After all, working harder should yield better results, right?

畢竟，努力工作應該會有更好的結果，對嗎？

For many students, the issue isn't actually a lack of effort.

對於很多學生來說，問題其實並不是不努力。

Rather, it's the way most pre-med and medical students study that is highly ineffective

而是大多數醫學預科生和醫學生的學習方式，效果極差

and ultimately holding them back.

並最終拖住他們的後腿。

We'll separate fact from fiction, explore the scientific research, and give you actionable

我們將把事實與虛構分開，探索科學研究，並給你提供可操作性的

advice that you can follow.

的建議，你可以遵循。

Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com.

朱波醫生，醫派內參網。

As an MCAT and USMLE tutor, I've seen first-hand how impactful it can be for a student to make

作為MCAT和USMLE的導師，我親眼目睹了對一個學生的影響有多大。

the switch from commonly-used, ineffective study methods to evidence-based, effective

從常用的、無效的研究方法轉向基於證據的、有效的研究方法；

study methods.

研究方法。

Ultimately, you've probably heard others suggest

最終，你可能聽過別人的建議。

a variety of study methods, some of which are contradictory to one another.

各種各樣的學習方法，其中有些方法是相互矛盾的。

For that reason, it's important to practice some judgment and critical thinking of your

是以，練習一些判斷力和批判性思維是很重要的。

own when sifting through advice.

自己在篩選建議時。

I like to look at a few key elements.

我喜歡看幾個關鍵因素。

First, is the information I'm receiving backed by evidence?

首先，我收到的資訊是否有證據支持？

That being said, not all evidence is created equal, and I've even gone over how you can

這就是說，不是所有的證據都是一樣的，我甚至已經介紹了你如何能夠

assess the strength of a research study in a previous video.

評估之前視頻中研究的力度。

Additionally, not every question you have has been addressed with sound scientific research.

另外，並不是你的每一個問題都有合理的科學研究來解決。

So if your question isn't adequately addressed by the scientific research, you'll need

所以，如果你的問題沒有被科學研究充分解決，你就需要

to keep in mind some other factors.

要記住其他一些因素。

Which bring us to the second point: credentials.

這就涉及到了第二點：資質。

I don't mean the person needs a PhD or an MD after their name, although that certainly

我並不是說這個人需要在名字後面加上一個博士或醫學博士，雖然那肯定是

helps.

幫助。

If the person giving advice wasn't able to achieve the results themselves that they

如果提供建議的人不能達到他們自己的結果，他們

are promising you, then where is their authority on the matter?

是答應你的，那麼他們的權威在哪裡呢？

I personally scored in the 99.9th percentile on my MCAT, or the 100th percentile for the

我個人的MCAT考試成績在99.9%，或者說是100分。

statistically illiterate, and I hit the high 260s on my USMLE.

統計學上的文盲，而我在美國醫學考試中達到了260分的高分。

And third, what is the potential upside and downside from following the advice?

第三，聽從建議的潛在利好和利空是什麼？

I'm unlikely to eat mysterious foods or take radical supplements because there is

我不可能吃神祕的食物或吃激進的補品，因為有。

potentially a large downside with relatively limited upside.

潛在的下行空間較大，而上升空間相對有限。

However, I'm more willing to experiment with my own study methods or productivity

不過，我更願意用自己的學習方法或生產力來做實驗。

strategies since the downside would be relatively limited.

策略，因為下行空間會相對有限。

That being said, I wouldn't start a new sleep routine just one week before my MCAT,

也就是說，我不會在MCAT前一週才開始新的睡眠程序。

as that is higher risk.

因為那是較高的風險。

In investing, we call this phenomenon asymmetric risk – you want to take risks when the potential

在投資中，我們把這種現象稱為不對稱風險--你想承擔風險時，潛在的

upside or gain is significantly larger than the potential downside or loss.

漲幅或收益明顯大於潛在的跌幅或損失。

Knowing that, let's dive into the five most common mistakes students make while studying.

知道了這些，我們就來深入瞭解一下學生在學習時最容易犯的五個錯誤。

The first mistake is misunderstanding the utility and balance of comprehension and memorization.

