What about your Minnesota Multiphasic results, or how did you do on your Rorschach test?

你的明尼蘇達多相成績怎麼樣，或者說你的羅夏測試成績如何？

The Big Five?

五巨頭？

There are dozens of personality tests and assessments with varying degrees of utility.

性格測試和評估有幾十種，實用性程度不一。

Which tests are backed by science, and which tests are more entertaining than helpful?

哪些測試是有科學依據的，哪些測試的娛樂性大於幫助性？

Let's find out.

讓我們來看看。

Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com.

朱波醫生，醫派內參網。

For those who are new here, I earned my MD a few years ago, matched into plastic surgery,

對於那些誰是新來的，我賺了我的MD幾年前，匹配到整形外科。

and ultimately resigned, but that's a story told on my vlog channel.

並最終辭職，但這是我的vlog頻道里講的故事。

Welcome to the next installment of our Research Explained series.

歡迎來到下一期的《研究解讀》系列。

If you like these videos, we have an entire playlist that is continuously being updated.

如果你喜歡這些視頻，我們有一個完整的播放列表，正在持續更新。

So far, we've covered the scientific research behind wealth and happiness, studying with

到目前為止，我們已經介紹了財富和幸福背後的科學研究，研究與

music, the importance of college prestige, and whether sunscreen is helpful or harmful.

音樂，大學聲望的重要性，以及防晒霜是有用還是有害。

We'll continue to add to the series, so make sure that you're subscribed.

我們會繼續增加該系列的內容，請您務必訂閱。

Link in the description below.

鏈接在下面的描述中。

While personality assessments and tests have blown up in the past century, they originated

雖然性格評估和測試在上個世紀轟轟烈烈地發展起來，但它們起源於

for a simple purpose – help with personnel selection in the armed forces.

目的很簡單----幫助武裝部隊選拔人員。

More specifically, the developers of these tests hoped that by studying personality and

更具體地說，這些測試的開發者希望通過研究個性和。

potential mental health issues, one would be better able to determine which soldiers

潛在的心理健康問題，我們將能夠更好地確定哪些阿兵哥。

were better or worse suited to fly military aircraft.

孰優孰劣，適合駕駛軍用飛機。

Since then, dozens of personality assessments have emerged, each with a different theory

此後，出現了幾十種人格測評，每種測評都有不同的理論依據

on personality and how to best describe it.

關於個性以及如何最好地描述個性。

Our understanding of personality and models to describe and approximate it are purely

我們對人格的理解以及描述和近似人格的模型，都是純粹的

human inventions, not concrete sciences.

人類的發明，而不是具體的科學。

Each system has its own language and ideology, theories and philosophies in determining which

每種制度都有自己的語言和意識形態，理論和哲學，在確定哪些

traits are determinative and how to go about assessing them.

特徵是決定性的，以及如何去評估它們。

How should we categorize traits?

我們應該如何對性狀進行分類？

Are they binary or plotted along a bell curve?

它們是二進制的還是沿著鐘形曲線繪製的？

While seemingly based in science, few have truly followed any resemblance of the scientific

雖然看似有科學依據，但真正按照科學的任何相似之處的人很少。

method.

方法。

In fact, most assessments were built on the creators' subjective feelings about personality,

事實上，大多數評估都是建立在創作者對個性的主觀感受上。

rather than rigorous scientific protocols.

而不是嚴格的科學規程。

For that reason, most personality tests tell us less about the individuals who take them

是以，大多數性格測試對參加測試的個人的瞭解較少。

and more about the individuals who devised them.

以及更多關於設計它們的個人。

For example, Hermann Rorschach was the Swiss psychiatrist who turned a parlor game into

例如，赫爾曼-羅夏是瑞士的精神病學家，他把一個客廳遊戲變成了一個 "遊戲"。

the iconic inkblot test.

