it certainly appears the Earth is flat.

理所當然地地球看起來似乎是個平面

The ground beneath you is stable and unmoving,

你腳下的是穩固且恆久不動的地面

and stars and sun circle the Earth.

且星星與太陽環繞在地球周邊

Hundreds of years ago,

數百年前

elaborate theories were developed based on these common sense observations

許多複雜的理論都是基於這些生活常識發展而來

to explain and predict the reach of the oceans

用來解釋與預測目前能觸及的海洋範圍

and the movement of celestial bodies.

及天體運行

When science demonstrated that these common sense observations were illusions,

當科學方法驗證這些常識都只是幻覺

and depicted the Earth and the Universe in a completely different way,

並以截然不同的方式描繪這個地球及宇宙時

people slowly came to accept that the world was not as it seemed.

人們慢慢接受這個世界似乎不是他們看到的這樣

Scientific measurements and sophisticated calculations

科學觀測方法與複雜的計算

have repeatedly demonstrated that

不斷地論證

what we think is intuitive, obvious and common sense

那些我們認為很直觀、很顯而易見，猶如常識般的事實

cannot be trusted to be true.

並不能相信那就是真理

For that reason, modern science is based on the denial of common sense

因此，現代科學就是基於否定這些常識

until apparently it comes to ourselves:

直到我們認清事實

when science confirms a particular way of thinking about our mind and behaviour,

當科學證實一個有關我們的心智與行為的特殊思維方式

or depicts it in an unusual and a new way,

或是以一個新的、不同於平常的方式描繪時

we tend to be skeptical that such a science is worthwhile

我們傾向於懷疑這樣的科學結果是不是值得相信

even if possible.

即使是有可能的

And instead, we fall back on intuition, prior beliefs, and yes, common sense.

相反的，我們寧願回歸到直覺、信念以及，常識

For instance, if I told you,

例如，如果我告訴你

scientific research's demonstrated that opposites attract,

科學研究結果顯示同極相斥、異極相吸

wouldn't you tell me that we don't need a science to tell us something we already know?

難道你們不會告訴我，我們不需要科學來證明這些早就知道的事情？

But what if I told you that birds of a feather flock together according to scientific research,

但如果我告訴你根據科學研究，鳥類有聚集現象

wouldn't you say, we don't need a science to tell us something we already know?

你們不會說，我們不需要科學來告訴我們這些已經知道的事？

Or you may have realised already,

或是你早就已經明白

of course, that these both may be self-evident truths,

當然，這兩個或許都是不證自明的事實

but they can't both be true

但它們都不能成為真理

since they are internally inconsistent.

因為它們本身有所矛盾

The science of mind and behaviour is full of such examples:

像這樣的例子在心智與行為科學裡到處皆是

self-evident truths that both can't be true.

不證自明的事實，兩者都不可能為真理

We know, for instance,

我們都知道，舉例來說

that two heads are better than one

三個臭皮匠勝過一個諸葛亮

and we know that too many cooks spoil the broth.

我們也知道，廚子成群，煮壞肉羹

The next time you hear a science report of some obvious result,

下次你聽到一個有著明顯結果的科學報告時

remember that the obvious result was equally obvious,

記住這明顯的結果同樣地顯而易見，

but it'd just been proven to be wrong.

但它才剛被證實是錯的

It's obvious there we're rugged individualists.

很顯然地，我們是完全的個人主義

True, true, true!

千真萬確！

We're born to the most prolonged period of dependency,

我們出生後便要渡過最長的依賴期

but in our transition to adulthood, we achieve autonomy, independence,

但在成年期之後，我們開始自治、獨立

to become kings of the mountain,

成為自己王國中的領袖

captains of our universe.

生命的領航員

It's easily (easy) to think about our brain,

我們可以將我們的腦袋看得很單純

how's deep within a cranial vault, separated, isolated, protected from others,

在頭蓋骨下有多少容量，由其他器官組織分開、獨立、保護著

when we look out onto the social world

當我們望向這個群居世界

other individuals certainly look distinct, independent, self vicinities

其他個體當然看起來與眾不同、獨立

with no forces binding them together.

沒有強硬的規範便發展出自己的領域

No wonder that we forget

難怪我們忘記了

that we are members of a social species,

我們也是群居物種

born dependent on our parents, for our species to survive,

生下來便得依靠我們的父母，為了我們的物種生存

these infants must instantly engage their parents in protective behaviour

這些嬰兒必須立即進入父母的保護傘下

and the parents must care enough about these offspring to nurture and protect them.

父母們也必須妥善照顧這些幼童，給予充足養份並保護他們

Even once grown, we are not particularly splendid specimens.

