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  • I'm going to talk today about energy and climate.

    今天我要談的是關於能量和氣候。 I'm going to talk today about energy and climate.

  • And that might seem a bit surprising because

    這或許有點讓人意外,因為你們也知道 And that might seem a bit surprising because

  • my full-time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds,

    我在基金會全職的工作主要關於疫苗和種子, my full-time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds,

  • about the things that we need to invent and deliver

    這些急需要發明且散佈的事情 about the things that we need to invent and deliver

  • to help the poorest two billion live better lives.

    以幫助20億貧民過更好生活。 to help the poorest two billion live better lives.

  • But energy and climate are extremely important to these people,

    但是能源和氣候對這些人也極其重要, But energy and climate are extremely important to these people,

  • in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet.

    實際上,比對地球其他人來說更重要。 in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet.

  • The climate getting worse, means that many years their crops won't grow.

    氣候變得更壞,使得他們的穀物將有很多年無法成長。 The climate getting worse, means that many years their crops won't grow.

  • There will be too much rain, not enough rain.

    有時將有太多雨,有時將會雨量不足。 There will be too much rain, not enough rain.

  • Things will change in ways

    所有改變的方式 Things will change in ways

  • that their fragile environment simply can't support.

    以他們脆弱環境實在難以支撐。 that their fragile environment simply can't support.

  • And that leads to starvation. It leads to uncertainty. It leads to unrest.

    結果將導致飢餓。 導致不確定的恐慌和動亂。 And that leads to starvation. It leads to uncertainty. It leads to unrest.

  • So, the climate changes will be terrible for them.

    因此,氣候變化對於他們是十分可怕的。 So, the climate changes will be terrible for them.

  • Also, the price of energy is very important to them.

    此外,能源的價格對他們非常重要。 Also, the price of energy is very important to them.

  • In fact, if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of,

    實際上,如果你僅僅能挑一件東西降低價格, In fact, if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of,

  • to reduce poverty, by far, you would pick energy.

    以降低貧困,目前能源是最佳選項。 to reduce poverty, by far, you would pick energy.

  • Now, the price of energy has come down over time.

    現下,能源的價格已經下降好長一段時間。 Now, the price of energy has come down over time.

  • Really, advanced civilization is based on advances in energy.

    真的,人類的文明進步是基於能量的進展。 Really, advanced civilization is based on advances in energy.

  • The coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution,

    煤的革命點燃工業革命, The coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution,

  • and, even in the 1900's we've seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity,

    並且,在20世紀我們看見電力的價格迅速下降。 and, even in the 1900's we've seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity,

  • and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning,

    因此我們才能擁有冰箱,空調系統, and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning,

  • we can make modern materials and do so many things.

    並且能製造進步的材料及那麼多東西。 we can make modern materials and do so many things.

  • And so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world.

    也因此,我們處於一個有電力的美好富足世界。 And so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world.

  • But, as we make it cheaper -- and let's go for making it twice as cheap --

    如果,當我們使它更便宜 --讓我們努力使它兩倍便宜 -- But, as we make it cheaper -- and let's go for making it twice as cheap --

  • we need to meet a new constraint,

    我們就必須面臨新的限制, we need to meet a new constraint,

  • and that constraint has to do with CO2.

    這限制就是CO2(二氧化碳)。 and that constraint has to do with CO2.

  • CO2 is warming the planet,

    CO2使地球變暖, CO2 is warming the planet,

  • and the equation on CO2 is actually a very straightforward one.

    而描述CO2的方程式實際上是非常直觀的。 and the equation on CO2 is actually a very straightforward one.

  • If you sum up the CO2 that gets emitted,

    如果你把所有排出的CO2加起來, If you sum up the CO2 that gets emitted,

  • that leads to a temperature increase,

    那就會導致溫度增加, that leads to a temperature increase,

  • and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects.

    而溫度增加進而導致一些負面效果。 and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects.

  • The effects on the weather and, perhaps worse, the indirect effects,

    這效應對天氣有影響,更糟的是或許是其他間接的效應 The effects on the weather and, perhaps worse, the indirect effects,

  • in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes,

    我們的自然生態系統不能適應這些迅速的變化, in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes,

  • and so you get ecosystem collapses.

    生態系統因而崩潰。 and so you get ecosystem collapses.

  • Now, the exact amount of how you map

    現在對於精確的數據對應 Now, the exact amount of how you map

  • from a certain increase of CO2 to what temperature will be

    例如在CO2的增加量與溫度上昇幅度的對應 from a certain increase of CO2 to what temperature will be

  • and where the positive feedbacks are,

    以及是否有正向的回饋的存在 and where the positive feedbacks are,

  • there's some uncertainty there, but not very much.

