you wouldn't show me a, uh, closeup shot of her elbow.

你不會只給我一張她手肘的特寫

But you could, and you'd be right.

你要是真的這麼做 也不能說你不對

That would be a photo of her,

那的確是一張你媽的照片

but it wouldn't feel right because it's not her face.

但是感覺怪怪的 因為那不是她的臉部

That's how important faces are to us.

這代表臉部對我們的重要性

We're going to see if forcing a facial expression

我們要來看看刻意製造臉部表情

can change the way we feel.

是否會改變我們的觀感

- Are you comfortable handling dog feces?

你有辦法處理狗的糞便嗎?

Okay.

好的

- And if you remove the ability

而如果你失去

to make facial expressions,

製造臉部表情的能力

will it affect how you perceive emotions in others?

這又會不會影響你對情感的洞察力

- What? - No.

啥?

- How could that--that--no.

那怎麼可能

- I don't think so.

我不認為

- And what are we saying by raising an eyebrow?

那挑眉又代表什麼意思?

Do you know?

你知道嗎？

[electronic music]

為什麼這樣會看起來不高興?

♪ ♪

那為什麼這樣又看起來很開心?

Why does doing this make me look angry?

這些表情到底從哪來的?

And why does doing this make me look so happy?

當我們講到人與人之間的互動關係

Where does all this stuff come from?

會很直覺認為語言是最主要的工具

When it comes to interpersonal communication,

然而 我們臉上幾乎是沒有什麼毛髮

it's easy to think that speech dominates,

這在哺乳動物裡面算是很獨特的

but yet, we have hairless faces.

我們很容易看見彼此表情

That's very unique among mammals

臉部表情可以說是人類的共通語言

that are easy to see expressions on.

微笑不管在哪都是微笑

Facial expressions are shared across humanity.

我們的臉部似乎特別適合用來做溝通

A smile is a smile in any language.

在還沒有發展出語言之前

Our faces seem uniquely adapted for communication.

靠臉部表情溝通

Before we developed language, facial expressions

可能跟吶喊或低吼同等重要

may have been just as vital in communication

而時至今日我們還在用這種方式

as shouts and grunts.

但是臉部表情的特點在於

And we, of course, still use them today.

並不只是你在觀察別人的表情

But when it comes to facial expressions,

或對方在觀察你的表情

it's not just about seeing other people's expressions

而是你也能看見自己的表情

and having them see yours.

由於我們的眼睛是陷入臉部的

It's also about seeing your own.

這讓我們能夠看見

And the fact that our eyes are deep-set

自己正在做的表情

allows us to see our own facial expressions

當你微笑的時候

as we're making them.

你能看見兩頰微微隆起

If you smile, you can see

當你皺眉時

your own cheeks rise slightly.

它們會遮蔽你上方的視線

And if you furrow your brow,

這些現象能及時回饋

it encroaches on the top of your vision.

你臉部變化的程度

These things give you instant feedback

並且馬上告訴你 你正在用怎樣的表情

on the degree to which you are altering your face

面對周遭的事物

and tell you instantly what sort of expression

不需要鏡子

you are putting out into the world.

關於臉部表情 最常被問到的問題是

No mirror required.

「哪一個先?」

♪ ♪

「是情緒還是臉部表情?」

Some of the most interesting experiments

研究指出 如果你咬著鉛筆一整天

on facial expressions have asked, "What comes first?

你那天會過得比較開心

The emotion or the facial expression?"

為什麼?

Studies have found that if you hold a pencil

因為兩唇微開 咬著鉛筆

between your teeth all day, you will have a better day.

就好比在微笑

Why? Well, because holding a pencil

他們用的肌肉群差不多

between your teeth without your lips touching

看著

is like smiling.

我不知道...

It uses pretty much the same muscles.

我不知道自己在笑 但我有

Watch.

相反的 噘嘴含著鉛筆

[muffled] I don't know--

就像皺眉頭

I don't know I'm smiling, but I am.

而研究指出 如果人這麼做

Conversely, pursing your lips around the pencil

當天會過得比較糟

is like frowning.

