It's a fundamental building block of life.

它是生命的基本組成部分。

It makes up 78% of the atmosphere, AND it's in these tiny micro bubbles,

它佔大氣層的 78%，而且存在於這些微小的氣泡中、

in my Starbucks 'Nitro-Cold Brew.'

在我的星巴克 "硝基冷啤酒 "中。

And yes, this episode is sponsored by Starbucks.

沒錯，本期節目由星巴克贊助。

They challenged me to liquify nitrogen out of the air,

他們挑戰我從空氣中液化氮氣、

and that's what I'm gonna be doing in this video.

這就是我在本視頻中要做的。

But first I'm gonna try Nitro Cold Brew for the first time...

但首先，我要第一次嘗試硝化冷啤酒

[Drinking the nitro cold brew]

[喝硝基冷飲]

Mmmm

嗯

It's subtly sweet without having to add sugar,

無需加糖，就有微微的甜味、

and obviously it's cold and frothy,

很明顯，它又冷又多泡、

and I'm gonna explain why nitrogen makes this possible.

我將解釋為什麼氮氣能讓這一切成為可能。

But first I'm gonna try to liquify some nitrogen for myself out of this atmosphere.

但首先，我要試著從大氣中為自己液化一些氮氣。

Come on, let's go.

來吧，我們走

Okay, in order to make liquid nitrogen,

好吧 為了製造液氮

we need a way to make the air really cold.

我們需要一種讓空氣變冷的方法。

And to do that, I'm going to use this cryo-cooler.

為此，我要使用這個低溫冷卻器。

So essentially what's inside here is a cylinder of helium and a couple pistons.

是以，這裡裝的主要是一個氦氣筒和幾個活塞。

There's a piston that compresses the helium down into this section,

有一個活塞將氦氣壓縮到這個部分、

and when it does that, it makes that gas really hot.

當它這樣做時，就會使氣體變得非常熱。

And so, that heat gets ejected to the surroundings through this heat sink.

是以，這些熱量會通過散熱器噴射到周圍環境中。

Then the helium is expanded down in here, and as that happens, it gets really cold.

然後，氦氣在這裡向下膨脹，隨著膨脹，它就會變得非常冷。

So it absorbs the heat from the surroundings.

是以，它能吸收周圍的熱量。

So this is the part of the cryo-cooler that is going to get down to less than -200°C.

是以，這是低溫冷卻器的一部分，其溫度將降至零下 200 攝氏度以下。

So cryogenic temperatures.

所以是低溫。

This is the place where we can really liquify some gas.

在這裡，我們可以真正液化一些天然氣。

So, I want to put this to the test

所以，我想測試一下

and first do a sort of simple proof-of-concept and make sure that this is working

首先做一個簡單的概念驗證，確保它能正常工作

and just try to liquify air,

並嘗試液化空氣、

liquify the air in this room.

使房間裡的空氣液化。

This is Allen Pan.

我是艾倫-潘。

Allen is handier with tools than I am,

艾倫比我更會使用工具、

so uuh, I brought him here to help me make this happen.

所以，我帶他來幫我實現這個願望。

How should people know you, Allen? Like what do you get into, what's your thing?

人們應該如何認識你，艾倫？比如你喜歡什麼，你的愛好是什麼？

Allen: I'm a failed Mythbuster,

艾倫：我是一個失敗的 "神話剋星"、

and also I have a YouTube channel called "Sufficiently Advanced".

此外，我還有一個名為 "Sufficiently Advanced "的 YouTube 頻道。

Derek VO: You may know Allen from his creations and,

德里克-沃：你可能從艾倫的創作中認識他、

relevant to this project, shooting liquid nitrogen from his hands.

從他的手中射出液氮。

[Allen laughs]

[艾倫笑]

Allen: I'm definitely breaking your drill by the way >D: I see that :) I see that.

艾倫：順便說一句，我絕對是在破壞你的演習 >D: 我明白了:)我明白了

Did I measure this correctly?

我測量得對嗎？

Let's see.

讓我們看看

Does it go in and stop right there-

它是否進去後就停在那裡--

Oh my God!

我的天啊

Look at that!

看看這個！

Perfect!

太完美了

Derek: So now, let's turn it on, and you can listen, you can hear it turn on.

