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Waldorf education is based on the principles of
華德福教育是根據魯道夫史坦那(Rudolf Steiner) 的人智學信念所創立
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Anthroposophy by Rudolf Steiner.
1919年, 史坦那在德國斯圖加特這個城市創立了第一所學校
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Steiner founded the first school in 1919 Stuttgart Germany
用以教育來自這所Waldorf 華德福香菸工廠的員工子弟們
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to educate the children of the factory workers
華德福教育也由此得名
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from the Waldorf Astoria Zigaretten Fabrik
不論社會地位或是天分才華的差異, 所有的孩子都接受平等的教育,
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- hence the name.
這促成了這所學校成為教育裡的社會正義先鋒
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All kids, independent of social status or talent
華德福教育的目標, 在於培養出一位自由發展, 但同時為自己的道德負責任的個體
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received the same instruction,
養成高度的社交能力, 創造力, 與知識力
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which made the school a pioneer of social justice in education.
家庭作業與測驗成績並不會是重點
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The goal of a Waldorf education is to develop free,
講故事的能力與實驗的精神, 才是教育裡的主要方法
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but morally responsible individuals
經過12年的課程
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equipped with a high degree of social competence
學生將學會數學, 文學, 歷史, 與科學
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and creative capabilities.
同時也有各式各樣廣泛的藝術與手工藝
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Factual knowledge,
小學學生畫圖, 針織, 織布, 還有使用蠟來做雕刻
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homework and tests scores receive less attention.
大一點的孩子則設計圖案,
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Storytelling and experimentation
書本, 陶器, 並以石頭來進行雕刻
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are the main method of instruction,
每個人都學習演奏音樂
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Over the twelve-year curriculum,
首先大家都會學習吹笛子
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students learn math,
接下來有些人學習弦樂器
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literature,
有些人則加入合唱團
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history and science
學生們玩非競爭性的遊戲
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as well as a wide variety of arts and hands-on skills.
並學會韻律舞蹈
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Elementary students paint,
他們從事有機耕種
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knit,
並學習兩種外國語言
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weave and sculpt with wax.
第一年是透過唱歌, 講故事, 還有對話來學習
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Older ones make patterns,
在8跟12年級時, 整個班級則會發展出一齣經典的戲劇
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books,
並在家長與朋友面前演出
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pottery and sculpt in stone.
華德福教育將所有主要的學術學科,
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Everybody learns to do music.
都使用獨特的專案方式來處理
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First all play the flute,
屏除反覆式的課程方式
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then some play string instruments
一個特定的學科
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and others join the choir.
例如歷史, 數學, 科學, 或甚至是園藝
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Students play non-competitive games
主導了每天早晨的前兩個小時
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and learn to dance eurhythmy.
為期四到六周
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They do organic farming
之後, 再轉換焦點至另一個新學科
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and learn two foreign languages,
史坦那也發明了一種對於科學的體驗方式
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which in the first years are taught through songs,
藉此, 學生觀察
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storytelling and conversations.
接著, 再以他們的話或是圖來描述科學概念
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In grade 8 and 12
而不是先透過教科書來學習
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the entire class develops a classical drama
因此, 華德福學校認為,
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which they perform in front of their parents and friends.
電腦最能發揮功效的時期會是在孩子青少年階段
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Waldorf uses a unique
在此之前, 孩子需先熟稔,
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project based approach to almost
探索訊息與學習的根本基礎方式
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all main academic subjects.
在個人發展與同理心方面
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Instead of repetitive schedules,
競爭與成績是盡量避免的
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a specific subject,
取而代之的, 老師們評估學生的個人特質發展
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such as history,
測試評估與成績,只在大一點的學生,
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math,
當他們準備大學入學考試時慢慢被帶入
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science or even gardening
今天,在60個國家
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dominates the first two hours in the morning
有超過一千多個華德福學校
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for a period of 4-6 weeks.
使它成為最大的獨立學校運動之一
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After that, a new subject gets the main focus.
華德福已經成為了一個被歐洲所認可的教育理論
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Steiner also invented an experiential approach to science
它的學校也接受政府的資金
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whereby students observe
知名的華德福家長,包括克林·伊斯威特 (Clint Eastwood 演員, 導演...)
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and later describe scientific concepts
藍尼·克羅維茲 (Lenny Kravitz 音樂人)
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in their own words and drawings
富比世家族 (Forbes Family)
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rather than learning about them in a textbook first.
還有很多家長, 來自於矽谷科技公司
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Waldorf schools therefore consider computers
儘管, 史坦那對於科技與大眾媒體是抱以批判式的觀點
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useful to children only in their teens,
賈伯斯曾經告訴一個科技記者
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after they have mastered fundamental,
那位記者問到, 他的孩子喜不喜歡新的iPad
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time-honored ways of discovering
他說, 他的孩子還沒用過
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information and learning.
我們在家裡限制孩子, 避免過度使用科技產品
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In the spirit of personal development and empathy,
著名的心理學家威廉·格拉瑟(William Glasser )曾說過
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competition and grades are being avoided.
我們從閱讀學到10%
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Teachers instead assess the student's individual
從所聽的學到20%
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growth of character.
從所看的學到30%
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Tests scores and grades are only slowly introduced to
但是, 從所經歷的學到80%
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older students as they prepare for college
人們可以爭辯說,儘管他們的技術含量不高
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and entrance exams.
華德福教育所提倡的經驗學習法
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Today there are over
是非常前衛的
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a thousand Waldorf schools in 60 countries,
你覺得呢?
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making it one of the largest independent
請在下面的意見欄裡, 分享你的看法
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school movements.
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Waldorf has become a recognized
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educational theory in Europe
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and its schools have received state funding.
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Famous Waldorf parents include Clint Eastwood,
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Lenny Kravitz,
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the Forbes family
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and many parents from Silicon Valley's tech sector
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despite Steiner's critical view of technology
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and mass media.
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Steve Jobs once told a tech journalist
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who asked whether his children like the new iPad
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that they haven't used it and continued:
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“We limit how much technology our kids use at home.”
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Acclaimed psychiatrist William Glasser famously said
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that we learn 10% of what we read,
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20% of what we hear,
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30% of what we see,
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but 80% of what we experience.
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one could argue that despite their low-tech approach,
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the experimental learning method of
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Waldorf education is exceptionally contemporary.
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What do you think?
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Please share your thoughts in the comments below!