那麼 我們要來付諸實驗

And studies have found that if someone does that,

證明臉部肌肉的改變

they will actually report having a less good day.

是否能影響你的感受

Well, we're gonna put that to the test

有關生理影響心情的研究

and find out if the facial contortions you make

可追溯到 1800 年代

can subconsciously affect how you feel.

最早的研究是由 達爾文

Studies on how physiology affects mood

和法國神經學家杜鄉 開始的

go as far back as the 1800s,

這個實驗一直到現在都還在進行

with early research carried out by Charles Darwin

用不同的方式來製造微笑和皺眉

and French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne.

但有關臉部表情是否會影響心情

This work has continued into present day

常會出現不一致的研究結果

using various techniques to create smiles and frowns.

因此我們想要試試看

But studies have been inconsistent

能不能找出兩者之間的關聯性

as to whether facial expressions

實驗一：微笑與皺眉

can influence emotions, so we wanted to see

嗨

if we could demonstrate a correlation between the two.

請進 克里斯，我是麥克

♪ ♪

你好 我是麥克

Hi. - Hi.

我們招募了 20 個自願者

- Come on in, guys. Chris, my name is Michael.

他們以為他們參加的是關於過敏的研究

Nice to meet you. My name is Michael.

今天我們要測試一種新的狗飼料

We've recruited 20 volunteers

這種飼料似乎能減少狗兒 所製造的過敏原數量

who think they're taking part in an allergy study.

因此對狗有過敏的人

Today we are testing a new kind of dog food,

或許在狗狗旁邊能自在一點

and it actually seems to help dogs produce fewer allergens,

我們要用這些過敏原竹棒

so people who are allergic to dogs

這些竹棒的用途 是要收集唾液

might be more comfortable around them.

以便觀測你們身體

And we're going to be using these allergen sticks.

對空氣中可能存在的過敏原有何反應

Now, the purpose of this stick is to collect saliva

將它放在牙齒之間 像這樣，可以嗎?

to check the way your body reacts

半數的受測者 會不自覺的

to possible allergens in the air.

被我引導出微笑

Put it between your teeth like that, okay?

相當簡單

- Mm-hmm. - Okay.

另外一半 會不知情的被引導

- Half of our participants will be unknowingly forced

要用他們皺眉的肌肉

into a smile.

看喔 我牙齒閉著

Yeah, very simple. - Uh-huh.

然後

- The other half will unwittingly be forced

可以嗎?

to use their frown muscles.

我們將會給皺眉組

Watch. My teeth are together,

和微笑組 兩個一樣的工作

and then--hmm.

去吧 待會見

Got it? both: Mm-hmm.

被迫皺眉的人

- We're gonna give the frowners

對工作滿意度的評分 是否會比被迫微笑的人低

and the smilers the same two tasks.

請進

Go ahead, and I'll see you guys soon.

為了測試他們的快樂程度

Will the people who were forced to frown

我們的演員，特蘭 給了受測者一個大家都喜愛的任務

rank each task lower than those made to smile?

趕小狗

- Come on in.

一大堆的小狗

- To test their levels of happiness,

由微笑組開始

our actor, Trin, gave our subjects a task

牠們全都掛著名牌

everybody loves: puppy herding

你的工作是要將牠們

with lots and lots of puppies.

依照字母順序排成一列 等你將牠們排好之後

First up are our smilers.

我會幫你照一張相

- They're all wearing little tags.

你有三分鐘的時間完成任務

- Mm-hmm. - So your job is to line them up

現在開始計時

in alphabetical order. Once you got 'em all lined up,

確認牠們都依照字母排好順序

I'll snap a photo of you. - Okay.

我找到 "F" 了

- And you got three minutes to do it.

法蘭克，待在那邊

Starting now. - Hello. I know.

他們在幫狗取名

- Make sure they're in alphabetical order.

你是什麼字母？原來是 "C"

- They're naming the dogs.

嘿，小乖乖

- She's having fun.

她樂在其中

- I just got the--oh! Don't go away.

找到 C

- [laughs]

這兩隻交換

- Swap those two.

你這個搗蛋鬼

- You got one minute left.