德里克：現在，讓我們打開它，你可以聽，你可以聽到它打開的聲音。

Ohhhh, the pump is starting.

哦哦，水泵啟動了。

Allen: Its purring.

艾倫：它在咕嚕咕嚕叫。

[Elevator Music]

[電梯音樂]

This is the moment of truth:

這是關鍵時刻：

been running the cryo-cooler for about 4 hours.

低溫冷卻器已經運行了大約 4 個小時。

Hopefully getting some liquid air in there.

希望裡面能有一些液態空氣。

Allen: I bet you 50 bucks there's at least 50 millilitres of liquid air in there.

艾倫：我跟你賭 50 塊錢，裡面至少有 50 毫升液態空氣。

Derek: "50 millilitres."

德里克："50 毫升"。

D: Sir?

D: 先生？

Allen: That's not even that much.

艾倫：這還不算多。

Derek: It ISN'T even that much,>< but I will be amazed if it happens. > Allen: It's like a whole-

德里克：根本沒有那麼多，但如果真的發生了，我會很驚訝。

Allen: Oh, that- that's 50 millilitres, right there. Derek: I bring you a 50 millilitre beaker.

艾倫哦，那是 50 毫升，就在那兒。德里克：我給你拿一個 50 毫升的燒杯。

Allen: Do you feel any sloshing??

艾倫你有感覺到晃動嗎？

Derek: [Whouf!]

德里克：

[Slight sloshing]

[輕微晃動]

Allen: I hear something..! >I hear something!< Derek: Oh ohoh >< oh oh!

艾倫：我聽到了什麼......我聽到了什麼！&lt; 德里克：哦哦&gt;&lt;哦哦！

Allen: I HEAR something.

我聽到了什麼

Derek: I can hear liquid

我能聽到液體的聲音

D: We have made liquid air.

D：我們製造了液態空氣。

Allen: That sounds like... Derek: How much have we made?

艾倫：聽起來好像......德里克：我們賺了多少？

Allen: 50 millilitres.. Derek: Is that how much we've made? Allen: ..of liquid air!

艾倫：50 毫升。這就是我們製造的量嗎？艾倫： ......液態空氣！

Derek: OooohH..! Cameraman: Oh hoho hoh! Allen: 50! 50!

Derek: OooohH..！攝影師：Oh hoho hoh！50！50!

Allen: OOOhh!

艾倫OOOhh！

A: Dude, that's 50 ml of liquid air.

答：老兄，那是 50 毫升液態空氣。

Derek VO: I know it doesn't look like much, but to make 50 ml of liquid air,

Derek VO：我知道看起來不多，但要製作 50 毫升液態空氣、

we needed to condense around 35 litres of air from the room.

我們需要從房間裡冷凝大約 35 升的空氣。

Derek: What's funny to me is I've done a lot of experiments with liquid nitrogen,

德里克：讓我覺得有趣的是，我用液氮做過很多實驗、

but this feels like the most precious... [Allen laughs] liquified gas that I've ever had

但這感覺就像最珍貴的......[艾倫笑] 我曾經擁有過的液化氣

because we made it ourselves.

因為這是我們自己做的。

There was more than 50 ml.

有 50 多毫升。

Allen: I know we didn't shake on it, but you definitely owe me $50.

艾倫：我知道我們沒有握手，但你肯定欠我 50 美元。

Derek: I definitely do.

德里克：我當然知道。

[Allen erupts with laughter] [Cameraman chuckles]

[艾倫爆發出笑聲] [攝影師笑聲]

Derek: 'Cause that's impressive from just a few hours!

德里克："短短几個小時就這麼厲害！

Y'know, running it for the first time.

你知道，第一次運行它。

Derek VO: Liquid oxygen is paramagnetic, which means it's attracted to permanent magnets.

德里克-沃：液氧具有順磁性，這意味著它能被永久磁鐵吸引。

I'm going to use this effect to try to extract some liquid oxygen.

我要利用這種效果，嘗試提取一些液態氧。

Derek: Something came out. Allen: Hey, dude, you got it!

有東西出來了艾倫：嘿，夥計，你猜對了！

You got some. Derek VO: See that droplet at the end of the magnets?

有了看到磁鐵末端的液滴了嗎？

To make sure it really was liquid oxygen, we tested how it affected a flame.

為了確保它真的是液氧，我們測試了它對火焰的影響。

Allen: Yeheheha!