第一個錯誤是誤解了理解和記憶的效用和平衡。

Recently, there seems to be an attack on memorization, with the idea that comprehension and understanding

最近，似乎有人在攻擊記憶力，認為理解力和理解力

is all you need.

是你所需要的。

This is idiotic advice that does more harm than good.

這是愚蠢的建議，弊大於利。

Like most things in life, the truth is somewhere in the middle.

就像生活中的大多數事情一樣，真相就在中間。

In certain subjects, particularly medicine, memorization actually becomes increasingly

在某些科目中，尤其是醫學，記憶力其實會變得越來越

important.

重要。

Comprehension and memorization are not an either-or proposition.

理解和記憶不是一個非此即彼的命題。

You need to use both in harmony to ultimately get the best grades and be the best doctor.

你需要將兩者協調使用，最終獲得最好的成績，成為最好的醫生。

On one end of the spectrum, you have students who try to create flashcards and memorize

在光譜的一端，你有學生誰試圖創建閃存卡，並記憶

every single fact.

每一個事實。

These students need to focus more on creating a mental scaffolding of comprehension before

這些學生在理解之前，更需要注重建立理解的心理腳手架。

they start filling in the small details.

他們開始填寫小細節。

On the other end of the spectrum, self proclaimed study experts say memorizing is bad and not

在另一端，自稱學習專家的人說，背書不好，也不

to use flashcards, pushing a silly agenda that by simply understanding the concepts

使用閃存卡，推動一個愚蠢的議程，通過簡單地理解概念

deeply, you'll never have to memorize a fact again.

深深地，你就再也不用去背一個事實了。

That's a load of bull honkey and more marketing ploy than substance.

那是一堆牛逼的本錢，營銷手段多於實質。

Sure, in cardiology, having an understanding of pressure-volume loops and basic fluid dynamics

當然，在心臟病學中，對壓力-體積循環和基本的流體動力學有所瞭解。

is foundational, and trying to memorize these relationships rather than understand them

是基礎性的，試圖記住這些關係而不是理解它們

will prove detrimental.

將被證明是有害的。

This is why so many students find cardiology particularly challenging – it's heavy

這就是為什麼很多學生覺得心臟病學特別有挑戰性的原因--它的重

on concepts.

在概念上。

On the other end of the spectrum, anatomy is heavy on memorization.

在另一端，解剖學重在記憶。

Understanding the relation and functions of different body parts helps in memorizing important

瞭解不同身體部位的關係和功能，有助於記憶重要的內容。

information, but at the end of the day, using a mnemonic device to memorize the branches

資訊，但在一天結束時，使用記憶設備來記憶分支

of the external carotid will take you much farther than simply trying to understand it.

頸外動脈的，會讓你比單純的去了解它走得更遠。

Prior to starting plastic surgery residency, I spent a year teaching anatomy to first and

在開始做整形外科住院醫師之前，我花了一年的時間教授解剖學，給初一和初二的學生。

second year medical students.

二年級醫學生；

I also spent considerable time tutoring students for both USMLE Step 1 and Step 2.

我還花了相當多的時間輔導學生進行USMLE Step 1和Step 2的學習。

I found that different students require different approaches, as do different subjects.

我發現，不同的學生需要不同的方法，不同的學科也是如此。

For anatomy, students benefited most from learning memory tricks and mnemonics.

對於解剖學，學生受益最大的是學會了記憶技巧和口訣。

Comprehension could only take them so far.

理解力只能讓他們到此為止。

For students struggling with renal or cardiology, we had to focus more on comprehension, as

對於腎病學或心病學有困難的學生，我們要更加註重理解，因為。

memorizing facts without a solid foundation has little utility.

記憶事實，沒有紮實的基礎，沒有什麼用處。

I've covered additional details in how to balance memorization and comprehension in

在如何平衡記憶和理解的問題上，我已經做了更多的詳細介紹。

a previous video.

a 之前的視頻。

Now I'm guilty of this next one. Back in college, I often studied by re-reading my notes, which is terribly inefficient.