標誌性的墨跡測試。

Starke Hathaway was a Midwestern psychologist who found it important to ask questions about

斯達克-海瑟薇是一位中西部的心理學家，他發現問一些關於

religious beliefs, sex life, and bathroom habits in his Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

在他的《明尼蘇達多相人格》中，宗教信仰、性生活和浴室習慣。

Inventory, or MMPI for short.

庫存，簡稱MMPI。

If you've gotten to your psych rotation in medical school, you've likely heard of

如果你已經到了醫學院的心理輪轉期，你很可能已經聽說過了

the MMPI-2.

MMPI-2。

And of course, there's Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs, the mother-daughter housewife

當然，還有伊莎貝爾-梅爾斯和凱瑟琳-布里格斯這對母女家庭主婦。

duo who studied Carl Jung's texts and were inspired to create a personality test despite

二人研究了卡爾-榮格的文章，並受到啟發，創造了一個性格測試，雖然

having zero background, training, or credentials in anything psych related.

具有零背景，培訓，或證書 在任何心理相關的。

Myers and Briggs are credited for creating the all too famous Myers Briggs Type Indicator,

邁爾斯和布里格斯被認為創造了太著名的邁爾斯布里格斯類型指標。

or MBTI for short.

或簡稱MBTI。

According to CPP, the publisher of the MBTI, it “measures four pairs of opposing preferences,

根據MBTI的出版商CPP的說法，它 "測量四對對立的偏好。

which are inborn and value-neutral, to form a person's four-letter type.”

這些都是先天的、價值中立的，形成一個人的四字型"。

The assessment discerns between “Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I),” “Sensing (S)

該評估可區分 "外向型（E）或內向型（I）"、"感覺型（S）"和 "內向型（S）"。

or Intuition (N),” “Thinking (T) or Feeling (F),” and Judging (J) or Perceiving (P),”

或直覺(N)"、"思考(T)或感覺(F) "和判斷(J)或感知(P)"。

resulting in 16 different personality types, like ENFP or ISTJ.

導致16種不同的性格類型，如ENFP或ISTJ。

A few decades after the birth of the MBTI, a group

在MBTI誕生幾十年後，有一群人

of scientists began developing what would become the Big 5 Personality Traits, or the

科學家們開始發展後來成為五大人格特質，或稱 "五大人格特質"。

5-Factor Model.

5因素模型。

Rather than relying on their intuition to select criteria for their test, they compiled

他們不是依靠直覺來選擇測試的標準，而是編制了

every word that could be considered a personality trait and created simple questions about them.

每一個可以被認為是個性特徵的詞，並對它們創造了簡單的問題。

For example, on a scale of 1 to 5, would you say you get upset easily?

例如，在1到5分的評分中，你會說你很容易生氣嗎？

Do you follow a schedule?

你是否按照時間表行事？

Based on these answers, the statisticians grouped traits that seemed to cluster together,

根據這些答案，統計人員將似乎聚在一起的性狀進行了分組。

such as talkative and sociable, in to five basic categories: Extraversion, Conscientiousness,

如健談和善於交際，分為五種基本類型。外向型、認真型

Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience.

同意、神經質和開放的經驗。

Chances are that you've heard of Myers Briggs, but maybe you weren't aware of the Big 5

你有可能聽說過邁爾斯-布里格斯，但也許你並不知道五大品牌的存在。

or its more recent derivative, the HEXACO test.

或其最近的衍生物，HEXACO測試。

Why is that?

為什麼會這樣？

Some suggest its because of the thousands of people who have invested time and money

有人認為，這是因為成千上萬的人投入了時間和金錢。

in becoming MBTI-certified trainers and coaches.

成為MBTI認證的培訓師和教練。

Others say it's because the test focuses only on the positive and therefore it seduces

也有人說，這是因為測試只關注陽性，所以它勾引了

test takers with an image of their own ideal self.

考生對自己理想中的自我形象。

I argue that the biggest reason for its success is the neatly organized and binary manner

我認為，它成功的最大原因是整齊劃一的二進制方式。

of the test.

的測試。

There are four categories, each with a binary option.

