Placeholder Image

字幕列表 影片播放

  • - [Destin] Radius gauges.

  • -[Darryl] Yes.

  • If anything's missing it's because you probably--

  • - [Destin] What are you talking about?

  • - You probably misplaced it.

  • - Hey it's me Destin.

  • Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

  • So this is my dad,

  • and everybody's gonna talk about

  • in the comments how ugly we are.

  • Let's just get that outta the way.

  • - Chip off the old block.

  • - We're ugly.

  • - It ain't gonna get no better.

  • - We know it.

  • He knows how to measure things.

  • He's been a metrologist for years

  • and years and years, right?

  • - Yes.

  • - Yeah, what things have you measured?

  • - All kinds of things.

  • - Yeah?

  • - You name it,

  • just this week I measured things that go into space

  • and things that go down deep in the ocean.

  • - Just this week?

  • - Just this week.

  • - And that's a metrologist does, right?

  • It's the study of measuring things.

  • So, when I was growing up,

  • this is the kind of stuff I would play with

  • in the garage.

  • These are micrometers,

  • that's a really old lathe over there.

  • These are things that kind of shape the way I think,

  • and I read a lot of books back in the day,

  • and I'm basically making this video

  • because I want you to see it.

  • It's the dawn of precision.

  • You taught me all this stuff,

  • and there's a guy named Joseph Whitworth.

  • - Mm-hmm, we're standing on his shoulders right now, right?

  • - Right, well I mean like,

  • you like surface plates don't you?

  • - Oh yeah.

  • - Do you know who made surface plates?

  • - Who made em?

  • I guess Mr. Starrett did.

  • - No, Joseph Whitworth.

  • - Did he?

  • - Yeah.

  • - Did he really?

  • - Yeah, so today on Smarter Every Day,

  • I would like to go on an adventure

  • to learn about this guy,

  • Joseph Whitworth,

  • and basically I think you will enjoy this video.

  • - Okay.

  • - So our story starts here

  • at the Tennessee State Museum.

  • There's a really cool thing here,

  • something I've cared about my entire life.

  • It's a special weapon that was used in the Civil War

  • called a Whitworth rifle.

  • Okay this is what we're here for,

  • this is a Whitworth.

  • This represents the proliferation of the idea

  • of modern manufacturing precision.

  • This is a weapon that was designed in England

  • by a guy named Joseph Whitworth.

  • The scope is off to the side

  • so I don't really know how they fire this thing.

  • Look at the end of the barrel here.

  • You can see that it's not a circle

  • like most rifles are at the end of their barrel.

  • This is a hexagonal bullet.

  • Now the interesting thing about that

  • is it's a hexagonal helical bullet.

  • If you think about it,

  • how do you make a hexagonal hole in metal,

  • and then how do you twist that at a certain rate?

  • The answer is extreme manufacturing precision.

  • So there was a bullet at the museum,

  • but the cool thing about the South

  • is you can pick up the phone and call people

  • like Preston who owns nashvillerelics.com,

  • and you have a Whitworth bullet?

  • - [Preston] I do.

  • - [Destin] So your thing is Civil War relics, right?

  • Like you've got all the-- - Yes.

  • - [Destin] You buy and sell the stuff, right?

  • - Absolutely.

  • - [Destin] But, is your Whitworth for sale?

  • - Not yet.

  • (laughter)

  • - [Destin] Well what's the deal here?

  • You found this right?

  • - I found that one.

  • - [Destin] Okay, so it has sentimental value to you.

  • - [Preston] It does.

  • I've never actually sold anything that I found.

  • - [Destin] Really?

  • So what's the story with this?

  • This is what you'd call a drop?

  • - [Preston] This was a dropped bullet,

  • it was not fired.

  • It was found along the second day's battle lines

  • at the Battle of Nashville.

  • Basically it would've been dropped on December 16, 1864.

  • - [Destin] Really?

  • You can peg it down to the day?

  • - You can peg it down to that day.

  • - So what's so special about the Whitworth bullet,

  • the hexagon right?

  • - The hexagon,

  • a lot of the Whitworth's that came through

  • were the round conical type shells.

  • You didn't see a lot of the hexagon type guns

  • come through,

  • and it's quite rare to dig one

  • and to find one in dropped great condition

  • is kinda neat to find.

  • - [Destin] So why did the sharp shooters of the day

  • prefer the Whitworth?

  • - Very accurate.

  • - [Destin] Really?

  • Did you know they actually made artillery pieces

  • that have the hex?

  • - I did, I did.

  • I'd seen some of those shells.

  • I've never seen the actual cannon,

  • but I'd seen some of the shells.

  • - [Destin] I recently went to a civil war cannon shoot,

  • and while some people were there on the field

  • trying to knock down barrels with their cannons,

  • there was this one guy that was absolutely drilling

  • whatever he aimed at.

  • How long did it take you to make this Mike?

  • - [Mike} It took me a couple years.

