is somehow instantly moved from one location to another perhaps by a loophole in the fabric

of spacetime or magic or something ; the kind where you disassemble the object and send

the pieces to the faraway location to be reassembled ; and the kind where you scan

the object in one place and just transmit the instructions for how to reassemble it

somewhere else using different molecules and atoms.

This last kind of teleportation kind of sounds like cloning, since couldn’t you just scan

the object and send instructions to reassemble a copy somewhere else without destroying the

original? But no, quantum mechanics prohibits exact copying of arbitrary objects , so any

method of teleportation governed by the physics in our universe will somehow alter or destroy

the original object. Which is kind of nice, because it bypasses those soul-searching,

paradox-inducing questions about which is the real "you" – the teleported you, or

the stuff that was left behind? – “no cloning” implies the teleported one is,

unequivocally, the real one. This isn't just science fiction – well,

human teleportation is, but physicists have successfully used this method to teleport

photons of light, electrons, even calcium atoms . In this video I'm going to show you

exactly how quantum teleportation works in the hopes of giving you a clearer picture

of what it can do, and what it can't. Physicists usually teleport small, quantum,

things in a superposition of several states, like an electron that's in a state of

spin up and spin down, or whatever. But we're going to use Schrödinger's cat, in a superposition

of alive and dead until you look inside the box, in which case the state collapses to

just one of the two options, alive, or dead – the math is the same, but c’mon, this

is the internet . Before we get into the details (and I promise,

there will be many), we need to talk for a second about quantum entanglement, because

it's the transmission mechanism that makes teleportation possible. Quantum particles,

as you may have heard, can be in multiple different states of existence at once, like

"spin up" and "spin down", or "alive" and "dead", or "exploded" and "not exploded."

Or if you have multiple particles, they can be in various different combinations of their

possible states of existence, like, heads and tails plus heads and heads. Saying two

or more particles are "entangled" just means that the states of the particles aren't independent

of each other. For example, if the gunpowder explodes, Schrödinger's cat will be dead,

and if the gunpowder doesn't explode, Schrödinger's cat will be alive, but the powder can't be

unexploded while killing the cat, and vice versa, so the alive or dead state of existence

of the cat is entangled with the exploded (or not) state of existence of the gunpowder.

Or two atoms can be entangled if the outer electron in one is always orbitingto the

left while the other is orbiting to the right, or vice versa, so even though either atom

could be in either state, they're always opposite, and if we know the state of one, we know the

state of the other. In general, if you have a set of fully entangled particles, you only need to know the states

of half of them to be able to infer the states of the other half. That's not the case with heads

and tails plus heads and heads – if the first coin turns out to be heads, we still

don't know what the second coin is, so they're not entangled.

Ok, so the reason we started talking about entangled pairs of objects is that , since

entanglement can be maintained over arbitrarily long distances, entangled particles are the

transmission mechanism for teleportation – send a pair

of entangled objects to two separate locations, and one of them is kind of like a mold or

scanner and "imprints" the state of the thing we want to teleport; the other object, because

it's entangled with the first, ends up as a kind of "negative" of that imprinted state.

That's basically it, but to see how teleportation works in detail, let's send Schrödinger’s

cat to the moon. Remember, Schrödinger's cat, hidden in its box, has some probability

of being alive , and some probability of being dead , so it's in a quantum superposition

of A times alive, plus B times dead, where we have no idea what the probabilities actually

are. In order to teleport the cat's state of existence

(A alive and B dead) to the moon, we need an entangled pair of particles, one here,

and one on the moon. Like, an entangled pair of fleas, each hidden in its own box, where

one flea is dead and one is alive, but we don't know which one, so they're in a superposition

of earth flea is alive and moon flea is dead, plus earth flea is dead and moon flea is alive.

Schrödinger's fleas! We're going to teleport the cat's state of existence to the flea on

the moon by putting the earth flea and the cat together in the same box, entangling them

in a particular way, and thus teleporting the cat’s state to the moon flea. And that’s

it! I know it sounds crazy, but if you replace cats and fleas with electrons or photons or

atoms, this is exactly what happens.

Here’s how teleportation works. The cat's initial life-or-death state is A

times alive plus B times dead. The entangled pair of fleas are initially in a state of

earth flea alive moon flea dead plus earth flea dead moon flea alive, in equal proportions.

So the cat together with the fleas is A times cat alive plus B times cat dead, times earth

flea alive times moon flea dead plus earth flea dead times moon flea alive. This seems

like a complicated situation, but it just means that if we were to look inside the boxes

, with probability A we'd see the cat alive and exactly one of the fleas dead (either

the moon flea or the earth flea), and with probability B we'd see the cat dead and still

exactly one of the fleas dead (either the moon flea or the earth flea). No teleportation,

just a cat and some fleas entangled with each other (but not with the cat). So we won't

look in the boxes like that. To start the teleportation process, we need

to get the cat also partially entangled with the fleas, and to do that we'll put the cat

and the earth flea inside the same box and look inside it in a sneaky, indirect way . What

I mean by indirect is that we can’t just open it up to see whether the cat and earth

flea are each alive or dead, since that would entirely collapse the superposition, either

killing or saving the cat (and flea), and resulting in a failed teleportation. Instead

we need a more subtle measurement that only partially collapses the superposition and

tells us just a little bit about both of them, but not everything. For example, we could

ask, "are they the same?”, which would mean that either both cat and earth flea are alive

or both are dead, but we don't know which. Or we could ask ”is only one of them dead?"

