Will we ever live in space long-term?

Prominent scientists have argued that the future of our species could lie off-world.

But there's one thing we'd need to make that work: babies.

It's not just about parenting — surely our intrepid astronauts would be up to that challenge.

It's that some of them would eventually have to get pregnant in the first place.

As wild as it sounds, researchers are already trying to figure out if people can make space

babies — but so far, the results don't look great.

One major hurdle is the lack of gravity.

That includes near-weightlessness, or microgravity, as well as places with less gravity than our

home planet

— like Mars, where gravity is less than half of what we're used to.

Most experiments that have tried to shed light on this have been done in real or simulated

microgravity, so that's what we'll focus on here.

But so far, scientists think that even Martian gravity would pose problems for conception

and gestation.

Overall, the story starts out okay: Menstruation in space seems to work normally, at least

for short trips — astronauts often choose to skip their periods for longer missions.

So although we don't know for sure, that suggests that ovulation would also happen normally.

Meanwhile, sperm seem to fare, well, kind of okay in microgravity.

Like, in 1979, researchers flew live rats on a research satellite for eighteen days.

And when they got home, they successfully mated with ovulating rats.

Except not all of their offspring were totally healthy — the growth and development of

babies fertilized by mature sperm that were exposed to zero-g effects lagged behind control litters.

The nice thing is, we might be able to get around this by using space sperm banks instead.

FST01 In research presented in 2019, scientists

in Barcelona reported some preliminary evidence that frozen human sperm can survive short

bursts of microgravity with no ill effects — though their evidence came from specialized

aircraft, not from space.

Still, it's a start.

Now, having healthy cells is one thing, but to get a fetus, an egg needs to be fertilized.

And there is evidence that sperm can fertilize eggs in microgravity.

One 2009 study used a spinning machine to simulate microgravity, and successfully carried

out in vitro fertilization using mouse sperm and eggs.

But even then, fertilization is still a step or three away from pregnancy.

Pregnancy isn't official until an embryo can implant into its host's uterine wall.

For that, you need the formation of the blastocyst — a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that

forms within a few days of fertilization.

The layer of outer cells is called the trophoblast, which helps the embryo to burrow into the

uterine wall and form the placenta.

There's also a clump of inner cells called the embryoblast, which gives rise to the fetus itself.

And it seems like embryos might be able to do all that in space.

Although it hasn't been reported in a peer-reviewed journal, an experiment containing mouse embryos

that flew on China's first microgravity satellite saw some of them form blastocysts.

Which is promising, but we'll need more studies to confirm.

But even if blastocysts can form in space, it's unclear whether they could implant

and keep growing.

In that same 1979 mission we mentioned, male and female rats were also sent into orbit

and allowed to… mingle.

Some of them did get pregnant, but none of them gave birth — the researchers believed

that the implanted embryos died and were absorbed back into the rats' bodies.

Scientists are trying to figure out what exactly it is about microgravity that messes with

blastocysts and their ability to implant and grow, but they do have ideas.

Like, embryonic stem cells are part of the equation.

These are the cells in the blastocyst that differentiate, or diversify into all of the

different kinds of tissues in the fetus.

Microgravity appears to make them more resistant to differentiating into those more mature cells.

It's possible that microgravity interferes with DNA methylation, a process known to affect

cell differentiation.

Or there could be other factors — like how microgravity messes with the behavior of fluids,

and how cells float in fluids.

So, at this point, it's up in the air whether space pregnancy is feasible, outside of inventing

prolonged artificial gravity.

That said, even if we did figure that part out, there's evidence that a fetus couldn't

develop in a healthy way in space.

After all, gravity isn't only important for the earliest stages of pregnancy.

Scientists are pretty sure that it's also important in the third trimester,

when it helps the fetus develop its muscles, including in the heart.

Gravity may even play key roles in the development of synapses in the brain and sensory tissue

in the inner ear.

And based on evidence from pregnant mice, it seems like microgravity during orbital

spaceflight affects the development of vestibular functions — basically the sense of balance

and motion.

So, not great news.

And even if we can compensate for microgravity, developing radiation shielding technology

strong enough to protect a fetus is a whole other matter.

Outside of Earth's magnetic field, the effects of solar radiation are a lot stronger.

And we've learned that the developing brain is extremely sensitive to radiation exposure,

which can cause DNA damage, brain defects, and increased incidence of cancer.

So, while there's a lot we still don't know about how this all works, and while we'll

need many more studies in mammals, one thing's for sure: We may get there someday, but there

are a lot of small steps to come before humanity can make the giant leap to pregnancy in space.

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