And these are members of the national media covering

the voting.

It was so unusual to see national media in Iowa

back then that people actually paid to watch them.

“The Democratic Party charged $15 a head for people

to watch the media watch the people.”

See, in previous years, Iowa’s caucuses

just hadn’t attracted national attention.

“There are 3,000 frozen media members

in downtown Des Moines …”

Just over a decade later, Iowa is the place to be.

“… It’s Iowa caucus night.

Let’s party.”

[shouting]

The caucuses are now a key part

of the presidential election cycle.

“Bush, 57.”

They’re the first chance to see

what kind of support candidates have among voters.

So how did we get here, from caucuses that only Iowans

seem to care about to the national spectacle we

see today?

Turns out, a lot of it was accidental.

For most of Iowa’s history, its caucuses

were dominated by political insiders.

There was little room for input

from rank-and-file members.

An historian writing in the 1940s put it like this:

“The larger number of party voters were deprived

of a voice.”

But the old ways start coming to an end in 1968.

The country’s in turmoil, and so is the Democratic Party,

mostly over the Vietnam War and civil rights.

Basically, the party establishment

wants to handle things one way,

and many rank-and-file members have other ideas.

All this comes to a head as the Democrats hold

their national convention.

Protesters gather outside.

So do police.

Inside, the mood is also tense.

All this division leads the Democratic Party

to rethink the nomination rules to include

the voices of all party members in the process.

This is how we come to the moment

when Iowa becomes key to electing a president,

basically by accident.

First up, how Iowa became first

to hold a presidential contest.

It starts with new rules to give everyday members

more of a say.

So by 1972, winning Iowa now involves four stages.

Iowans choose their top candidates,

first at the precinct level.

These are the caucuses at the heart of this story.

But technically, there’s further

voting at the county, congressional district

and state levels.

The new rules make things a lot more inclusive,

but this creates new delays.

Committees need to be formed, and everyone

needs to have up-to-date party materials.

The problem is, the state party only

has an old mimeograph machine to make copies of all this.

It’s really slow.

So because of an old machine and a bunch of new logistics,

the party decides it needs at least a month

between each step to do it all.

The national convention is set for early July,

so you’d think that the state-level convention would

happen about a month before, in June.

Except, the party can’t find a venue that’s

available to hold everyone.

That little detail helps push everything

earlier in a chain reaction.

See what’s going on here?

The precinct caucuses now have to happen early in the year.

The party chooses a date that makes

Iowa’s the first presidential contest.

The New Hampshire primary has been the first kickoff

contest since the 1950s, but Iowa Democrats

aren’t necessarily looking for national attention.

They just think it’ll be fun to be first.

Still, attention is what they get.

The story begins with George McGovern.

“People didn’t know much about the Iowa caucuses.

As a matter of fact, there wasn’t a great deal

of interest in them.”

He’s the long-shot candidate.

He’s been at the bottom of national polls.

“He often walked the campaign trail alone,

little known by the voters.”

Most people think this guy, Edmund Muskie,

is going to be the big winner in Iowa.

“That challenge is great, but we can meet it.”

Then comes caucus night.

As the people vote, state party officials

gather at their headquarters.

Richard Bender is one of them.

“And we had about 10 or 12 press people show up.

These press people included one guy, Johnny Apple.”

Johnny Apple, a 37-year-old political correspondent

for The New York Times.

Iowa’s Democrats aren’t ready to publicize the results

right away.

They hadn’t expected much demand.

According to Bender, only Johnny Apple

asked for them that night.

“I happen to be fascinated with such things,

so I made it my business, beforehand, to understand it.”

Bender sets up a phone tree to gather results

from across the state.

He adds them up himself with a calculator.

And the next day, Apple’s article

helps swing the national spotlight onto the caucuses.

He’s got quite the story to tell.

Muskie’s won, but just barely.

Not the runaway win people were expecting.

And McGovern comes in a strong second.

No one expected that, either.

The reformed caucus rules helped a long-shot candidate

rise to the top.

And because this is happening so early in the election now,

and because Apple’s article gives the results

national coverage, something else happens.

“That got picked up by some of the national news shows.”

“The Democratic front-runner has been damaged in Iowa.”

“And wow, all of a sudden, we were

being paid attention to.”

McGovern eventually wins the Democratic nomination.

“I accept your nomination with a full and grateful heart.”

He loses the presidential election,

but some haven’t forgotten what those early caucuses did

for McGovern, including Georgia’s former governor,

Jimmy Carter.

Three years later …

“There was a major headline on the editorial page

of the Atlanta Constitution that

said, ‘Jimmy Carter’s running for what?’

[laughter]

And the ‘What’ was about this big.

[applause]

I’m running for president.”

… Carter heads to Iowa before any other Democratic candidate.

He’s got no national profile.

“He didn’t have hordes of press following him around.

It was a very lonely campaign.”

Washington pundits call his candidacy laughable.

“I remember when we couldn’t find a microphone.”

“Jimmy Who?” becomes a catchphrase.

Carter’s own campaign film plays it up.

“Jimmy who?”

“I don’t know who he is.”

But as long as Iowans come to know him and like him,

Carter bets that the media will

start paying attention, just like with McGovern

four years earlier.

Carter campaigns as locally as possible.

One day, he learns that he’s been invited on a local TV show.

“And I said, that is great.

I can’t believe it.

I said, ‘What are we going to do?’

He said, ‘Do you have any favorite recipes?’

And I said, ‘What do you mean, recipes?’

He said, ‘Well, this is a cooking show.’

Well, they put a white apron on me and a chef’s hat.

That was my only access to TV when I first

began to campaign in Iowa.”

His opponents are in Iowa, too,

but they spend far less time there.

Carter wins.

“Surprisingly top of the class after his win