現在我就犯了下一個毛病。上大學的時候，我經常通過重讀筆記來學習，效率非常低。

By re-reading notes or re-listening to a lecture, you're spending most of the time hearing

通過重讀筆記或重新聽課，你大部分時間都在聽課。

things you already know,.

你已經知道的事情，。

That time would be better spent (1) applying your new knowledge with spaced repetition

這些時間最好用來（1）應用你的新知識，有間隔地重複。

to improve memory consolidation, (2) challenging the newfound knowledge with practice questions,

以提高記憶鞏固能力，（2）用練習題挑戰新學的知識。

or (3) learning about it from a different angle to address inconsistencies or holes

或(3)從不同的角度去了解它，解決不一致或漏洞的問題

in your understanding.

在你的理解中。

Don't worry about making sure you heard every single last word.

不要擔心是否能確保你聽到最後一個字。

You can still set the curve and have top marks if you miss a small detail here or there.

如果你錯過了這裡或那裡的一個小細節，你仍然可以設置曲線，並有最高分。

For the MCAT and USMLE, students often brag about how many “passes” they've done

對於MCAT和USMLE的考試，學生們經常吹噓自己做了多少 "通關 "的事情。

through their prep books, such as First Aid.

通過他們的預習書，如急救。

There's nothing wrong with referencing the text when you see a gap in your knowledge,

當你看到自己的知識漏洞時，參考一下課文是沒有錯的。

but reading the whole thing cover to cover multiple times is a perfect example of the

但從頭到尾讀了多遍，就是一個最好的例子。

law of diminishing returns in action.

行動中的收益遞減法則；

This next mistake is a perfect summation of the previous two.

接下來的這個錯誤是前面兩個錯誤的完美總結。

Students have pride in how rapidly they listened to a lecture recording or podcast.

門生對本身聽講堂錄音或播客的疾速性有自傲。

Oh, you only listened at 1.5x?

哦，你只聽了1.5倍？

I was at 2x!

我是在2倍！

Oh, you did only 2x?

哦，你只做了2倍？

I'm more of a 3x kind of guy.

我比較喜歡3倍的人。

Here's the reality.

這就是現實。

I personally rarely went over 1.5 or 1.7x for lecture recordings, but I had many friends

我個人很少超過1.5或1.7倍的講課錄音，但我有很多朋友

who were going at 2x or even faster.

誰在2倍甚至更快的速度。

But guess who was getting better scores in class, on the MCAT, and on the USMLE?

但你猜猜看，誰在課堂上、MCAT上、USMLE上的成績更好？

I'll let you figure that one out.

我讓你自己想辦法。

Don't fall into the trap of thinking that listening at higher speeds is always better.

不要落入陷阱，以為速度越高聽起來就越好。

I consider myself very fast when it comes to learning new information and test-taking.

我認為自己在學習新資料和考試方面的速度非常快。

I'm usually one of the first to finish my exam or think through a challenging concept

我通常是第一個完成考試或思考一個具有挑戰性的概念的人。

presented in class.

在課堂上介紹。

Yet I choose to listen to my lecture recordings at a moderate speed.

然而我卻選擇以適度的速度聽我的講課錄音。

So what gives?

那是什麼？

When you are presented information for the first time, it's not a race to hear the

當你第一次接觸到資訊時，並不是爭先恐後地去聽。

words as fast as possible.

詞，儘可能快。

Your goal is to comprehend what is being said and build a mental scaffolding of understanding

你的目標是理解所講的內容，建立理解的心理腳手架。

as you go.

你走的時候。

By going at too rapid a pace, you end up comprehending much less, as you're unable to make the

如果速度過快，你最終理解的東西就會少很多，因為你無法做出正確的判斷。

necessary real time connections.

必要的實時連接。

The rate I chose varied based on the subject material, the lecturer, and how fresh and

我選擇的費率根據主題材料、講師、以及新鮮度和有效性而有所不同。

alert I was feeling.

警惕我的感覺。

As someone who processes relatively quickly, I found my mind wandering while waiting for

作為一個處理速度比較快的人，在等待的過程中，我發現自己的思維在不斷地徘徊。

the speaker to get to the next topic.