即使長大了，我們也不是特別了不起的種類

Other animals can run faster

其他的動物可以跑得更快

see and smell better,

看得更遠，嗅覺更好

and fight much more effectively than we can.

在爭鬥中比我們更加兇猛有力

Our evolutionary advantage

我們演化的優勢

is our brain and our ability to communicate, plan and reason and work together.

就是我們的腦袋，還有溝通、計畫、推導、合作的能力

Our survival depends on our collective abilities,

我們的生存能力依賴群體能力而定

not on our individual mind.

而非個體心智

We are connected across our lifespan to one another,

我們將自己的生命與他人連結在一起

through a myriad of invisible forces,

透過無數無形的力量

they're, like gravity, are ubiquitous and powerful.

就像地心引力，無所不在且強大

After all, social species, by definition, create a merging structures

畢竟，群居物種，就定義上來說，創造了一個可以不斷合併的組織

that extend beyond an organism,

可以透過一個一個生物個體擴張

structures that range from couples and families

這樣的組織範圍從伴侶、家庭

to schools and nations and cultures.

以至於學校、國家甚至文化

These structures evolved hand in hand with neural, hormonal and genetic mechanisms to support them

這些組織在神經系統、荷爾蒙分泌系統、遺傳基因的機制運作下攜手進化

because the consequent social behaviour

因為理所當然的群居行動

helps these organisms survive,

協助這些生物體生存

reproduce and leave a genetic legacy.

繁殖並留下遺傳基因

To grow to an adulthood for a social species, including humans,

對群居物種來說，進入成年期，包括人類

is not to become autonomous and solitary,

不代表就變得自治、獨立生活

it's to become the one on whom others can depend.

而是變得能讓他人依靠

Whether we know it or not, our brain and biology

不論我們是否知道這個事實，我們的頭腦與身體

have been shaped to favour this outcome.

已經被打造得有利於這樣的演變

The evolutionary biologist, David Sloan Wilson,

一位演化生物學家，David Sloan Wilson

notes that if you ask people:

提及，如果你問人們：

"What are the traits of a good person?",

「 什麼是一個好人具備的特徵？ 」

you'll hear traits such as kind, generous, compassionate and empathic.

你會聽到如仁慈的、慷慨的、有同情心的、有同理心的

If you ask people what are the traits of an evil person,

如果你問人們，一個壞人有什麼樣的特徵

you'll hear traits such as

你會聽到的特徵可能是

cruel, greedy, exploitative and selfish.

殘忍的、貪婪的、刻薄的與自私的

Said differently, the traits of a good person

換句話說，那些好人的特徵

depict someone who cares about themselves and others,

描述一個人在乎的是他們自己與他人

and an evil person cares about themselves

而一個壞人在乎的是他們自己

at the expense of others.

以及消費他人

Across our biological heritage,

綜觀我們的生物遺傳史

our brain and biology have been sculpted to incline us

我們的頭腦與身體已經被雕塑成傾向

to certain ways of feeling, thinking and behaving.

以特定的方式來感受、思考與行動

For instance,

舉例來說

we have a number of biological machineries

我們有一些生物機制

that capitalise on aversive signals to motivate us to act

利用反感信號來刺激我們做出行動

in ways that are essential for our survival.

做出足以讓我們生存的行動

Hunger, for instance, is triggered by low blood sugar

例如飢餓，是由低血糖引發的反應

and motivates you to eat,

並刺激你，讓你想進食

an important early warning system for an organism

一個重要的預警系統

that'd require much more time and effort to find food

對一個需要花費許多時間與精力才能找到食物的生物體來說相當重要

than going to the refrigerator door, kitchen cabinet

相較於打開冰箱門、櫥櫃

or fast food restaurants.

或直接去速食餐廳就能找到食物的生物體來說就不那麼重要

Thirst is an aversive signal,

口渴也是個反感信號

that motivates us to search for drinkable water

刺激我們去尋找可飲用水

prior to falling victim to dehydration.

在脫水死亡之前

And pain is an aversive system that notifies us of potential tissue damage

疼痛也是個反感系統，通知我們潛在的身體危害

and motivates us to take care of our physical body.

並刺激我們好好照顧自己的身體

You might think that the biological warning machinery stops there

你可能會想，生物的警示機制就到此為止

but there's more.

但其實不然

Although not common sense, although not intuitive,

雖然這並非常識，雖然這不直觀

the pain and aversiveness of loneliness,

寂寞造成的痛苦與厭惡感

of feeling isolated from those around you,

被周遭孤立的痛苦與厭惡感

is also a part of biological early warning machinery

也是生物預警機制的一部分

to alert you to threats and damage to your social body,

警告你身為群居動物，目前的情況已經造成威脅與損害了

which you also need to survive and prosper.