很好，非常好

- This looks like fun,

剩下一分鐘

but are they having even more fun

我應該成功了

because they're being forced to smile?

這看起來很好玩

- All right, get ready for the photo.

但他們會不會因為被迫微笑

[camera shutter clicks]

而覺得更好玩呢?

- Our smilers are laughing

好了 準備拍照

and goofing around. - Fantastic.

- 我們的微笑組都是

- Now, let's see how our frowners react

邊笑邊玩耍 - 很棒

to this fun task.

現在來看看皺眉組

- Three minutes. - [humming]

對這個好玩的工作有何反應

- He's running away from you. - [groans]

三分鐘

- The question is, will frowning emphasize

牠跑走了

the parts that aren't fun-- in your mind, at least.

重點在 皺眉是否會放大

[dogs barking]

工作中不好玩的部分 至少心理上會不會

- Oh, we lost F.

這有一隻愛亂動的

Got one little strangler right over here.

如果皺眉組

- Ugh! - If the frowners seem

對於趕小狗感到困擾

a bit frustrated herding puppies...

他們對下一個工作 會有什麼感覺

- [mutters angrily] - How will they like

請你們各拿一雙手套

their next task?

你有辦法處理狗的糞便嗎?

- If you would each grab a pair of gloves.

好的 我們還要檢查

Are you comfortable handling dog feces?

有沒有蛋白質殘留

Okay. And we're also going to be

在糞便當中

looking at whether there are any protein deposits

她臉上寫著「你在開玩笑嗎?」

that have collected, um, in the fecal matter.

那就開始將它散開在桌面上

- She's like, "Are you serious?"

不開心

- So go ahead and spread it out on the table.

你們要找的是 小又硬的排泄物

- [stifled retching] - Ooh.

看不出來他們臉上

Not happy.

能擠出任何笑容

- And what you're looking for are small, hard deposits.

很好

- Not much indication that there's a smile

謝謝，這樣就可以了

trying to come through.

我們的皺眉組

- Hmm. - Okay, great.

似乎不太喜歡這項任務

- [exhales] - Thank you, that'll do it.

微笑組會有不一樣的反應嗎?

- Our frowners don't seem

拿一雙手套

to be enjoying this assignment.

將它抹開散開 可能會比較容易

Will the smilers have a different reaction?

這個假設是 由於微笑的關係

- Grab a pair of gloves.

他們會著重於

It may be easier to kind of smear it and spread it out.

這個工作中好玩的部分

- The hypothesis is, that by smiling,

有點像是肉丸子

they'll focus more on the funny aspects

從他眼睛和眉毛 可以看得出他感到噁心

of what they're about to do.

但是他的嘴巴沒辦法不微笑

- [laughs] Yeah. - Oh, my God.

很好各位

- [laughs]

非常謝謝 你們好了之後就跟我走

[groans] Oh.

我帶你們去見 史蒂芬先生聽取報告

- There's disgust in his eyes and his brow,

歡迎回來

but his mouth can't help but smile.

現在稍微回想

- [chuckles] - Okay, great, guys.

排列小狗還有幫牠們照相

Thank you so much. Then, when you're ready,

你們的感受

just follow me and we'll do a debrief with Mr. Stevens.

跟我說你們當時工作的時候

- Okay. - Sure.

在想什麼還有感受如何

- Hey, welcome back.

我覺得小狗相當可愛

Now, think about, um,

我可以要一隻嗎?

organizing the puppies and taking a photo of them.

你們允許嗎?

- Mmm. - And how you felt.

小狗們其實很配合

Tell me what you were thinking

我很容易就將牠們排好了

and feeling while you were doing that task.

牠們超棒的

- I mean, the puppies are extremely cute.

沒什麼壓力

- Mm-hmm. - Can I keep one?

如果滿分是 10 分

Is it cool with you guys?

1 分是完全糟透了

- The dogs actually cooperated pretty well.

10 分是這輩子最棒的一天

- Mm-hmm? - I was able

你會給小狗團體照任務幾分?

to put them in order.

我會給9分

- They're amazing.

- 10 分 - 8 分

- It wasn't stressful.