講話人進入下一個話題。

Therefore I sped up the lecture to the point I was able to maximize both engagement and

是以，我加快了講課的速度，使我能夠最大限度地提高參與度和

therefore understanding without compromise.

是以，理解而不妥協。

If you want to know more, I made a video about speed reading which goes over these details

如果你想了解更多，我做了一個關於速讀的視頻，其中介紹了這些細節。

in more depth.

更加深入。

Despite commonly being used, highlighting

儘管普遍使用，但強調

has been demonstrated to provide little to no benefit for students studying for a test

事實證明，這對學生的考試學習沒有什麼好處。

and may even worsen inferential recall.

甚至可能會惡化推斷性回憶。

This detrimental effect on higher level functions may be due to highlighting drawing attention

這種對高層次功能的不利影響可能是由於突出吸引了人們的注意力。

to individual items rather than to connections across items.

到單個項目，而不是項目之間的聯繫。

This goes back to the balance between comprehension and memorization.

這又回到了理解和記憶的平衡點上。

For most of your college courses, and certainly for the MCAT and USMLE, you'll need to rely

對於你的大部分大學課程，當然也包括MCAT和USMLE，你將需要藉助於

on critical thinking and higher level functions to perform optimally.

在批判性思維和更高層次的功能上，以發揮最佳的作用。

Skip the highlighting, and opt for flashcards, the Feynman technique, or other active learning

跳過重點，選擇閃卡、費曼技術或其他主動學習。

methods instead.

方法代替。

Which brings us to the last and final mistake.

這就給我們帶來了最後一個也是最後一個錯誤。

Not using active learning study methods.

沒有采用主動學習的學習方法。

Across multiple studies, active learning methods have consistently demonstrated far superior

在多項研究中，主動學習法一直表現出遠勝於其他學習方法的優勢。

results.

結果。

There are two primary ways you should be practicing active learning.

你應當練習主動學習的首要方式有兩種。

First, self-testing.

首先，自檢。

A study of Texas medical students demonstrated that time management and self-testing were

一項對得克薩斯州醫學生的研究表明，時間管理和自我測試是一個很好的選擇。

the strongest predictors in academic performance, more so than even GPA or MCAT scores.

學業成績最強的預測因素，甚至比GPA或MCAT成績更強。

Studies have also demonstrated that practicing retrieval produces greater gains in meaningful

研究還表明，練習檢索能在意義上產生更大的收穫。

learning - more specifically, test results up to 50 percent higher than concept mapping

學習--更具體地說，測試結果比概念圖譜高50%。

and 100 percent higher than reading alone.

且比單獨閱讀高出100%。

Taking practice tests frequently and regularly is one of the best ways to prepare for exams,

經常定期參加模擬測試是備考的最佳方法之一。

particularly for the MCAT or USMLE.

特別是對於MCAT或USMLE。

But many students push their practice tests too far off, focusing only on content review in

但很多學生把模擬考試推得太遠，只注重內容的複習，在

the early stages of prep.

前期的準備工作。

However, the benefits of taking practice tests occur even when you don't have as solid

然而，即使你沒有那麼紮實的知識，參加模擬測試的好處也會發生。

of a foundation, as you're not only learning and consolidating new information effectively,

的基礎，因為你不僅能有效地學習和鞏固新資訊。

but also learning how to apply said information.

但也要學會如何應用上述資訊。

Second, spaced repetition.

第二，隔空重複。

In short, spaced repetition helps consolidate working memory into long-term memory, which

簡而言之，間隔性重複有助於將工作記憶鞏固為長期記憶，而長期記憶

is ultimately what you want on test day, thereby allowing you to spend your brain cycles on

是你在考試當天最終想要的，從而讓你把腦力週期花在了

applying the information rather than remembering it.

應用資訊而不是記住資訊；

Cramming may work for quizzes and smaller tests, but you're not going to remember

補習可能對小測驗和小規模的測試有用，但你不會記住。

the information long term, and cramming simply won't cut it for larger tests like the MCAT

長期的資訊，和補習根本不會削減它的大型測試，如MCAT。

or USMLE.

