Name: 【TEDx】為什麼「性別」真的很重要? (Why Sex Really Matters: David Page at TEDxBeaconStreet)
Uploaded: 2017-07-16T21:59:58.000Z
Duration: 20 min 15 s

I would like to talk with you about sex and disease,

I'd like to tell you about  something that's really fundamental.

我想告訴大家一些很根本的事情

I'd like to tell you about a connection between sex

that has gone largely unnoticed and unexplored

that I think you may find  a little surprising and startling.

我想各位會覺得有些驚訝且吃驚

First of all, human genome, we have a problem.

首先，人類基因，我們有個問題

And third, that the study of disease is flawed.

scientists, no matter how brilliant they are,

For a long time, we thought that the Earth was flat,

有很長一段時間，我們都相信地球是平坦的

and we thought that  the sun revolved around the Earth.

Well, in this time of the human genome revolution,

it turns out that we're missing something

I need to ask you to return with me to the beginning

So, here it is, the moment of conception, egg meets sperm!

這就是受精的時刻，卵子遇上精子！

your lung cells, your liver cells, your skin cells,

你的肺細胞、肝細胞、皮膚細胞

all the cells of your body ultimately derived from this one founding cell,

所有組成身體的細胞最初都是從這個細胞分裂而來

So, the fertilized egg divides to become two cells,

those two divide to become four, and eight, and so on --

兩個細胞分裂成四個，然後是八個，以此類推

on the order of 10 trillion cells has been assembled,

and what is most amazing  is that within the nucleus

of each of those 10 trillion cells that make up your body,

在10兆個組成你的細胞的細胞核中

you carry the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

with which your cells, and tissues,  and organs in your body execute their functions.

是你體內每個細胞、組織和器官執行功能的地方

So, let's look at those 23 pairs of chromosomes in more detail.

我們現在來更仔細的看這23對染色體

which in females is a beautifully matched  pair of X chromosomes,

女性擁有一對完美對稱的X染色體

is replaced by a mismatched pair, an XY pair.

And let's look in more detail  at that mismatched XY pair --

現在來更仔細的看看不相配的XY染色體

to the left, the stately  and grand X chromosome --

To its right, the diminutive and demure Y chromosome, with its head down.

右邊的，是嬌小端莊的Y染色體，頭部向下

I've spent the entirety of my career at Whitehead Institute

我奉獻了我的職業生涯在懷特海德研究所

defending the honor of the Y chromosome -- (Laughter)

捍衛Y染色體的光榮──（笑聲）

In the face of innumerable insults to its character and its future prospect.

儘管有無數個對於它的特性和前途的侮辱

Even to this day, it is thought by physicians and most scientists around the world,

直至今日，全球大部分的醫師和科學家還是認為

is restricted to the cells of the reproductive tract.

And in fact, this idea that the cells of the reproductive tract

are the only place where the Y functions,

是Y染色體唯一有功用的地方的想法

functionally, maybe even morally equivalent.

And so, in fact,  it has been said many times

that apart from the reproductive tract and even disregarding that for a moment,

除了生殖道以外，甚至忽略這個部分不看

that our genomes are all 99.9% identical,

This idea that we're 99.9% identical has gained great traction

認為每個人都是99.9%相同的概念受到廣大支持

It's very appealing to say that we are all 99.9% identical --

每個人都是99.9%相同的說法很吸引人──

was seized upon by President Bill Clinton

in his 2000 State of the Union address --

他在2000年的國情咨文演說中都利用了這個概念──

when he stated that, "This fall, at the White House...

we had a distinguished scientist visiting,

an expert in this work on the human genome,

and he said that we are all, regardless of race,

都是 99.9%相同的，不分種族。」

Wow -- it turns out that this idea is even correct --

哇──事實證明這個想法是正確的

as long as, the two individuals being compared are both men.

只要兩個被比較的個體都是男性

It's also correct, if the two individuals being compared are both women.

如果兩個被比較的個體都是女性，這樣也是正確的

However, if you compare the genome of a man

you'll find that they are actually only 98.5% identical.

你會發現其實基因只有98.5%相同

In other words, the genetic difference between a man and a woman

換句話說，男性與女性之間的基因差異

Let us consider, for example, the case of Bill and Hillary -- (Laughter)

現在讓我們以比爾和希拉蕊作為比較案例（笑聲）

So, it turns out that Bill is as genetically similar to Hillary,

事實證明比爾和希拉蕊之間的基因相似度

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【TEDx】為什麼「性別」真的很重要? (Why Sex Really Matters: David Page at TEDxBeaconStreet)

disease

disorder

question

suffer