有四類，每一類都有一個二元期權。

It's easy to comprehend, easy to explain, and you're able to readily identify with

它易於理解，易於解釋，你能夠很容易地認同。

one of 16 tribes.

16個部落之一。

As as humans, we love our tribes.

作為人類，我們愛我們的部落。

Other personality tests, on the other hand, are not binary and are more of a continuum,

而其他性格測試，則不是二元的，更多的是一個連續體。

which is less entertaining, less easily understood, and less sexy.

這就少了娛樂性，少了易懂性，少了性感。

But unfortunately for the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, people and their personalities

但不幸的是，對於邁爾斯-布里格斯類型指標來說，人和他們的人格

are not binary, but are much more on a continuum.

不是二元的，而是更多的是在一個連續體上。

You're not a pure introvert or a pure extrovert, but usually somewhere in the middle.

你不是一個純粹的內向者，也不是一個純粹的外向者，但通常是介於中間。

The insights of the MBTI are comparable to tarot cards or palm reading – being generic

MBTI的洞察力可與塔羅牌或手相術相媲美--是通用的。

enough such that when you read your description, you can certainly identify with parts of it,

足以讓你在閱讀你的描述時，肯定能認同其中的部分內容。

but it's not a truly accurate and comprehensive depiction of who you really are.

但這並不能真正準確全面地描述你的真實身份。

When scientists look at such personality tests and assessments, two primary elements come

當科學家們研究這種人格測試和評估時，有兩個主要因素來了

to mind – validity and reliability.

想到--有效性和可靠性。

Validity is a measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure.

有效性是衡量一個測試在多大程度上測量了它聲稱要測量的東西。

Within validity, there are different types, such as content validity, criterion-related

在效度中，有不同的類型，如內容效度、標準相關的

validity, construct validity, and face validity.

效性、建構效性和麵效性。

Reliability is a measure of whether the test reliably indicates accurate results, meaning

可靠性是衡量測試是否可靠地表示準確結果的指標，也就是指

you would get the same results if you took the test more than once.

你會得到同樣的結果，如果你參加了一次以上的測試。

Unfortunately for the MBTI, it receives piss poor scores on both fronts.

不幸的是，MBTI在兩方面都收到了很差的分數。

In one study, researchers found that 50 percent of people received different results the second

在一項研究中，研究人員發現，50%的人在第二次收到不同的結果。

time they took the test, even just five weeks later.

的時候，甚至只是五個星期後，他們參加了測試。

Other studies have found similar results ranging from 24-61% of people receiving different

其他研究也發現了類似的結果，從24%-61%的人接受不同的

results when taking the test multiple times.

多次參加測試時的結果。

The MBTI misses the mark in a few other ways, including one key element of personality – emotional

MBTI在其他一些方面也有失誤，包括人格的一個關鍵要素--情感。

stability versus reactivity, meaning the tendency to stay calm and collected under stress or

穩定性與反應性，即在壓力下保持冷靜的傾向，或在壓力下保持冷靜的傾向。

pressure.

壓力。

This is one of the most important predictors of individual and group patterns of thought,

這是個體和群體思維模式的最重要預測因素之一。

feeling, and action.

感受和行動。

The judging-perceiving scale reflects whether the test taker is more of a planner or the

判斷-感知量表反映了應試者更多的是計劃者還是

spontaneous type, but it overlooks the industriousness and achievement drive that accompany these

自發型，但卻忽略了伴隨著這些人的勤奮和成就感。

characteristics.

特點：

Together, they form a personality trait called conscientiousness.

它們共同構成了一種人格特質，叫做認真。

Lastly, in the binary system of the MBTI, traits are mutually exclusive.

最後，在MBTI的二元系統中，特質是相互排斥的。

For example, under this model, thinking and feeling are on opposite ends of a single spectrum,

例如，在這種模式下，思維和感覺是在一個光譜的兩端。

meaning that if you are drawn to ideas and data, you cannot also have a preference for

意思是說，如果你被思想和數據所吸引，你不可能同時對以下方面有偏好。

people and emotions.