那也是你為了生存及再次振作所必需的預警機制

Just about all of us have felt physical pain

我們所有人都曾感受到身體上的疼痛

and nearly all of us have felt

也幾乎所有人都曾感受

the heartbreak of home sickness,

痛苦的思鄉之情

the agony of bereavement,

生離死別

the torment of unrequited love

單相思的折磨

and the pain of being shunt.

及分離的痛苦

All of these are variations on the experience of loneliness.

這些各式各樣的感受都屬於寂寞的經歷

When I started to study the effects of loneliness

當我數十年前開始研究寂寞

and brain and biology a couple of decades ago,

頭腦與身體間的關係時

loneliness has been characterized as a non-chronic disease

寂寞曾經被歸類為非慢性疾病

without redeeming features.

沒有改善的特徵

It was even equated with shyness and depression

孤獨的人同時也被視為是害羞的、壓抑的

with being a loner, a person with marginal social skills.

他們是不善於社交活動的人

Scientific measurements and sophisticated calculations,

科學量測方法與複雜的計算

to our surprise, revealed that these were myths.

出乎意料地，顯示這些都只是迷思

Science and common sense had again produced

科學與常識間

two very different depictions of a phenomenon.

再次對一個現象做出兩個迥異的解釋

And yet if you look at the way we are increasingly living our lives,

然而，如果你仔細看看我們生活周遭

it shows the extent to which we still buy into

在某種程度上我們還是對這些迷思買帳

those myths of loneliness and values of autonomy and independence.

那些對寂寞的迷思，以及自治與獨立的價值觀

For instance, if you look at

舉例來說，如果你看到這張圖

the percentage of one-person households in 1940 across the United States

這是美國西元 1940 年一人家戶單位的百分比分佈圖

it was largely less than 15% of the households by state.

美國大部份地區地一人家戶單位都在 15 % 以下

Fast-forward to 1970,

快速地來到西元 1970 年

and it's grown to be between 15 and 20%.

現在大部分地區都落在 15 到 20 %

Fastforward to 2000

到了西元 2000 年

and it now exceeds 25% in most states in America.

在美國大部份地區，都已經超過 25%

And that light blue state, Utah

而那個淡藍色區塊，猶他州

in 2010 census has gone darker blue.

在西元 2010 年的人口統計數據下顯示，它已經變成深藍色了

The prevalence of loneliness is also on the rise.

名為「 寂寞 」的傳染病不斷蔓延

In the 1980s, scholars have estimated that about 20% of Americans

西元 1980 年代，學者的評估結果顯示大約有 20% 的美國人

felt lonelier than at any given point of time.

感覺寂寞，比例為歷年來最高

Two recent nationally representative surveys indicate

而兩個近年來進行的全國性問卷調查顯示

that this number has doubled,

這個數據已經到達 40%

but you don't hear people talking about feeling lonely,

但你不會聽到人們提到他們感到寂寞

and that's because loneliness is stigmatised.

因為寂寞已經被汙名化

The psychological equivalent to being a loser in life or a weak person.

這樣的心理問題等同於你是一個人生失敗者或是一個脆弱的人

And this is truly unfortunate,

這也的確是個不幸的事

because it means we are more likely to deny feeling lonely,

因為這代表我們更有可能否認自己感到寂寞

which makes no more sense than denying we feel hunger, thirst or pain.

這比我們否認自己感到饑餓、口渴或疼痛還要沒有意義

For living with loneliness we now know is the major risk factor

我們現在已經了解孤獨的生活是最主要的風險因子

for broad-based morbidity and mortality.

是不斷上升的罹病率與死亡率的原因

Consider a couple of the conditions we know about premature death.

試想一些我們認知的可能導致早死的情況

Living with air pollution increases your odds of an early death by 5%,

生活在空氣汙染中使你早死的機率提升 5 %

Living with obesity, we know, a national health problem,

而肥胖，眾所皆知，一個全國性的健康問題

increases your odds of an early death by 20%.

提升你的早死機率 20 %

Excessive alcohol consumption: 30%.

過度酗酒：30 %

A recent med analysis of around a hundred thousand participants

近來一個大約有 10 萬人參與的醫學分析

shows that living with loneliness increases your odds

顯示生活在孤獨之中

of an early death by 45%.

早死機率會提升 45%

We're not the only social species and the experimental investigation

我們不是唯一的群居物種，在非人類群居物種實驗調查中

of non-human social animals who were isolated shows

那些被孤立的非人類群居物種顯示

they too suffer deleterious physiological consequences

牠們在心理上也出現了有害的結果

and an abbreviated lifespan.

並縮短了壽命

Across our history, as a species, we have survived and prospered

綜觀我們的歷史，做為一個物種，我們生存且繁榮已久

by banding together,

透過群聚在一起

couples, families and tribes, for mutual protection and assistance.