    有些不確定性但不算太多 there's some uncertainty there, but not very much.

  • And there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be,

    當然對於這些效應有多糟的看法,也有不確定性 And there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be,

  • but they will be extremely bad.

    但方向上一定是相當糟的 but they will be extremely bad.

  • I asked the top scientists on this several times,

    我好幾次就這議題問過幾位頂尖的科學家, I asked the top scientists on this several times,

  • do we really have to get down to near zero?

    我們真的必須將CO2減量至幾近零嗎? do we really have to get down to near zero?

  • Can't we just cut it in half or a quarter?

    只降一半或降至四分之一呢? Can't we just cut it in half or a quarter?

  • And the answer is that, until we get near to zero,

    而答案是直到我們降至零之前, And the answer is that, until we get near to zero,

  • the temperature will continue to rise.

    溫度還是繼續升高。 the temperature will continue to rise.

  • And so that's a big challenge.

    所以這是一大挑戰。 And so that's a big challenge.

  • It's very different than saying we're a 12 ft high truck trying to get under a 10 ft bridge,

    這跟如何讓一輛12英尺高的卡車穿過一座10英尺高的橋完全不同, It's very different than saying we're a 12 ft high truck trying to get under a 10 ft bridge,

  • and we can just sort of squeeze under.

    我們只能用力向下緊壓 and we can just sort of squeeze under.

  • This is something that has to get to zero.

    要減量到零,有些事情必須考量。 This is something that has to get to zero.

  • Now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year,

    現在,我們每年排出許多二氧化碳, Now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year,

  • over 26 billion tons.

    超過260億公頓。 over 26 billion tons.

  • For each American, it's about 20 tons.

    大約是每名美國人20公頓。 For each American, it's about 20 tons.

  • For people in poor countries, it's less than one ton.

    對窮國的人們來說,每人不到一公頓。 For people in poor countries, it's less than one ton.

  • It's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet.

    地球上每人的平均大約5 公頓。 It's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet.

  • And, somehow, we have to make changes

    不管如何,我們都必須改變 And, somehow, we have to make changes

  • that will bring that down to zero.

    以減量到零。 that will bring that down to zero.

  • It's been constantly going up.

    它一直不斷上升。 It's been constantly going up.

  • It's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all,

    曾有各種各樣的經濟變化使它的趨勢平緩, It's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all,

  • so we have to go from rapidly rising

    因此我們必須努力從迅速上升的趨勢 so we have to go from rapidly rising

  • to falling, and falling all the way to zero.

    開始讓它下降,並且一路下降到零。 to falling, and falling all the way to zero.

  • This equation has four factors.

    這個方程式有四個因子。 This equation has four factors.

  • A little bit of multiplication.

    及簡單的相乘。 A little bit of multiplication.

  • So, you've got a thing on the left, CO2, that you want to get to zero,

    因此,左式有一因子CO2,你想要它趨於零, So, you've got a thing on the left, CO2, that you want to get to zero,

  • and that's going to be based on the number of people,

    而那必須基於「人口的數量」, and that's going to be based on the number of people,

  • the services each person's using on average,

    「平均每人享用的服務」, the services each person's using on average,

  • the energy on average for each service,

    「每種服務的平均的能源」, the energy on average for each service,

  • and the CO2 being put out per unit of energy.

    及「單位能源排出的CO2」。 and the CO2 being put out per unit of energy.

  • So, let's look at each one of these

    現在,讓我們逐一審視 So, let's look at each one of these

  • and see how we can get this down to zero.

    並且想想我們如何能把這變成零。 and see how we can get this down to zero.

  • Probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero.

    或許,這些數字之一必須讓它趨近於零。 Probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero.

  • Now that's back from high school algebra,

    現在讓我們複習中學的代數, Now that's back from high school algebra,

  • but let's take a look.

    讓我們瞧瞧。 but let's take a look.

  • First we've got population.

    首先是人口。 First we've got population.

  • Now, the world today has 6.8 billion people.

    現下,世界有約68億人。 Now, the world today has 6.8 billion people.

  • That's headed up to about nine billion.

    未來預計增到大約90億。 That's headed up to about nine billion.

  • Now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines,

    現在,如果我們在新疫苗發展上有不錯的進展, Now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines,

  • health care, reproductive health services,

    包括醫療保健,生育保健服務 health care, reproductive health services,

  • we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent,

    或許會降低約10~15% we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent,

  • but there we see an increase of about 1.3.