that is, one is dead while the other is alive, but we don't know which one. Or, “at least

one is dead”, which would mean either the cat is alive and the flea is dead, or the

cat is dead and the flea is alive, or both are dead, but we don’t know which. Or, "the

cat is not dead alone", which would mean either the cat is alive with the flea either alive

or dead, or the cat's dead and the flea is dead, too – but again, we don’t know

which. You’ll notice that none of these four questions

on its own allows us to determine the full life or death situation of the cat and its

earthbound flea. "At least one is dead" tells us something about the cat and earth flea,

but not everything. The four questions taken together, however, are an alternative way

of fully specifying the cat and flea situation that we can use instead of “dead and dead”,

“alive and alive”, “alive and dead”, and “dead and alive”. For example, if the

cat is alive and the flea is dead , then we could write that – boringly – as “alive

times dead”, or in our sneaky indirect way as “the cat isn't dead alone” minus “the

cat and the flea are the same” (you can check to see that it works out). The sneaky

way to write “cat and flea are both alive” is – well, you could pause the video now

to try to figure it out on your own – or, wait for me to tell you it's “they’re

both the same” plus “they’re both different” minus “at least one is dead”. And the

sneaky way to write “cat is dead and flea is alive” is – “they’re both the same”

plus “they’re both different” minus “the cat isn’t dead alone”. And the

sneaky way to write “they’re both dead” is – “at least one is dead” minus “only

one is dead.” The point of all of this sneaky indirect questioning,

remember, is to bring the cat into entanglement with the fleas, which is what actually teleports

the cat’s life-or-death situation to the moon flea.

To see why this works, we'll have to write out the full state of the cat and both fleas

(remember from before, it was A times cat alive plus B times cat dead, all times earth

flea alive times moon flea dead plus earth flea dead times moon flea alive), and then

re-write this in terms of the sneaky questions. There’s going to be a bit of algebra and

distributing and such going on in the next little bit, but this is the part where the

teleportation actually happens, so it’s worth the effort!

First, we’ll write out the full state of the cat and both fleas so that we don’t

have any parentheses. That means distributing through the “A times cat alive plus B times

cat dead”, giving us “A times cat alive times earth flea alive times moon flea dead,

plus A times cat alive times earth flea dead times moon flea alive, plus B times cat dead

times earth flea alive times moon flea dead, plus B times cat dead times earth flea dead

times moon flea alive.” It's a mouthful. But we’re just getting started.

Now we need to entangle the cat and the earth flea, so we're going to re-write the cat and

earth flea parts in terms of our sneaky indirect questions – remember, where instead of "cat

alive times earth flea alive" (times moon flea dead), we have "both the same" plus "exactly

one alive" minus "at least one alive" (still all times moon flea dead). And instead of

"cat alive times earth flea dead" (times moon flea alive), we have "the cat isn't dead alone"

minus "both the same" (times moon flea alive). And instead of "cat dead times earth flea

alive" (times moon flea dead), we have "both the same" plus "exactly one alive" minus "the

cat isn't dead alone" (times moon flea dead). And instead of "cat dead times earth flea

dead" (times moon flea alive) we have "at least one is dead" minus "exactly one is dead"

(times moon flea alive). If we now sort through this big mess and group all the different

pieces together by the indirect questions, we find that we have four options: either

"at least one of cat and earth flea is alive" while the moon flea is in a superposition

of alive and dead, or "exactly one of cat and earth flea is alive" while the moon flea

is in a superposition of alive and dead, or "both are the same" while the moon flea is

in a superposition of alive and dead, or "the cat isn't dead alone" while the moon flea

is in a superposition of alive and dead. Notice a pattern? By re-framing the situation in

terms of the indirect questions, we've now put the moon flea, which started off entangled

to the earth flea, into one of several of possible superpositions of alive and dead,

each of which looks kind of like the original cat superposition, A alive and B dead!

There's one last step to complete the teleportation: now, finally, at the end, we actually look

(indirectly) into the cat/earth-flea box to collapse their combined wavefunction to just

one of the possible, sneaky, options. Like, maybe we look in (indirectly) and find out

that “the cat isn’t dead alone.” Then we know that the moon flea is in a superposition

of A alive minus B dead, which is almost exactly the same as the cat's original "A alive plus

B dead" state! All we need to do is switch B and minus B (which can be done by somebody

on the moon after we beam them the message about the cat not being dead alone), and the

moon flea IS in the state that the cat was originally. Successful teleportation!

If, instead, the cat and earth flea had been in the “at least one is dead“ state, then

the moon flea would be B times alive minus A times dead, and we could tell the person

on the moon to just swap B for A and minus A for B , and the moon flea would be in the

state the cat was originally. Successful teleportation! And there are simple swapping rules for each

of the other possible scenarios , so we can guarantee that, after the dust settles and

all is said and done, the cat's state of existence will be teleported to the moon.

At this point, you may be wondering about

two things. First, how is this teleportation if we didn't actually send a cat to the moon?

We just sent the life-or-death state the cat was in to a flea on the moon. Well, I used

fleas so the math would be easier to follow. But if, instead of fleas, we used two piles

of particles that you could in principle make a cat out of , and if we viewed our whole

cat as just a particular quantum cat-figuration of a pile of particles (which is, ultimately,

what it is), then by quantum teleporting the state of the pile that looks like a cat to

the blank canvas pile of particles on the moon (via the earth blank canvas pile), we

would indeed end up with a cat on the moon that is literally the same cat we started

with, while the particles that were originally the cat on earth would now be – what would

they be? That's the second thing you might be wondering.

What happens to the original cat on the earth? Well, in the case of teleporting a pile of

particles that look like a cat – I mean, are a cat - to the moon, well, after the teleportation

the pile of particles that originally was in the state of a cat will be in the most

mixed-up state possible for those particles, almost as if it had been put through a blender

and not at all like a cat! To illustrate this a little more clearly,

if instead of a real cat we just teleported the word "cat" encoded as a quantum state