伴侶、家庭與部族，互相保護、互相協助

We think of loneliness as a sad condition,

我們認為寂寞是個悲傷的情況

but for social species, being on the social perimeters,

但對於群居物種來說，做為群體中的邊緣人

not only sad, it is dangerous.

不只是悲傷，還很危險

The brains of social species including our own have evolved

群居物種的腦袋，包括我們，已經進化到

to respond to being on the social perimeter

必須對處於社群邊緣這件事有所反應

by going into a self-preservation mode.

會產生一種自我防衛模式

If you isolate a rodent and then put it in an open field

如果你將一隻嚙齒動物孤立在一個空曠的原野

such as these dots in the bottom of the image,

就像圖上的那些圓點

it engages into what's called predator revision,

牠便陷入了所謂的獵食者修正

it walks around the outside and doesn't venture into the middle

牠會繞著外圍轉圈，並打死不肯冒險進入中央

where escape from a flying predator would be more more difficult.

因為在中間要逃離會飛的獵食者更加困難

When humans feel isolated,

當人類感到孤立時

they're too, and not only in an unhappy circumstance,

同樣地，不只是陷入一個不悅的情況

but in a dangerous circumstance.

也踏入了危險的情境中

Their brains too snap into a self-preservation mode.

他們的腦袋同樣進入自我防衛模式

In a brain-imaging study that we conducted,

我們進行了一個腦造影研究

we showed people negative images

我們給受試者看一些負面影像

that had nothing to do with other people

這些影像與他人

or negative social images,

或與負面社會形象無關

while they were sitting in a scanner and we were scanning.

同時他們正坐在機器裡面讓我們掃描

What we found was

我們發現

the lonelier the brain,

當腦袋覺得越寂寞

when a negative social image was presented,

當一個負面社會影像顯現

that is in a person's environment,

是一個我們周遭會發生的情況

when something negative socially happened,

當一些負面的社會活動發生

the brain allocated more attention,

頭腦會變得更加專注

greater visual cortical activity depicted in yellow here, to that image.

在圖上黃色區塊的視覺皮層對那個影像會有越大的活動

Now, as you follow that image forward,

當你陷入影像中的情境

you come to those two blue areas:

就輪到這兩個藍色區域

that's a temporoparietal junction.

這裡稱為顳頂交界區

This is a piece of brain tissue that's involved in theory of mind,

這是大腦組織的一部分，這部分也與心智理論

in mind reading and mentalizing,

與心智解讀及心理化

in taking another person's perspective and empathy.

與設身處地的同理心及同情心有關

It's responsible for the attentional control required to step out of your head

它負責將你的注意力趕出腦袋

and put yourself, at least figuratively, inside the head of someone else

並將你自己放入，做個比喻，放入他人的腦袋

so you can take their point of view.

讓你可以進入他人的觀點

The lonelier the brain,

腦袋感到越寂寞

when something negative in the social context was depicted,

當一些負面情況出現在當前社會背景下

the less the activation in this region.

這個區域的活躍性越低

It's dangerous on the social perimeter.

這對社會邊緣人來說是很危險的

When something happens negative in the social environment,

當一些負面情況發生在這個社會環境中

that brain is focused on self-preservation,

腦袋會專注在自我防衛

not a concern of the other person.

而非關注他人

The similarity in neural and behavioral effects across phylogeny

種系發生學中神經與行為影響的相似性

is a testimony to the importance of the social environment for social species.

證明了社會環境對群居物種的重要性

And these deep evolutionary roots tilting our brain and biology

這樣的進化結果深植我們體內，使我們的腦袋與身體

towards our self-preservation

傾向自我防衛

also suggest that much of what's triggered by social isolation is non-conscious.

也說明了大部份被社會孤立感所驅使的反應是不自覺的

For instance, when you feel isolated

例如，當你感到孤立

you feel this motive, this desire, this intention

你感覺到有一個動機、渴望、意圖

to connect with other people again.

再次與他人有所連繫

What you don't feel,

你不會感覺到的是

is that your brain has gone into a hypervigilance for social threats

你的腦袋為了應對那些社會威脅，已經進入高度警覺狀態

and this hypervigilance means you introduce

這樣的高度警覺狀態代表你

intentional, confirmatory and even memory biases in terms of those social interactions.

開始在那些社會互動中加入有意的、驗證性的、甚至記憶上的偏見

And if you're looking for dangers,

而且如果你在尋找危險

you more like to see dangers

你看見危險的機率更高

whether they exist or not,

不管它是否存在

meaning that you more likely

也表示你更有可能

to have negative interactions.

做出負面互動