人和情感。

But research has demonstrated the exact opposite,

但研究表明，情況正好相反。

that people with stronger thinking and reasoning skills usually also demonstrate better emotional

思考和推理能力較強的人通常也會表現出較好的情緒。

intelligence, being able to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.

智能，能夠識別、理解和管理情緒。

While it's a sad story for MBTI, there's

雖然這對MBTI來說是一個悲傷的故事，但也有

good news for the Big Five.

對五巨頭來說是個好消息。

The test was shaped by an empirical process and while not perfect, most studies since

檢驗是由一個經驗過程形成的，雖然並不完美，但大多數研究自

have demonstrated more acceptable levels of validity and reproducibility.

已顯示出更可接受的有效性和可重複性水準。

So far, studies have demonstrated considerable power in predicting job performance and team

迄今為止，已有研究表明，在預測工作績效和團隊方面具有相當大的力量。

effectiveness.

效益；

Some researchers have even mapped the big five to relevant brain regions.

一些研究人員甚至將五大區域與相關的大腦區域進行了映射。

And while the Big Five model is far from perfect, there's growing support for a HEXACO model

而雖然五巨頭的模式遠未達到完美，但越來越多的人支持HEXACO的模式

of personality, which is essentially the Big Five with an addition of a sixth trait: honesty-humility.

的個性，基本上就是五大特徵，但增加了第六個特徵：誠實-謙遜。

Despite the Big Five being far superior than Myers Briggs from a scientific validity and

儘管從科學性和有效性上看，五巨頭遠勝於邁爾斯-布里格斯。

reproducibility standpoint, I don't think it will catch on, at least for lay people.

重現性的角度來看，我認為它不會流行，至少對非專業人士來說是如此。

It's just more catchy and easier to say you're an INTP than saying you're 56%

說你是INTP比說你是56%的人更容易上口，更容易理解

on openness and 35% on neuroticism.

在開放性和35%的神經質上。

People sometimes expect personality tests to tell them some hidden secrets to their

人們有時期望性格測試能告訴他們一些隱藏的祕密，以他們的

character.

性格。

But the truth is that a personality test can only tell you what you tell it.

但事實上，性格測試只能告訴你你告訴它的東西。

Accuracy with the test is entirely based on how honest and self-reflective you are with

測試的準確度完全取決於你的誠實度和自我檢討能力。

your answers.

你的答案。

If I told the test that I'm a super patient and one to readily forgive, it would sure

如果我告訴測試，我是一個超級有耐心的人，而且是一個很容易原諒的人，那肯定會。

make me feel good, but I would just be lying to myself.

讓我感覺良好，但我只是在騙自己。

But I'd argue there's still utility to personality tests, even if they're all far

但我想說，性格測試還是有實用性的，即使它們都是遠遠的

from perfect.

從完美。

And sure, entertainment should be one of the top reasons.

當然，娛樂應該是最重要的原因之一。

Let's be real, including your Myers Briggs on your online dating profile makes for a

讓我們成為現實，包括你的邁爾斯-布里格斯在你的在線約會的個人資料，使一個。

good conversation starter.

很好的談話開端。

The real utility is in that it facilitates the process of introspection and reflection.

真正的效用在於，它促進了檢討和思考的過程。

Taking a personality assessment helps someone consider some of their strengths and weaknesses,

進行性格評估可以幫助一個人考慮自己的一些優點和缺點。

and begin having some important but difficult conversations.

並開始進行一些重要但困難的對話。

The most insightful realizations I've had in my own behavior, in my own ways of possible

我對自己的行為、對自己可能的方式有最深刻的認識。

growth, wasn't from seeing the results of a personality test, but from speaking with

成長，並不是來自於看到性格測試的結果，而是來自於跟

close friends and family about areas of improvement.

密切的朋友和家人，關於改進的領域。

A personality assessment is by no means a prerequisite, but it can definitely help you get started.