    但目前是增加約1.3% but there we see an increase of about 1.3.

  • The second factor is the services we use.

    第2 個因子是我們使用的服務。 The second factor is the services we use.

  • This encompasses everything,

    這包含了所有的事情, This encompasses everything,

  • the food we eat, clothing, TV, heating.

    我們吃的食品,衣服,電視,暖氣。 the food we eat, clothing, TV, heating.

  • These are very good things,

    這些是非常好的東西, These are very good things,

  • and getting rid of poverty means providing these services

    提供這些服務某種程度表示脫離了貧困 and getting rid of poverty means providing these services

  • to almost everyone on the planet.

    如果能遍及地球上所有的人。 to almost everyone on the planet.

  • And it's a great thing for this number to go up.

    增加這數量其實是好事 And it's a great thing for this number to go up.

  • In the rich world, perhaps the top one billion,

    在富有的世界,或許前10億人口, In the rich world, perhaps the top one billion,

  • we probably could cut back and use less,

    我們或許能縮減享受以減少用量, we probably could cut back and use less,

  • but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up,

    但是每年,這平均數目是上升的, but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up,

  • and so, over all, that will more than double

    整體說來,將來會成為兩倍以上 and so, over all, that will more than double

  • the services delivered per person.

    提供每人所享有的服務量 the services delivered per person.

  • Here we have a very basic service.

    現在我們來談一項非常基本的服務。 Here we have a very basic service.

  • Do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework,

    你房子內有照明讓你能做你的家庭作業嗎? Do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework,

  • and, in fact, these kids don't, so they're going out

    實際上,很多孩子沒有,因此他們必須到屋外 and, in fact, these kids don't, so they're going out

  • and reading their school work under the street lamps.

    並且在路燈下研讀他們的功課。 and reading their school work under the street lamps.

  • Now, efficiency, E, the energy for each service,

    再來,講到效率,E,指每種服務所需的能量, Now, efficiency, E, the energy for each service,

  • here, finally we have some good news.

    總算有一些好消息。 here, finally we have some good news.

  • We have something that's not going up.

    某些事情並沒有增加。 We have something that's not going up.

  • Through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting,

    透過各式各樣的發明和製作照明設備的新方法, Through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting,

  • through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings.

    透過不同的汽車類型,建築大樓的不同方法。 through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings.

  • there are a lot of services where you can bring

    有許多你所使用的服務 there are a lot of services where you can bring

  • the energy for that service down quite substantially,

    整體而言已大幅降低消耗的能量 the energy for that service down quite substantially,

  • some individual services even, bring it down by 90 percent.

    某些項目甚至降了幾乎90% some individual services even, bring it down by 90 percent.

  • There are other services like how we make fertilizer,

    但仍有不少項目如肥料製造 There are other services like how we make fertilizer,

  • or how we do air transport,

    及空中運輸等 or how we do air transport,

  • where the rooms for improvement are far, far less.

    能夠改善的空間實在不大 where the rooms for improvement are far, far less.

  • And so, overall here, if we're optimistic,

    因此概括的看,如果我們是樂觀主義者 And so, overall here, if we're optimistic,

  • we may get a reduction of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six.

    我們有可能降低到三分之一,甚或到六分之一 we may get a reduction of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six.

  • But for these first three factors now,

    但是現在對這些前3 個因素來說, But for these first three factors now,

  • we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons,

    我們或許充其量從260億降到130億公頓, we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons,

  • and that just won't cut it.

    且很難再往下降 and that just won't cut it.

  • So let's look at this fourth factor --

    因此讓我們看第4因素 -- So let's look at this fourth factor --

  • this is going to be a key one --

    這將是關鍵的一項 -- this is going to be a key one --

  • and this is the amount of CO2 put out per each unit of energy.

    每消耗單位能量所排出的CO2的數量。 and this is the amount of CO2 put out per each unit of energy.

  • And so the question is, can you actually get that to zero?

    問題是,你真的能讓它趨於零? And so the question is, can you actually get that to zero?

  • If you burn coal, no.

    燃燒煤,不可能。 If you burn coal, no.

  • If you burn natural gas, no.

    燃燒天然氣,不可能。 If you burn natural gas, no.

  • Almost every way we make electricity today,

    幾乎我們今天用來發電的任一方法, Almost every way we make electricity today,

  • except for the emerging renewables and nuclear, puts out CO2.

    除了新興的再生能源和核能,都會排出CO2。 except for the emerging renewables and nuclear, puts out CO2.

  • And so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale,

    因此,我們以全球性角度考量將來必須做的, And so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale,

  • is create a new system.