  • The planning and arranging stage

  • took longer than the actual making of it.

  • The making of it was about a year.

  • - [Destin] So the whole purpose of this

  • is that you have an increased roll rate,

  • so you have a more stabilized projectile right?

  • - Correct.

  • - Wow, that's amazing.

  • Okay let's get the camera set up.

  • - [Man] That's perfect.

  • - Is that it?

  • Oh that's cool.

  • That's really cool.

  • That's gonna work.

  • - [Mike] It looks good doesn't it?

  • - [Destin] It really does.

  • Okay here we go,

  • Whitworth 600 meters,

  • yards, yards.

  • 600 yards.

  • - [Mike] Whitworth three powder ready to fire?

  • Fire!

  • (cannon boom)

  • (explosion)

  • (explosion flying through the air)

  • (explosion)

  • (explosion)

  • - [Destin] Did you hit it?

  • - Yeah looks like I skimmed the bullseye

  • at about nine o'clock.

  • - [Destin] Really?

  • Oh holy cow dude!

  • We're talkin' about 600 yards?

  • - Yes.

  • - That's insane.

  • So here it is right here.

  • - Aw man.

  • - Oh my goodness.

  • - Look at how aggressive that rotation is.

  • - Whoa! - Wow!

  • - [Destin] Each one of those lands

  • represents 60 degrees of rotation,

  • so what we can do is we can go back

  • and we figure out where one is in polar coordinates,

  • and as it rotates we can actually calculate

  • the roll rate and the distance.

  • And we can calculate the distance

  • or the muzzle velocity,

  • based on the length of the round itself.

  • (cannon firing)

  • - Whitworth was an engineer.

  • He developed a lot of machining,

  • unique machining abilities to make flat planes,

  • to measure to a millionth of an inch,

  • those were all original things that Whitworth engineered.

  • - A millionth of an inch.

  • To show how this might work,

  • let's look at this.

  • So let's say we have a lever here,

  • and we have 10 inches here,

  • and we have one inch here to where we put a pencil

  • or something like that.

  • So if we move this thing 10 inches up top,

  • we get one inch of movement down here.

  • But what if we add another lever to this,

  • exactly like that one.

  • It's got a 10 inch fulcrum distance there,

  • one inch of movement.

  • Down here in the middle,

  • that's a hundred thousandths of an inch of movement.

  • Down here at the bottom,

  • it's barely even moving.

  • That's 10 thousandths of an inch.

  • We have to zoom in so you can even see it.

  • Okay it's one thing to understand these principles,

  • it's quite another to actually incorporate them

  • into the machinery of the day.

  • That's the magic of what Whitworth did,

  • and to explain how he did it,

  • I'm gonna kick it over to a buddy of mine named Will.

  • He has a YouTube channel called Machine Thinking.

  • He actually went to the U.K. and shows exactly

  • what Whitworth did to kick precision manufacturing

  • into high gear.

  • - [Will] Thanks Destin,

  • though it does seem incredible,

  • Whitworth did make a machine that could measure

  • down to a millionth of an inch.

  • To make a machine this accurate and precise

  • he did something amazing.

  • His machine had a micrometer screw

  • with 20 threads per inch,

  • which acted on the work piece

  • that had a worm wheel with 200 teeth

  • on the end of that shaft.

  • In turn, the shaft had a dial divided 250 times.

  • So 20 times 200 times 250 gives you a resolution

  • of one millionth of an inch.

  • Whitworth was able to show

  • even a momentary human touch on the workpiece

  • was detectable by this machine.

  • Now this was before the times of

  • environmentally controlled rooms,

  • so I'm certain he was unable to get those same measurements

  • day to day,

  • but it does show he was able to measure

  • to accuracies far beyond what anyone else was doing

  • at the time.

  • In fact, Whitworth is credited for introducing the thou,

  • a one thousandths of a inch of measurement,

  • and he could easily and regularly work

  • to that kind of precision or beyond.

  • But you can't make a machine measuring close

  • to millionths of an inch from just anywhere.

  • There's a whole chain of important precursors

  • to make something like that.

  • Whitworth helped invent or improve those as well,

  • probably the most important being the surface plate.

  • The surface plate is simply a piece of cast iron

  • or later granite,

  • which is incredibly flat and serves as your reference

  • for all precision.

  • Whitworth helped popularize the method

  • for making surface plates by scraping and lapping

  • three pieces of cast iron together.

  • The only plane that has come

  • in between three or more surfaces

  • has to be one that is practically perfectly flat,

  • and it's from those flat surface plates

  • that Whitworth could transfer that precision

  • into other tools or machines

  • like his millionth of an inch machine

  • or cannons or rifles,

  • and was able to help the world

  • make precision a commodity like it is today.

  • All the precision and accuracy in the world

  • can be traced back to flat plates

  • like the one that Whitworth made.

