but some countries are now implementing a digital check-in system at public spaces

但目前一些國家已經在公共場所實施了數字報到系統。

to help with contact tracing and identifying infectious clusters.

以幫助進行接觸者追蹤和識別傳染源群。

As governments globally scale-up technology to fight the pandemic,

隨著各國政府在全球範圍內擴大抗擊流行病的技術。

what are the trade-offs between privacy and security during this time?

在此期間，隱私和安全之間如何取捨？

Technology has enabled a crisis response in data collection through wearables and apps,

技術通過可穿戴設備和應用程序實現了數據收集的危機應對。

but these solutions are contentious due to privacy issues.

但由於隱私問題，這些解決方案存在爭議。

In June 2020, it was revealed that Britain's National Health Service shared the personal

2020年6月，據悉，英國國家醫療服務共享個人

data of millions of British citizens with a secretive U.S. data mining company Palantir,

數百萬英國公民的數據與美國數據挖掘公司Palantir的祕密。

which raised concerns about the transfer of public health data to private companies.

引起了人們對向私營公司轉移公共衛生數據的關注。

But even before the pandemic, privacy has been a major concern worldwide.

但即使在疫情發生之前，隱私也一直是全世界關注的重點。

In 2013, an American whistleblower, Edward Snowden, leaked damning information

2013年，美國舉報人愛德華-斯諾登洩露了令人震驚的資訊。

about the extent of surveillance on U.S citizens and foreign nationals by the government.

關於政府對美國公民和外國國民的監視程度。

While that revelation reignited debates about privacy, the European Union already had a

雖然這一啟示再次引發了關於隱私的爭論，但歐盟已經有了一個。

data protection directive as early as 1995 when the internet was still in its infancy.

早在1995年，當互聯網還處於起步階段時，數據保護指令。

That was eventually replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, in 2016,

這最終在2016年被《通用數據保護條例》（即GDPR）所取代。

which is now considered the gold standard for protecting data and privacy.

現在被認為是保護數據和隱私的黃金標準。

While the United Nations also adopted a resolution in 2014 affirming the right to privacy in

雖然聯合國也在2014年通過了一項決議，確認了隱私權。

a digital age, there is no universal playbook on how privacy should be protected in a pandemic.

在數字時代，對於如何在大流行病中保護隱私，並沒有一個通用的遊戲手冊。

The European Data Protection Board, which oversees the GDPR, and the Organisation for

負責監督GDPR的歐洲數據保護委員會和歐洲數據保護組織。

Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, have called on governments

經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)呼籲各國政府

to cease and reverse the exceptional use of data when the pandemic is over.

在大流行病結束後停止和扭轉對數據的特殊使用。

Acknowledging the novel data governance and privacy challenges governments face when gathering

承認政府在收集數據時面臨新的數據治理和隱私方面的挑戰。

data such as biometrics and geolocation, OECD also recommended that governments work with

生物識別和地理定位等數據，經合組織還建議各國政府與生物識別和地理定位等數據合作。

privacy watchdogs to ensure compliance and clarify regulatory uncertainties

隱私監督機構，以確保合規性和澄清監管的不確定性。

in a transparent and responsible manner.

以透明和負責任的方式。

The American Civil Liberties Union has also proposed that these tools should also be voluntary

美國公民自由聯盟也提議，這些工具也應該是自願的。

and not used for other purposes, such as law enforcement.

而不是用於執法等其他目的。

The trove of data gathered during the pandemic is a doubled-edged sword.

大流行期間收集的大量數據是一把雙刃劍。

While it can provide solutions, the potential for misuse is high.

雖然它可以提供解決方案，但濫用的可能性很大。

At the end of 2019, there were more than 4 billion active internet users

截至2019年底，活躍網民超過40億。

or 53 percent of the global population.

或全球人口的53%。

Researchers from the University of Southern California's Center for Body Computing found

南加州大學人體計算中心的研究人員發現

that hackers are “becoming increasingly interested in the susceptibility of health data.

認為，黑客 "對健康數據的易感性越來越感興趣。

Health data can be predictors of potential health issues or even behavior, making it

健康數據可以預測潛在的健康問題，甚至是行為，使之成為

particularly valuable on the black market compared to other types of data.