- 8 分 - 我會給 8 分

- So on a scale of 1 to 10--

- 給 9 分

where 1 is you cannot tolerate it

平均是 8.5 分

and 10, best day of your life--

這是從拍照任務中

how would you rank the puppy photo task?

被迫微笑的 10 人小樣本中取得的結果

- I'm gonna say like a 9.

現在來看看皺眉組 對同樣的工作給幾分

- 10. - 8.

你當時在忙的時候 有什麼感受?

- 8. - I'm gonna go with an 8.

老實說 有點挫折

- A 9.

因為牠們一直到處亂跑

- That's an average of 8.5

要同時排列和固定牠們

from our small sample of ten subjects

讓他們在同一處不動還挺難的

who were forced to smile during the photo assignment.

你會給拍團照任務打幾分?

Now let's see how the frowners rated the same task.

4 分吧 大概 4 分

How did you feel while you were doing that?

10 分啊 我超愛小狗的

- Um, a little frustrated, to be honest with you,

我比較中立一點

'cause they kept moving around.

大約 5 分吧

- Well, it was difficult getting them to stay in place

很多皺眉者回報說

and put them in order.

對於這次經驗感到挫折

- How would you rank the photo taking task?

相對得到平均 7.4 分

- Mmm, 4. - About 4.

比微笑組少了 1 分多

- A 10. I love puppies.

現在我們來談談 糞便檢查工作

- Still a 10? - Yeah, me too.

- 很不愉快 - 超噁的

- I would go more on the middle ground,

你會給便便任務打幾分

maybe like 5.

1 分

- Many of the frowners reported

- 絕對是 1 分 - 1 分

feeling frustrated with this experience,

- 4 分 - 可以給 0 分嗎?

tallying an average score of 7.4,

我們的皺眉組

more than a point lower than the smilers.

得到超低平均分 1.9 分

Now let's talk about the poop checking job.

問題是

- Very unpleasant. - It was disgusting.

我們的微笑組

- How would you rank the poop checking task?

會對扒糞

- 1--it was a 1. - A 1?

感受較好嗎?

- It was for sure a 1. - 1.

是不會太難受啦

- A 4. - Is a zero possible?

是有點意料之外 但並沒有讓我感到太困擾

- Our frowning subjects

我是沒有感到太噁心

averaged a low score of 1.9.

反正就閉氣

The question is,

很多微笑者 對這個不討喜的任務回報是

did our smiling group feel

沒什麼大不了 或是很好笑

any better about digging

我會給 5 分

through poo?

因為這並不開心也不討厭

- It wasn't too uncomfortable.

- 5 分囉 - 4 分接近 5 分

- It was sort of unexpected, but it wasn't like it bothered me.

5 分吧

- I wasn't, like, disgusted like, "Ew! This is disgusting!"

- 5 分，中間值

I just kind of held my breath.

微笑組的平均分數

- Many of our smilers reported this unpleasant task

是 4.3 分

as being no big deal or actually funny.

微笑組給過濾便便的分數

- I'd say a 5 because it wasn't--

比皺眉組多了 2.5 分

neither here nor there for me.

祝你順心愉快 - 祝你玩便便愉快

- It was a 5. - A high 4.

我會的

- 5, I guess. - A 5? Okay.

我一向都是

- 5, right in the middle.

我們的實驗發現 那些微笑的人

- The average score

工作比較愉快 而那些皺眉的人

for the smiling group

就比較不愉快

was 4.3 out of 10.

這個臉部回饋概念

Smilers enjoyed sifting through poop

還正在被辯論中

an average of 2 1/2 points more than our frowners.

而其他研究最近

And have a great day. - Have fun with your poop.

也無法成功複製這個結果

- [laughs] I will.

但是正常來說 我們不會因為一個實驗結果

I always do.

就說「就是這樣了」

♪ ♪

「事實一定就是如此，結束」

Our test found that people who made smile faces

引述重複性計畫

enjoyed tasks more, and those who frowned

首席研究員布萊恩的一句話

enjoyed them less.

「科學不是在追求對或錯」

This facial feedback concept

「而是在減少不確定性」

is still being debated though.

臉部表情對人類的互動

And other studies have recently failed