  • It's not initially intuitive,

  • but even those precise hexagonal bores

  • have their origins back in Whitworth's machines and tools,

  • which got their precision and accuracy

  • from his surface plates.

  • The amazing accuracy of his cannons and rifles

  • are just the end product of a very long chain of precision.

  • But Whitworth didn't keep all this technology

  • to himself.

  • He eventually founded his own company,

  • and he made precision machine tools

  • for the industries that were starting to bloom

  • thanks to this new level of precision.

  • Whenever you have new kinds

  • of precision and accuracy available to manufacturers,

  • it enables new kinds of things to be made

  • and products start to get cheaper.

  • If you're ever eating a fresh strawberry

  • in New York City in January,

  • you have Whitworth partly to thank for that.

  • Whitworth's company made some of the

  • absolute finest machine tools you could buy,

  • including lathes, planners,

  • drill presses, shapers,

  • slotters and more,

  • which gave precision manufacturing a huge kick.

  • Whitworth died a wealthy man,

  • and for his enormous accomplishments was given

  • a title by the crown,

  • but perhaps his biggest legacy

  • was for another kind of machine he made,

  • a screw cutting machine that he sold all over Britain.

  • What that machine did,

  • and the implications of it are amazing.

  • - If you wanna learn more about precision manufacturing,

  • go check out Will's channel,

  • Machine Thinking.

  • Think about how important this stuff is.

  • He's got some more videos coming about

  • Whitworth and precision manufacturing,

  • but this is important.

  • Like Whitworth was the first person

  • to standardize threaded fasteners,

  • like threads per inch.

  • He did that,

  • it's called the British Standard Whitworth.

  • Imagine going to a bolt bin here

  • and trying to get a bolt,

  • but nothing is standardized.

  • He fixed that back in the 1840's.

  • So do me a favor and look around you

  • and see what's within arm's reach.

  • If there's something made by humans around you,

  • chances are there's a threaded fastener in it.

  • So, leave a comment down in the video

  • as to what that thing is,

  • chances are it's a small fine thread machine screw,

  • if I had to guess.

  • Leave a comment and bonus points if you can name

  • exactly what thread it is.

  • Another thing you'll find in the basement,

  • genealogy, things like that from the family.

  • But I'm gonna give you the modern precise way.

  • - What's that?

  • Oh yeah.

  • - [Destin] 23 and me.

  • I would argue that there is a new helix study going on

  • that's trying to help the world,

  • and that is DNA.

  • DNA as you know is a double helix.

  • 23 and me is the sponsor for today's episode,

  • and they have developed a kit

  • that you can get by going to 23andme.com/smarter.

  • It comes to your house.

  • There's a little vial in it.

  • You spit in the vial,

  • you package it back up.

  • You register,

  • you send it off.

  • There's a video on Smarter Every Day

  • where I went to the lab and see them using a chip

  • like this to do what's called genotype testing.

  • They don't sequence your DNA,

  • they do genotype testing,

  • which is a way to look at different SNPs,

  • Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms,

  • to understand more about your genetic sequence.

  • It's like a very small fraction of your sequence.

  • There's two ways you can use 23 and me.

  • You can just do the ancestry part,

  • which makes a great gift for somebody that's interested

  • in genealogy and stuff like that.

  • Or you can do health and ancestry,

  • which is what I choose to do

  • because I get all kinds of information

  • about my body.

  • Just like back in the day,

  • they were seeing the dawn of precision manufacturing.

  • Right now, today,

  • in our day and age,

  • we are at the dawn of precision medicine,

  • which is going to affect our children's lives forever,

  • and it's gonna make the world a better place.

  • So I'm excited about this.

  • If you want to get a kit for you or someone you love,

  • go to 23andme.com/smarter.

  • Get a kit,

  • makes a really good gift,

  • and learn more about your body.

  • You went to Alabama right?

  • - Absolutely.

  • - Roll Tide.

  • - Roll tide.

  • - [Destin] Dude, every time I see you,

  • you're over here sticking things in your barrel.

  • What's up with that?

  • - Well, I have the luxury of cleaning the bore

  • to an immaculate state,

  • which helps with accuracy in an actual war situation.

  • - Dude's proud of his gun,

  • that's what this is.

  • Proud of your gun,

  • that's exactly what's going on.

  • - That's right.

  • - [Destin] This is your baby isn't it?

  • - It's like waxing my corvette.

  • - [Destin] It's called the Whitworth three plate method.

  • - I did not know that.

  • I mean I knew the three plate method,

  • but I didn't know Whitworth did it.

  • - [Destin] So Whitworth is like your hero.

  • - Yup.

  • (laughter)

- [Destin] Radius gauges.

字幕與單字

單字即點即查 點擊單字可以查詢單字解釋

B1 中級

如何測量到一百萬分之一英寸(精確的黎明)--每天更聰明 206 (How to Measure to a MILLIONTH of an Inch (The Dawn of Precision) - Smarter Every Day 206)

  • 4 0
    林宜悉 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
影片單字