與其他類型的數據相比，在黑市上特別有價值。

In 2018, state-sponsored hackers stole the records of 1.5 million patients from a cluster

2018年，國家支持的黑客從一個群組中竊取了150萬名患者的記錄。

of healthcare institutions in Singapore, including the Prime Minister's.

新加坡的醫療機構，包括總理的。

Then, the hackers targeted the Prime Minister's medication data "specifically and repeatedly."

隨後，黑客又 "專門、反覆 "針對總理的用藥數據。

Many countries have leveraged different methods to varying degrees of effectiveness in fighting

許多國家利用不同的方法在不同程度上有效地打擊恐怖主義。

the pandemic, and some have been deemed more controversial than others.

疫情，有些人被認為比其他人更有爭議。

Taiwan — with a population of almost 24 million — has less than 500 cases of Covid-19

臺灣有近2,400萬人口，Covid-19的病例不到500例。

and seven deaths at the end of July.

並在7月底死亡7人。

Part of their success stems from a “digital fence” monitoring system.

他們的成功部分源於 "數字圍欄 "監控系統。

Home quarantine orders are enforced by monitoring the person's location through mobile cellular signals.

家庭檢疫令是通過移動手機信號監測當事人的位置來執行的。

Authorities will then be alerted if the person leaves the “digital fence".

如果此人離開 "數字圍欄"，當局就會發出警報。

The Taiwanese government has also partnered with citizens to develop online and offline tools

臺灣政府還與市民合作開發線上和線下工具

to fight the virus, including an app that tracks face mask availability.

來對抗病毒，包括一個跟蹤面膜可用性的應用程序。

Countries like Singapore and Qatar have also launched mobile applications to help with

新加坡和卡達等國家也推出了移動應用程序，以幫助解決。

contact tracing efforts or self-isolation measures.

聯繫追查工作或自我隔離措施。

Qatar's app, which taps on GPS and proximity Bluetooth signals, is mandatory for all citizens

卡達的應用程序，利用GPS和近距離藍牙信號，所有公民都必須使用。

and residents, while Singapore's app is voluntary and does not collect any location data,

和居民，而新加坡的應用是自願的，不收集任何位置數據。

relying solely on Bluetooth proximity signals instead.

僅僅依靠藍牙近距離信號來代替。

Shortly after their release, security flaws were found in apps used by countries such

發佈後不久，就發現各國使用的應用程序存在安全漏洞，如。

as Qatar, India, and South Korea, although they were quickly fixed.

作為卡達、印度和韓國，雖然很快就被修復。

South Korea's app was found to contain a vulnerability that could expose private details

韓國一應用被發現存在漏洞，可能會暴露隱私細節。

of people in quarantine to hackers.

的人被隔離到黑客。

The country, which has been lauded for its strategy to contain the coronavirus, also

該國因其遏制冠狀病毒的戰略而受到稱讚，還。

uses credit card information, phone call records and even CCTV footage to form

使用信用卡資訊，電話記錄，甚至閉路電視錄像，以形成

a more complete picture of the pandemic.

更全面地瞭解這場大流行病的情況。

Similar surveillance tools have been employed in countries such as India, Iran, Israel and China.

印度、伊朗、以色列和中國等國家也採用了類似的監控手段。

China's cavalier approach to privacy has seen the country deploy drones,

中國對隱私的輕率態度，讓中國部署了無人機。

artificial intelligence and security cameras to enforce quarantines and monitor public spaces.

人工智能和安全攝像頭來執行檢疫和監控公共場所。

Beyond the hardware and software, the perception of privacy varies across different cultures.

除了硬件和軟件之外，不同文化背景下，人們對隱私的認知也不盡相同。

On one end of the spectrum, we have China and its intrusive approach to harnessing data,

在光譜的一端，我們有中國和它利用數據的侵入性方法。

while Germany is on the other end with its extremely cautious approach to privacy.

而德國則在另一端，對隱私的態度極為謹慎。

And in the middle, you have East Asian countries such as South Korea and Singapore.

而中間有韓國、新加坡等東亞國家。

There are two main approaches to contact tracing apps, and both versions rely on anonymized IDs

聯繫人追蹤應用主要有兩種方式，兩個版本都依賴於匿名ID

to record interactions with nearby devices, which allows for complete privacy.