性格評估絕不是一個先決條件，但它絕對可以幫助你開始。

For those who are newer to self-reflection, personality tests can help you consider possible

對於那些剛開始進行自我反思的人來說，性格測試可以幫助你考慮可能的

blindspots.

盲點。

While Gretchen Rubin's Four Tendencies is far from a perfect model, it helps one consider

雖然格雷琴-魯賓的 "四種傾向 "遠非完美的模式，但它能幫助人們考慮到

what external and internal factors motivate them to behave in certain ways.

是什麼外部和內部因素促使他們做出某些行為；

I even made a video applying her model to student life, helping you determine how to

我甚至還做了一個視頻，把她的模式應用到學生生活中，幫你確定如何進行

understand your personality tendency and use a variety of strategies and hacks to force

瞭解自己的性格傾向，並利用各種策略和小技巧，強行

yourself into being a better student based on that tendency.

自己根據這種傾向成為一個更好的學生。

Now were the four tendencies a scientifically valid and reproducible model?

現在這四種傾向是科學有效、可重複的模式嗎？

The data is lacking, and I wouldn't put my money on it, but hundreds of comments from

數據缺乏，我不會把錢投在上面，但數百條評論從。

students who successfully implemented and improved their performance is good enough

順利實施並提高成績的學生就足夠了。

for me.

對我來說。

Other critics are quick to stay that your personality is fixed and resistance is futile.

其他的批評者則很快就會停留在你的個性是固定的，反抗是徒勞的。

It's a waste of effort.

這是在浪費精力。

Why even try to change or improve yourself?

為什麼還要試圖改變或提高自己呢？

Speaking from personal experience, I'd say you have far greater power over your own personality

從個人的經驗來看，我想說你對自己的人格有更大的權力。

than you'd expect.

比你想象的要好。

It's just that most people fail to make any significant changes because they don't

只是大多數人因為沒有做出任何重大的改變而失敗了。

put in the proper effort in changing their systems.

在改變他們的制度方面做出適當的努力。

In fact, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that approximately 40% of a person's personality

事實上，最近的一項薈萃分析表明，一個人的性格中約有40%的人

is due to genetic influence, while 60% can be attributed to environmental effects.

是由於遺傳影響，而60%可歸因於環境影響。

If you enjoyed this video, you'll love my weekly newsletter.

如果你喜歡這個視頻，你會喜歡我的每週通訊。

It gets sent out once a week and is super short.

每週會發一次，時間超短。

In it, I share weekly insights, tools, tips, and resources available only if you sign up

在其中，我將分享每週的見解、工具、技巧和資源，只有在您註冊後才能獲得。

via email.

通過電子郵件。

I don't publish it anywhere else.

我不在其他地方發表。

When new projects come up, small in-person meetups, special deals, or anything else that

當新的項目出現時，小型的面對面見面會，特別的優惠活動，或者其他任何

is very limited, I share it first with Med School Insiders newsletter subscribers.

很有限，我先與醫派內參的通訊訂閱者分享。

Check it out at medschoolinsiders.com/newsletter.

在medschoolinsiders.com/newsletter上查看。

If you ever change your mind, it's one-click to unsubscribe, and I promise I'll never

如果你改變了主意，一鍵取消訂閱，我保證我永遠不會

spam you.

垃圾郵件你。

Thank you all so much for watching.

非常感謝大家的觀看。

Do you have any guesses as to what my Myers Briggs Type is?

你能猜到我的邁爾斯布里格斯類型是什麼嗎？

Let me know your guess down below, and I'd love to hear yours as well!

請在下面告訴我你的猜測，我也想聽聽你的猜測。

If you liked the video, let me know with a thumbs up.

如果你喜歡這個視頻，請用大拇指告訴我。

I'm in the comments during the first hour after a new video uploads, so make sure you're

我在新視頻上傳後的第一個小時就會在評論裡，所以請確保你是

subscribed with the notification bell enabled.

啟用通知鈴後，訂閱。

Much love to you all, and I will see you guys in that next one.

很愛你們，我們下一場見。