或USMLE。

Spaced repetition is daunting and the overwhelming majority of students do not practice it effectively.

隔空重複令人望而生畏，絕大多數學生沒有有效地練習。

For that reason, I've created an entire playlist on how to use Anki, the best spaced

為此，我創建了一個完整的播放列表，介紹如何使用Anki，最好的間隔。

repetition software for pre-med and medical students.

醫學預科生和醫學生的復讀軟件。

Link in the description below.

鏈接在下面的描述中。

These are the most common mistakes I've seen from personally tutoring and mentoring

這是我親自輔導和指導的最常見的錯誤。

dozens of students.

幾十名學生。

But there's even more that I wasn't able to fit into this video.

但還有更多的東西，我沒能裝進這個視頻裡。

If you haven't already, be sure to check out my Study Less, Study Smart video where

如果你還沒有，一定要看看我的 "少學習，巧學習 "視頻，在那裡

I cover the study methods I learned in medical school, but wish I knew in college.

我涵蓋了我在醫學院學到的，但希望我在大學裡知道的學習方法。

It's already over 1 million views and counting and I have received hundreds of messages from

它的瀏覽量已經超過100萬，而且還在不斷增加，我已經收到了幾百條資訊，來自

students who have drastically improved their grades after implementing the advice within

的學生，他們的成績有了很大的提高。

the video.

的視頻。

I hope you find it helpful as well.

希望對你也有幫助。

Link in the description below.

鏈接在下面的描述中。

Following the advice from our videos and blog posts will take you far.

按照我們的視頻和博客文章的建議，你會走得更遠。

It took me years of experimentation and tweaking to finally get consistent and excellent results

我經過多年的實驗和調整，終於得到了穩定而優秀的結果。

that allowed me to match into a hyper competitive surgical subspecialty.

使我得以匹配到一個競爭激烈的外科亞專業。

If you aren't getting the results you want in university or medical school, our tutors

如果你在大學或醫學院沒有得到你想要的結果，我們的輔導員將為你提供幫助。

at MedSchoolInsiders.com can help.

在MedSchoolInsiders.com可以幫助。

Whether it's the MCAT, USMLE Step 1, or any other pre-med or medical school test,

無論是MCAT，USMLE Step 1，還是其他任何醫學預科或醫學院考試。

we can help.

我們可以幫助你

Our tutors scored in the top percentiles and can help you do the same.

我們的輔導老師分數在前幾名，也可以幫助你。

If you regularly watch our YouTube videos, chances are you know how heavily we emphasize

如果你經常觀看我們的YouTube視頻，你可能知道我們有多強調

the importance of systems in generating desirable results.

系統對產生理想結果的重要性；

And our tutoring is no different.

而我們的輔導也不例外。

We have painstakingly taken months crafting the systems in place to provide the best quality

我們花了幾個月的時間精心打造的系統，以提供最好的品質。

tutoring.

輔導。

We examine your test taking strategies, study methods, road blocks and sticking points,

我們會考察你的應試策略、學習方法、路障和癥結所在。

and customize a tailored plan to optimize your performance on test day.

併為您量身定製計劃，優化您在測試日的表現。

Visit MedSchoolInsiders.com to learn more.

訪問MedSchoolInsiders.com瞭解更多。

Thank you all so much for watching.

非常感謝大家的觀看。

Are there any other studying or test taking myths that you want me to cover in an upcoming

還有沒有其他的學習或考試的神話，你想讓我在即將到來的

video?

視頻？

Let me know with a comment down below, as that's how I know what it is that guys

讓我知道，在下面的評論，因為這就是我怎麼知道它是什麼傢伙

want to see.

想看。

New videos every week, so make sure you're subscribed.

每週都有新的視頻，所以請務必訂閱。

If you want to chat with me in real time, enable the notification bell as I'm in the

如果你想和我實時哈拉，請啟用通知鈴，因為我在。

comments section during the first hour after a video uploads.

在視頻上傳後的第一個小時，評論區。

Much love to you all, and I will see you guys in that next one.

很愛你們，我們下一場見。