    是創建一新系統。 is create a new system.

  • And so, we need energy miracles.

    我們需要能源奇蹟。 And so, we need energy miracles.

  • Now, when I use the term miracle, I don't mean something that's impossible.

    我這裡使用奇蹟這個詞,並不意味著不可能發生。 Now, when I use the term miracle, I don't mean something that's impossible.

  • The microprocessor is a miracle. The personal computer is a miracle.

    微處理器是一個奇蹟。 個人電腦是一個奇蹟。 The microprocessor is a miracle. The personal computer is a miracle.

  • The internet and its services are a miracle.

    網際網路及其各項服務是一個奇蹟。 The internet and its services are a miracle.

  • So, the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles.

    因此,在場各位已經共同參與創造過很多奇蹟。 So, the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles.

  • Usually, we don't have a deadline,

    通常,我們不設期限, Usually, we don't have a deadline,

  • where you have to get the miracle by a certain date.

    不要求你必須在某天讓奇蹟出現。 where you have to get the miracle by a certain date.

  • Usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't.

    通常,你只要努力準備好,有些會發生,有些則沒有。 Usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't.

  • This is a case where we actually have to drive full speed

    但在這件事上我們必須加足馬力 This is a case where we actually have to drive full speed

  • and get a miracle in a pretty tight time line.

    並在緊迫的時限內創造出奇蹟 and get a miracle in a pretty tight time line.

  • Now, I thought, how could I really capture this?

    現在,我在想,我如何才能辦得到? Now, I thought, how could I really capture this?

  • Is there some kind of natural illustration,

    是否有自然的圖示 Is there some kind of natural illustration,

  • some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here?

    或其他現成的範例可以讓人們想像? some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here?

  • I thought back to a year ago when I brought mosquitos,

    我回想起一年前我帶一罐蚊子來到這裡 I thought back to a year ago when I brought mosquitos,

  • and somehow people enjoyed that.

    人們似乎覺得有趣 and somehow people enjoyed that.

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲) (Laughter)

  • It really got them involved in the idea of,

    這確實讓他們了解到 It really got them involved in the idea of,

  • you know, there are people who live with mosquitos.

    不少人與蚊子生活在一起 you know, there are people who live with mosquitos.

  • So, with energy, all I could come up with is this.

    所以,關於能源,我所能想到的就是這個 So, with energy, all I could come up with is this.

  • I decided that releasing fireflies

    我決定放些螢火蟲 I decided that releasing fireflies

  • would be my contribution to the environment here this year.

    這可能是今年我對環境所做的貢獻 would be my contribution to the environment here this year.

  • So here we have some natural fireflies.

    所以我們將有一些天然的螢火蟲 So here we have some natural fireflies.

  • I'm told they don't bite, in fact, they might not even leave that jar.

    我被告知這不會咬人,事實上,它們可能根本無法離開罐子 I'm told they don't bite, in fact, they might not even leave that jar.

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲) (Laughter)

  • Now, there's all sorts gimmicky solutions like that one,

    現在有許多花拳繡腿的解決方案就如同剛剛的示範 Now, there's all sorts gimmicky solutions like that one,

  • but they don't really add up to much.

    而它們實際的貢獻不大 but they don't really add up to much.

  • We need solutions, either one or several,

    我們需要一個以上的方案 We need solutions, either one or several,

  • that have unbelievable scale

    必須具有不可置信的規模 that have unbelievable scale

  • and unbelievable reliability,

    以及難以想像的可靠性, and unbelievable reliability,

  • and, although there's many directions people are seeking,

    雖然人們正追尋很多的方向, and, although there's many directions people are seeking,

  • I really only see five that can achieve the big numbers.

    我只看見5種方式,可能達到足夠的需求。 I really only see five that can achieve the big numbers.

  • I've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels.

    我已經放棄潮汐、地熱、核融合及生質能 I've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels.

  • Those may make some contribution,

    這些當然都能有些貢獻 Those may make some contribution,

  • and if they can do better than I expect, so much the better,

    但是必須比我預期的好很多、非常多才會有希望 and if they can do better than I expect, so much the better,

  • but my key point here

    我要說的重點是 but my key point here

  • is that we're going to have to work on each of these five,

    我們將必須持續做這5項 is that we're going to have to work on each of these five,

  • and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting,

    我們不能因為氣餒而放棄它們 and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting,

  • because they all have significant challenges.

    也不能因為有各項顯著挑戰而放棄 because they all have significant challenges.

  • Let's look first at the burning fossil fuels,

    讓我們首先看石化燃料, Let's look first at the burning fossil fuels,