. That's because Snow learned the workers

這個啤酒廠也是如此。那是因為斯諾瞭解到工人

there drank from the brewery's water supply or, more likely, only drank the free malt

在那裡喝的是啤酒廠的水，或者，更有可能，只喝免費的麥芽。

liquor they got on the job. That's right, drinking on the job saved

他們在工作時喝的酒。是的，工作時喝的酒省去了。

their lives. Snow strengthened his argument and his map.

他們的生活。斯諾加強了他的論點和他的地圖。

He adjusted the location of the pump to show how close it was to 40 Broad Street and drew

他調整了水泵的位置，以顯示它與布羅德街40號的距離有多近，並畫出了。

a dotted line - he showed a zone where it would be closest to walk to the Broad Street

虛線--他展示了一個最接近步行到寬街的區域。

pump, rather than another one. That zone is where most people died.

泵，而不是另一個。那個區域是大多數人死亡的地方。

He tabulated every death, by date, to do it. This was paired with a local Reverend's

他把每一個死亡的人，都按日期列表來做。這是與當地一位牧師的

similar data-driven investigations. A local surveyor looked at the plumbing at

類似的數據驅動調查。一位當地的測量師在查看管道時，在

40 Broad Street, where the infant had died. He learned that the cesspool, where sewage

40 Broad街，嬰兒死亡的地方。他了解到，汙水池，在那裡汙水。

collected, was poorly designed and lined with decaying bricks.

收集的，設計得很差，而且兩邊都是腐爛的磚頭。

When the infant's diapers had been washed, the cholera-carrying water had leaked into

當嬰兒的尿布被洗乾淨後，帶著霍亂的水已經滲入了嬰兒的體內。

the Broad Street pump's supply. John Snow died in 1858. His obituary read,

布羅德街水泵的供應。約翰-斯諾於1858年去世。他的訃告寫道：

“Dr John Snow: This well-known physician died at noon, on the 16th instant, at his

"約翰-斯諾醫生這位著名的醫生於16日中午去世，死在他的...

house in Sackville Street, from an attack of apoplexy. His researches on chloroform

在薩克維爾街的房子裡，他因中風發作而死。他對氯仿的研究

and other anaesthetics were appreciated by the profession.”

和其他麻醉劑得到了業界的讚賞"。

At the time, Snow was more famous for stuff like a chloroform inhaler than a map.

當時，斯諾比地圖更出名的是氯仿吸入器這種東西。

It took years for the “investigation of John Snow” to become an example for subsequent

多年後，"調查約翰-斯諾 "才成為後來的榜樣。

outbreaks and epidemiology textbooks, and it slowly, eventually, helped end the miasma

爆發和流行病學教科書，慢慢地，最終，它幫助結束了瘴氣。

myth. That's because Snow didn't just make a

神話。那是因為白雪不只是做了一個。

map of a city. It's a map of his process and the field

一座城市的地圖。這是他的過程和領域的地圖

it shaped. It gave direction to a world where disease

它所塑造的。它給這個世界指明瞭方向，在這裡，疾病

didn't have to be hidden in a cloud. Instead, it could start at a pump.

不一定要藏在雲裡。相反，它可以從一個泵開始。

OK, so the

好吧，所以

best book about John Snow is Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine. It features an

關於約翰-斯諾最好的書是《霍亂、氯仿和醫學科學》。它的特點是

amazing story, which is that John Snow gave chloroform to Queen Victoria while she was

驚人的故事，這是約翰-斯諾給氯仿 維多利亞女王，而她是。

giving birth.

生孩子。