Name: 從水箱到餐桌：科學家如何製造更大、更美味的海鮮科學家如何製造更大、更美味的海鮮？ (Tank to Table: How Scientists Make Bigger, Tastier Seafood)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:32:20.000Z
Duration: 7 min 19 s
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this episode of Sideshow is supported by curiosity.

Humans have been eating seafood for thousands of years, and in many ways it's awesome.

Animals like fish don't produces many greenhouse gases as, say, cattle d'oh!

Unfortunately, getting this kind of high quality protein isn't always easy.

Some animals don't grow fast enough to be a sustainable food source, and others taste pretty gross for at least part of the year.

So to solve these problems, scientists have turned to a maybe unexpected field genetics.

By carefully breeding or modifying aquatic animals, they've found ways to get us more efficient, responsible and delicious meals.

And if your seafood fan the odds are good that you've encountered at least one of these three examples on your plate, our first example is catfish.

Every year, the world consumes hundreds of millions of kilograms of these fish, but the animals only grow so fast.

So since the 19 sixties, the catfish industry has been collaborating with researchers to get those crispy fillets to our plates.

One way they've been doing This is by cross breeding species of catfish trying to find a hybrid with the most commercially desirable traits.

It's a cross between a female channel catfish and a male blue catfish, and, appropriately, it's called the Channel Blue.

This hybrid is bigger and is better at converting food to body weight than either of its parent species.

It also has a higher survival rate and improved disease resistance.

The verdict is still out on how and why this happens, but the hypothesis is that the channel blue just ended up with a really useful combination of genes.

Unfortunately, though, you can't just throw channel and blue catfish in a pool and wait for them to produce tasty offspring.

Thes species rarely made with each other in the wild.

To get a channel blue, you have to do things like treat female channel catfish with hormones to induce ovulation, then mix and sperm from male blue catfish.

In 2011 about 20% of the catfish harvested were channel blues, but it's not always successful, so the next step for researchers is to find a way to breathe these species more efficiently, Among other things.

Some scientists are trying to do this by mapping the genes of both parents species.

They're hoping to find genetic markers that could someday help channel and blue catfish made more readily.

So maybe we'll be seeing more of these hybrid soon.

Catfish isn't the only seafood were interested in improving, though.

Oysters aren't is widely consumed as catfish, but people do love slurping them down, and the demand for them is growing.

Oysters don't always contain a lot of good meat during spawning season.

They're smaller with mushy, runny flesh, and there go nads, take up around 40% of their body mass for real.

They did it by engineering trip Lloyd oysters, Cesaire oysters with three sets of chromosomes, one more than normal.

This odd number messes with their ability to produce sperm and egg cells, which means the animals have more energy to devote to growing fatter and tastier.

Scientists started experimenting with Tripp Lloyd oysters in the 19 seventies and eighties.

But while they did achieve some victories, their methods weren't good enough to go widely commercial.

They were creating Trip Lloyd's by applying chemicals to recently fertilized eggs, and that wasn't always successful and didn't go over well with the public.

So in 1993 scientists tried a modified approach.

First, they combed through the trip Lloyd oysters from previous experiments and found the rare exceptions that were somehow still fertile.

Then they took the oysters eggs and injected them with sperm cells containing one more set of chromosomes.

Ultimately, this led to the creation of a Tetra ploy oyster, one that had four sets of chromosomes.

And when that animal made it with a normal oyster with two sets of chromosomes, it produced sterile trip Lloyd offspring.

Today, this idea is what leads to those fat, juicy oysters you order at restaurants.

So not only is the food fancy, but the science is to now as weird as they might be.

Neither hybrid catfish nor Trip Lloyd oysters are considered genetically modified because they weren't engineered by directly transferring specific, deliberately chosen jeans.

This last example, though, is a proper GMO in fact, it's the first truly GMO animal to hit the market for human consumption.

Unlike wild oysters and catfish, wild Atlantic salmon are already pretty good at converting food into body mass.

But scientists wanted to create an even more efficient version because, like, have you tasted salmon?

Researchers took fertilized eggs from wild Atlantic salmon and inserted two new components.

The growth hormone gene from a chinook salmon and a short bit of DNA called a promoter from a fish called an ocean pout.

The Chinook gene was chosen because, compared to Atlantic salmon, these salmon tender girl more from the same amounts of food and the ocean pout promoter was chosen because it allows the powder to grow year round.

As opposed to the Atlantic salmon, which only grows during certain times, these researchers essentially took to beneficial traits and through the mental one organism.

They also made the same in trip Lloyd and sterile to make sure they could never mate with wild salmon even if they somehow escaped captivity.

The Aqua Advantage fish was tested for safety and approved for sales in early 2019 and compared to its wild counterparts, it grows faster and reaches the same size with 25% less food.

So more salmon for US projects like these are major ways.

We can continue eating seafood without taking us much of a toll on wild populations and habitats.

But these clever creative ideas do have the potential to really improve sustainability.

If you want to learn more about how scientists are improving agriculture, you can check out the Siri's curious minds.

Global Food Supply Over on Curiosity Street, The five episode Siri's talks about things like food security and the use of antibiotics and farming, and it's really fascinating stuff.

It isn't the only Siri's curiosity stream offers, either.

The subscription streaming service has more than 2400 documentaries and nonfiction titles from some of the best film makers in the world, and you can get unlimited access to them for just 2 99 per month.

If you want to check them out, your 1st 31 days of curiosity stream are completely free if you sign up a curiosity stream dot com slash sideshow and use the promo code.

When you do, you'll be supporting us and helping us make more content like this.

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從水箱到餐桌：科學家如何製造更大、更美味的海鮮科學家如何製造更大、更美味的海鮮？ (Tank to Table: How Scientists Make Bigger, Tastier Seafood)

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