以記錄與附近設備的互動，從而實現完全的隱私。

The centralized approach, which has been adopted in Australia and France, involves the storage

澳洲和法國採用的集中式方法，涉及到存儲。

of Bluetooth signals from a phone and devices in its proximity in a central server.

在中央服務器中對來自手機及其附近設備的藍牙信號進行處理。

This allows authorities to build a complete picture of all social interactions.

這使得當局能夠建立所有社會互動的完整圖景。

The decentralized approach, however, only stores Bluetooth signals from devices belonging

然而，分散式的方法只能存儲來自於所屬設備的藍牙信號。

to infected cases in a central server and not the devices nearby.

到中央服務器中的感染病例，而不是附近的設備。

The anonymized ID belonging to the infected individual will then be broadcasted to all

屬於受感染的個人的匿名ID將被廣播到所有的

phones with the decentralized app to check if they have been exposed.

手機與分散式應用，以檢查它們是否已經暴露。

Germany, which initially backed a centralized approach, later reversed course to support

德國起初支持中央集權的做法，後來改弦易轍，支持。

decentralized contact tracing, similar to the “decentralized" apps used in Italy and Switzerland.

分散式聯繫追蹤，類似於意大利和瑞士使用的 "分散式 "應用程序；

The goal of data collection in a pandemic is to provide decision makers with accurate

在大流行病中收集數據的目的是為決策者提供準確的資訊。

information to balance the supply and demand on hospital resources, masks, food, and ultimately,

資訊，以平衡醫院資源、口罩、食品的供求關係，最終。

shape health and social policies during these extraordinary times.

在這些非常時期制定衛生和社會政策；

The focus, then, is on striking a balance between safeguarding public health

是以，重點是在保障公眾健康之間取得平衡。

and protecting individual rights.

和保護個人權利，

Technology giants Apple and Google, have taken the lead to collaborate on a solution

科技巨頭蘋果和谷歌，已經率先合作推出瞭解決方案。

based on a decentralized approach to data collection.

以分散的數據收集方法為基礎；

And a growing number of countries are bowing to the Google-Apple model, including Germany,

而越來越多的國家正在向谷歌-蘋果模式低頭，包括德國。

when Apple refused to lower its privacy settings on its iPhones.

當蘋果拒絕降低其iPhone的隱私設置時。

While some analysts have lauded the Apple-Google collaboration efforts as an example of

雖然一些分析師稱讚蘋果和谷歌的合作努力是一個例子。

a public-private partnership for the public good, some governments are unhappy

公私合營，共謀公益，一些政府不滿意

with the tech giants' prescriptive approach.

與科技巨頭們的規定性做法。

In a joint statement, five European nations called for more flexibility from Apple and Google

在一份聯合聲明中，五個歐洲國家呼籲蘋果和谷歌提供更多的靈活性。

in the design and application of their apps.

在他們的應用程序的設計和應用中。

A group of 27 doctors and researchers led by Johns Hopkins University also recommended

由約翰-霍普金斯大學上司的27名醫生和研究人員組成的小組也建議。

in a report, that technology companies should not control the terms, conditions, or capabilities

在一份報告中指出，技術公司不應控制條款、條件或能力。

of digital contact tracing.

數字化接觸跟蹤的。

In a manner, a lot of the data collected during the pandemic isn't new, but how it is collected

在某種程度上，大流行期間收集到的很多數據並不新鮮，但如何收集到這些數據

and what is being done with it in a rapidly evolving situation is.

以及在快速發展的形勢下如何處理它是。

As we have seen in some countries, privacy and safety need not be mutually exclusive.

正如我們在一些國家看到的那樣，隱私和安全不一定是相互排斥的。

Whether countries can strike that balance will set the tone for privacy even after the pandemic ends.

各國能否達到這種平衡，即使在疫情結束後，也將為隱私問題定下基調。

Hey, guys. Thanks for watching.

嘿，夥計們。謝謝你的觀看。

We'd love to hear your privacy concerns, so share with us your thoughts.

我們很樂意聽到您對隱私的關注，請與我們分享您的想法。

Do subscribe to us if you haven't already, and in the meantime, stay safe.

如果你還沒有訂閱我們，請訂閱，同時，請注意安全。