艾倫

Allen: So that's 'for-sure' oxygen, that is liquid oxygen.

艾倫：那就是 "確定 "的氧氣，也就是液態氧。

Derek: You can see how the matchstick REIGNITES with the liquid oxygen,

德里克：你可以看到火柴棒是如何與液氧結合的、

and the flame spreads towards the higher concentration of oxygen.

火焰向氧氣濃度較高的地方蔓延。

[Allen laughs]

[艾倫笑]

[Low-pitched squeaking and chuting sounds emanate from the flame]

[火焰發出低沉的吱吱聲和嘁嘁聲]

Derek: Ohh!

德里克：哦！

[quiet Alien Chestbuster squawk/click sounds emanate from the experiment]

[安靜的外星胸霸叫聲/點擊聲從實驗中傳出]

Allen: Whwch!

艾倫

Derek: There you go, we have made: liquid air.

德里克：就是這樣，我們製造出了：液態空氣。

Next step: remove the oxygen, and just make liquid nitrogen.

下一步：去掉氧氣，直接製造液氮。

[Allen wheezes with laughter]

[艾倫氣喘吁吁的笑聲]

Derek: Okay, it is day two and time to scale up.

德里克：好了，今天是第二天，是時候擴大規模了。

We are uh, moving the cryo-cooler to a bigger stand.

我們正在把低溫冷卻器搬到一個更大的支架上。

Allen: Should I just go? Derek Behind Cam: Yeah, go for it.

艾倫：我應該去嗎？德里克-卡姆：是的，去吧。

Allen: I'm putting a lot of sawdust into your-into your carpet.

艾倫：我在你的地毯上放了很多鋸末。

I'm sorry. Derek: [chuckles] That's okay, Allen :)

I'm sorry.德里克：[笑] 沒關係，艾倫）

[Allen laughs lightly]

[艾倫輕笑]

[Chugging, whirring and banging spark sounds]

[突突聲、呼呼聲和砰砰的火花聲]

Derek VO: To make pure nitrogen, we need pressurised air.

德里克-沃：要製造純氮，我們需要加壓空氣。

So I've got an air compressor here in the garage.

我車庫裡有一臺空氣壓縮機。

Derek: The pressure of this compressor is about 10 'atmospheres'.

德里克：這臺壓縮機的壓力約為 10 個 "大氣壓"。

So I'm going to pressurise this line here...

所以我要給這條線路加壓......

behind cam: Now the first thing we've got on the line is...

在攝像頭後面現在，我們的第一件事是...

a filter to remove.. water vapour.

過濾器去除水蒸氣。

And to get pure nitrogen, this is the key component.

而要想獲得純淨的氮氣，這是關鍵的組成部分。

It is a nitrogen membrane,

這是一層氮膜、

and what it actually contains is a bunch of hollow polymer fibres.

而它實際上包含的是一堆中空聚合物纖維。

And so we supply compressed air in this end,

是以，我們為此提供壓縮空氣、

and all of the gas molecules try to diffuse out of those fibres because of that high pressure.

在高壓作用下，所有氣體分子都會試圖從纖維中擴散出來。

But:

但是

these polymer fibres are made out of a material that is

這些聚合物纖維由一種材料製成，這種材料是

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.

選擇性滲透。

It allows oxygen and carbon dioxide and water vapour to diffuse out much faster than nitrogen.

氧氣、二氧化碳和水蒸氣的擴散速度比氮氣快得多。

And so, those gases actually come out preferentially through these holes.

是以，這些氣體實際上會優先從這些孔中排出。

So what you're left with at the end is a high concentration of nitrogen.

是以，最後剩下的就是高濃度的氮。

And to get the highest purity,

並獲得最高的純度、

what you need to do is have a very high pressure and a slow flow rate,

你需要做的是用很高的壓力和很低的流速、

because that gives a lot of time for those other gases to escape.

因為這樣就有足夠的時間讓其他氣體逃逸。

Derek: Whoo!

Whoo！

D: I don't know about this gauge.

D：我不知道這個儀器。

[Allen laughs]

[艾倫笑]

Derek: So what I want to count on the watch is how long it takes to increase the pressure in the tank.

德里克：所以我想用手錶計算的是，增加水箱中的壓力需要多長時間。

Well, we worked it out yesterday

我們昨天已經解決了

and we figured out if it takes six minutes to fill the tank...

我們發現，如果加滿油箱需要六分鐘...

at 100 psi (pressure per inch²), then we've got 98% pure nitrogen.

100psi（每平方英寸壓力），那麼我們就得到了 98% 的純氮氣。

Allen: Cool, perfect.

艾倫酷，完美。

Derek: Right, we just have to be very slow with this tank filling

德里克：是的，我們必須非常緩慢地加註油箱。

and I don't know if we ARE that slow.

我不知道我們是否真的那麼慢。

We're going to try to check the oxygen levels that have come through this membrane.

我們將嘗試檢查通過這層膜的氧氣含量。

Allen: Let's put some money on it.

艾倫讓我們把一些錢就可以了。

How about 50 bucks says the oxygen is less than 5%. (

50 塊錢說氧氣含量低於 5%，怎麼樣？(

Yeah? Derek: Are you gonna bet that?

是嗎？你要打賭嗎？

'cause I will easily take that bet. Allen: Yeah. All right

因為我會很輕鬆地接受這個賭注。艾倫：是的。好吧

Derek: I don't think this went very well because that was the first filling of the tank,

德里克：我認為這不是很順利，因為這是第一次給油箱注油、

so we weren't high pressure going through the membrane.

所以我們沒有高壓通過膜。

So I don't think it's going to be...

是以，我不認為這將是...

Allen: I think we're getting 95% nitrogen. Derek: 95% nitrogen

艾倫：我想我們的氮含量是 95%。德里克： 95% 氮

So this meter measures oxygen.

所以這個測量儀測量的是氧氣。

So we're looking for a number less than 5%, which I suspect we will not see.

是以，我們正在尋找一個低於 5%的數字，我懷疑我們不會看到這個數字。

D: Huuh.

D: Huuh.

D: Can hear-

D：能聽到

[BEEPING] Allen: Oh, it going down! D: Whoa! A: It's going way down. D: WHOA!

艾倫Oh, it going down！D:Whoa！A: It's going way down.D:WHOA！

[BEEP BEEP]

[嗶嗶]

Allen: Come on 5%! Fi- Ohhhh...!

艾倫來吧5％！Fi- Ohhhh...！

There it is! Derek: Whoa!

就在那兒哇

D: Here we go 99. Allen: Over 99%, 99.2, 99.3

D：開始了，99%：超過 99%，99. 2，99. 3

Derek: Whoa, I am shocked. Allen:There is no oxygen in this air, baby, it's all nitrogen!

德里克：哇，我太震驚了。空氣中沒有氧氣，寶貝，全是氮氣！

99.5. Derek: I am so shocked right now!

99.5.我現在非常震驚！

Allen: So we're at 50 bucks for the liquid air bet? Derek: Yeah

艾倫：那麼我們的液體空氣賭注是 50 美元？德里克： 是的

Allen: We're at 50 bucks for the oxygen. Derek: Yeah, you just have made yourself 100 bucks.

艾倫：我們的氧氣費是 50 美元。德里克：是啊，你剛剛讓自己賺了 100 塊錢。

Look at that, 99.7..!

看看，99.7..！

Allen: ..% nitrogen!

Allen: .% 氮氣！

Derek: This is insane,

這太瘋狂了

and you can understand why there would be an alarm if, uh

你可以理解為什麼會有警報，如果，呃

[Allen laughs]

[艾倫笑]

you were in a room with

你與

Both: 0.3% oxygen.

兩者都是：0.3% 的氧氣。

Derek: Yeah. Allen: I knew it. I told you.

德里克：是的。我就知道我告訴過你

Derek: You knew that you would win. Allen: Didn't I tell you? Yes!

德里克：你知道你會贏的。艾倫：我沒告訴你嗎？我說過

Derek: Okay. So we've achieved, I guess, the second part of this,

德里克：好的，我想我們已經完成了第二部分、

which is isolating nitrogen from the atmosphere.

從大氣中分離出氮氣。

And now we just have to... Allen: Get it super cold.

現在我們只需要... 讓它超冷

What we got to do is we got to put this thing.. here.

我們要做的就是把這東西放在這裡

Derek VO: For better insulation, we scaled up to a dewar.

Derek VO：為了更好地隔熱，我們將其擴大到了一個矮櫃。

Derek: That's impressive.

德里克：真了不起。

Allen: Kinda sci-fi, janky garage, sci-fi kind of a look.

艾倫：有點科幻，車庫的怪異，科幻的感覺。

Allen: Go ahead and lower that.

艾倫：繼續，放低。

You know just squish right on. Derek: I hope.

你知道的，就這樣壓下去。希望如此。

Allen: I mean that's sealed, y'know.

艾倫：我是說那是密封的。

[Derek laughs]

[德里克笑]

Allen: I think, uh, honestly? We could just turn it on and see if it works at this point.

艾倫：我覺得，呃，說實話？我們可以先打開看看能不能用。

Derek: Do it.

動手吧。

Just letting some nitrogen in there,

只是在裡面放點氮氣、

so that when the nitrogen goes in there, it'll push out any...

這樣，當氮氣進入那裡時，就會擠出任何...

remaining air that's still in the tank.

水箱中剩餘的空氣。

Derek: Gonna switch on the 'variac' which powers up the cryo-cooler.

打開為低溫冷卻器供電的 "變阻器"。

The other thing I need is the fan...

我還需要風扇...

A: Yes. D:This is the fan.

A：是的。D:這就是風扇。

I'm going to plug THAT in.

我要把它插進去。

That's a cooling fan of the cryo-cooler.

那是低溫冷卻器的冷卻風扇。

We're up to 8 Watts.

我們的功率達到 8 瓦。

Allen behind cam: OoOooOh!

艾倫在攝影機後面OoOooOh！

[More Elevator Music]

[更多電梯音樂]

Derek: Okay, I have been running the nitrogen setup for about

德里克：好的，我使用氮氣裝置大約有

3 hours,

3 小時

and my concern - because the temperature on the thermo-couple never got very low -

我所擔心的是，熱電偶的溫度從未降到很低。

was that I wasn't actually making any liquid nitrogen.

是我實際上並沒有製作任何液氮。

So I've stopped the test and I just want to see...

所以我停止了測試，我只是想看看...

whether or not there is anything in here.

這裡是否有任何東西。

Doesn't sound like it.

聽起來不像。

[Pant-laughs]

[泛笑聲]

Nothing..!

沒什麼..！

Huh.

咦？

What I think could be part of the problem,

我認為這可能是問題的一部分、

I was putting nitrogen possibly at a rate that's too high.

我投入氮氣的速度可能太高了。

So this is effectively nitrogen coming in at room temperature.

是以，這實際上是氮氣在室溫下進入。

And I wonder if it was just too warm for it to ever reach

我在想，是不是天氣太熱了，以至於它永遠也到不了呢？

the liquifying temperature right here at the end of the, uh,

的液化溫度、

the cold finger of the cryocooler.

低溫冷卻器的冷指。

So I feel like I need a slower flow rate,

所以我覺得我需要一個較慢的流速、

maybe a better way to introduce the nitrogen into the dewar.

也許有更好的方法將氮氣引入到乾燥器中。

Not- as- easy as I'd hoped.

並不像我希望的那麼容易。

Okay, my plan is to go with a smaller flask,

好吧，我打算用一個小一點的燒瓶、

..something like this

......類似這樣

and, we are going to use its lid to make a nice tight seal.

而且，我們要用它的蓋子來做一個很好的密封。

Except we're going to cut a hole through the top.

只不過我們要在頂部開一個洞。

Allen: I think it's good enough for this coldfinger.

艾倫：我覺得對這個冷手指來說已經足夠了。

Derek: Alright.

德里克：好吧。

Then we're going to try to drill a hole in the side for the supply of nitrogen.

然後，我們要試著在側面鑽一個孔，以便供應氮氣。

We need to make nice tight seals around both of those things.

我們需要對這兩樣東西進行嚴密的密封。

So that is going to be the challenge.

是以，這將是一個挑戰。

This is the kind of- the new design here that we've got.

這就是我們的新設計。

[Allen giggles]

[艾倫咯咯笑]

Derek: I feel like it's pretty good.

德里克：我覺得還不錯。

Allen: I think it's going to work.

艾倫：我認為會成功的。

I think we're going to wake up, and there's going to be liquid nitrogen in there.

我想我們一覺醒來，裡面就會有液氮了。